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科目代码：621 科目名称：语言学及英美文学
本试卷由两个大部分组成：语言学（75分）和英美文学（75分），两个部分共计150分。
Section I. Terminologies in Linguistics (25 points)
Directions: Define each of the following 5 terms in English
1. structural semantics (5 points)
2. schema-based text comprehension (5 points)
3. cognitive linguistics (5 points)
4. diagnosis test (5 points)
5. communicating function (5 points)
Section Ⅱ. Short-answer Questions (20 points, 10 for each)
Directions: Read the following two questions carefully and answer or explain them in English.
1. What is machine-aided translation? (10 points)
2. What is a pidgin? (10 points)
Section Ⅲ. Elaborate on the following two questions (30 points, 15 for each)
Directions: Discuss each of the following two topics in no less than 400 English words.
1. Structuralism (15 points)
2. Second Language Acquisition (15 points)
1. structural semantics: is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence,and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements.
2. schema-based text comprehension: Schema-based learning is a central theoretical approach in cognitive and educational psychology as well as in artificial intelligence. Schemas allow learners to reason about unfamiliar learning situations and interpret these situations in terms of their generalized knowledge. At the core of this approach is a generalization and abstraction method designed to extract and condense as much information as possible from a single example of successful task completion or problem solving. Schema-based text comprehension is text comprehension using the concept of schemas, that is, to analyze and understand the text based on the previous texts.
3. cognitive linguistics: is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. The basic principle of cognitive linguistics is that language is symbolic rather than automatic, it is shaped by the way it is used and the general cognitive abilities of human being, and , it is not developed on the back of “Universal Grammar” but has to be learned.
4. diagnosis test: A diagnosis test is a test that helps the teacher and learners identify problems that they have with the language. At the start of the course, the teacher gives the learners a diagnostic test to see what areas of language need to be in the syllabus.
5. communicating function: Language has seven basic functions, namely informative function,interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.
1. Machine–aided translation refers to the use of machine (usually computers) to translate texts from one natural language to another. It can be divided into two types: unassisted MT and assisted MT.Unassisted MT takes pieces of text and translates them into output for immediate use without human involvement. Assisted MT uses a human translator to clean up after, and sometimes before, translation in order to get better quality results.
2. Pidgin refers to a contact language that arises in situations where speakers of different languages cannot understand each other’s first language or native language such as in trading, and thus, need to develop a common means of communication. In such situations, the structure and vocabulary of the individual native languages are reduced in order to bring about general mutual understanding.
1. This approach examines how the elements of language relate to each other in the present,synchronically rather than diachronically. Saussure argued that linguistic signs were composed of two parts: a “signifier” and a “signified”. He proposed the distinction between langue and parole from a social perspective. In his opinion, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, while parole refers to the realizations of langue in actual use. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations are also an important part of his theory. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. Major groups of structuralism also involve the Prague School, the Copenhagen School and American Structuralism.
The beginning of the Prague School can be dated to the first meeting in 1926. It is well known for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. They suggested that phonetics belonged to parole, while phonology belongs to langue. On this basis, they developed the notion of “phoneme” as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. In classifying distinctive features, they proposed three criteria:
1) their relation to the whole contrastive systems.
2) relations between the opposing elements
3) their power of discrimination.
A famous linguist of American Structuralism is Bloomfield, who proposed the theory of IC analysis.
IC analysis may be defined as the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents, which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own. Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguity, if any, will be revealed.
2. Language learning and teaching is of vital importance. Both have always been a great concern in the studies of applied linguistics and deserve more attention. There are many factors that might affect second language acquisition, for example, learning environment and teaching methodology.Contrastive Analysis can be a proper method in foreign language learning. It is a way of comparing languages in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation. It also enables learners to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn
Not all errors are explicable by CA, hence it is gradually replaced by Error Analysis. It suggests that many errors made by L2 learners were caused by factors other than L1 interference. The procedure of this method consists of three steps: recognition, description and explanation.
Krashen’s Input Hypothesis provides language learners with impressive suggestions. Krashen brought forward the concept of “i+1” principle, i.e. the language that learners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress. Input should neither be so far beyond their reach that they are overwhelmed, nor so close to their current stage that they are not challenged at all. Based on this hypothesis, language learners will have a better understanding of choosing learning materials and thus keep their progress at the optimal pace.