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写给英语专业的学生(代序)

英语专业大有作为

中国是一个正在崛起的大国,这个崛起大国背后的推动力是什么?是占世界五分之一的人口?是悠久的历史?是社会主义制度的优越性?环顾今天的世界,人口大国印度、文明古国希腊、社会主义国家古巴,他们的优势不足以支撑一个持续崛起的强国。我们背后必然有一个更强大的力量,这就是我们民族的学习能力,也包括目前我们学习外语的能力。

全国拥有87万英语专业本科生,全世界独有,居全球之首。马云先生就曾是英语专业学生。英语专业涌现出无数行业精英,如李肇星、杨洁篪、杨澜、俞敏洪、李长栓。各行业达人几乎也都是精通英语的人才。同时,英语专业培养了从事英语教学工作的人民教师,遍及幼儿到大学教育。毫不夸张地讲,英语专业为国家的GDP做出了巨大的贡献。

今天,对能驾驭外语、有国际眼光的人来说,机会前所未有。

Opportunities have never been greater to those who master English.

我们从两年前开始答复英语专业本科和专科学生的咨询,其间除回答学生在学习过程中碰到的疑难问题外,还遇到许多牵涉到毕业就职和继续深造的问题,尤其是关于是否考研、如何准备考英研的问题,特借这次作序的机会作一系统回答。

英语专业的本科生、专科生的出路就目前在国内来看大致有三条:一是学校;二是出版社或新闻媒体;三是外企。而从这些领域对英语专业的人才需求来看,对水平、学历要求越来越高。在高校,自不必说,本科学历是远远不够的,学术的氛围要求你必须深造,否则前途渺茫;如果你想到新闻媒体、出版行业,竞争也非常激烈,本科毕业水平恐怕也难以满足要求;去企业,稍好一些,但因为本科生知识积累有限,且工作经验匮乏,在被单位提拔重用上将处于弱势地位。因此,现在就英语专业本科生的去向来说:

考研势在必行

从人的发展来看,实现从本科到研究生的飞跃,不仅仅是专业知识的进一步积累和深入,也使综合素质得以提高,更使人生价值得到提升。因此,英语专业考研是提升生命意义的重要途径。

许多美国历史学家认为,美国之所以有今天的经济发展和社会发达,归根结底是因为19世纪末期美国在教育体制改革方面做了三件大事:一是研究生教育体制的建立;二是职业教育的发展;三是妇女教育的普及。他们把研究生教育放在了第一位,可见,无论是对个人还是对国家命运来说,研究生教育都是至关重要的。

从专业的角度看,英语对于中国学生而言不仅是一种语言工具,更是一个专业。作为从事英语专业的人士来说,研究生教育是培养专业精神的基石。无论从事教育、翻译、英语文学研究还是英语教育研究等,都少不了这个专业基石。

所以,从各个方面看,英语专业的本科生都应该考虑考研。目前在国内,英语及英语有关学科考研人数逐年递增,据不完全统计,2006年全国参加考试人数已达20万,是所有研究生招生科目中排名第三的热门专业。专业愈热,竞争愈激烈,这决定了:

考研是需要准备的

考研是选拔性考试,选拔就会有淘汰、就是择优录取,所以考研者不仅仅要战胜考卷,更是要战胜其他考生,也就是说只有获得高分才能稳操胜券。所以这样的考试有一定难度是在所难免的。一般来讲,大学本科四年学业完成,不做准备就去考研,失败的概率是相当大的。

考英研难,难在如下两方面:(1)英研考卷本身。“选拔考试”都信奉一个原则:特殊大于一般。那些你知我知的一般性知识是很少出现的。出题人命题的潜台词是“知特殊必知一般”。因此考英研的卷子有其特殊性,而这特殊性在大学四年学习中很少涉及,所以只掌握大学四年学习的内容是达不到考研要求的,或者说虽然涉及,也是不成系统、支离破碎、点评式的。这就意味着,英研(无论哪个英语院系)是有英研的特殊要求的,它需要我们有针对性地做系统准备。(2)如前文所言,“考研者不仅仅要战胜考卷,更是要战胜其他考生……才能稳操胜券”。这就要求考英研者必须表现优秀,而优秀只能出自准备,正如北京环球时代学校的校训所言:伟大是准备出来的。(Greatness can be prepared!)

如何准备

(1)提早打算,从容不迫。一般来讲,“二下三上”时就应该有考研的萌动之想,特别注意与考试相关的课程,然后“三下”时下定必胜的决心,着手准备,为系统复习创造必要的时间条件,便可有相当的把握。

(2)选定专业方向,培育专业精神。目前在我国各类大学里均有英语院系,其中大多数均有硕士点,招收研究生,方向多为文学、语言学、英语教育、口译和笔译,另外还有一些开设了英语国家研究如美国研究、英国研究、加拿大研究、澳大利亚研究等,还有特殊目的的英语如商务英语等。希望同学们在学习期间找到兴趣点,确立专业方向,使自己的准备更有针对性和目的性,从而更有效地向目标前进。另一方面,把语言(英语)或与语言有关的学科视为终身追求目标是需要专业精神和专业兴趣的。我们不能对所有的人都提出这样的要求,但是对一个备考英研的人来说,这无疑是必胜的信心表达,以这样的决心,英研考不上是没有道理的。

(3)备考英研可以遵循如下步骤:

A. 打下坚实的英语语言基础。没有坚实的语言基本功,考英研就成了无本之木、空中楼阁。据统计,在以往考英研落榜者中,80%的人都是因为英语基础不过关,基础英语这张卷子没有达到100分以上。另外,考英研专业卷主要是用英文答题的,扎实的语言基本功无疑让你如虎添翼。坚实的语言运用基础很少是一蹴而就。它要求我们从点滴做起,扎扎实实练功。如词汇的广度(词汇量)和词汇的深度(词的用法)。在广度方面,要求考生识别15 000~18 000个单词。2000年修订大纲规定专八词汇量是13 000,但十几年过去了,随着社会的进步和发展,对英语专业人才要求的提高,加之考研这个选拔性考试的高标准,如今要想考英研稳操胜券,起码要达到我们所提出的词汇量标准。达到这样的词汇量必须要求切实可行的、契合英语专业学习者的词汇学习方法:或背美文记单词,或语义词群记忆,或“倒背如流”,或“内联外想”,或“后现代解构”,或借助声音契合和语文关系,或词源词根等。在词的深度方面,只知其一不识其他是很危险的,如我们只知道suppose是动词,不知它有连词词性,我们就会拒绝这样的句子“Look, suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?”词汇以外的其他内容也是如此。

B. 深化专业课学习。我们知道以自我完善为目的的大学专业课学习与以考英研为目标的专业课学习是不尽相同的(如语言学学习)。后者要求目的性更强,知识掌握更精准,有些还要理论联系实际,总之要求高一些。所以当你定下专业方向就要以这样的标准要求自己。

C. 不仅看单科分数,而且看总分。目前大多数院系还是以“基础英语”150分、专业课150分、二外100分、政治100分,总分500分为体系(除少数院系如上海外国语大学等另有其计算总分的方法)。这就说明,只是英语基础扎实、英语专业学得出色,而二外和政治较弱也是令人遗憾的。所以考研者要全面提高素质,万不可偏颇。

为了帮助同学们提高英语专业水平,弥补从大学本科到考研之间的差距,我们严格取材、精心组织编写了“北京环球时代学校英语专业考研点睛丛书”。该丛书凝聚了几十所高校近百位教授、副教授、博导、硕导的教学经验及命题和考试辅导实践。书中内容以《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》的要求为基础,按照各高校英语院系招收研究生入学考试要求组织编写。编者们不仅对上百所高校近年来英语专业研究生入学考试各个部分的典型试题按考试内容进行分析、归纳及整理,力求囊括各校试题的所有考点,并在此基础上找出各项考试的重点和难点,还编制了大量的模拟训练和答案解析及评分标准,目的是为了帮助同学们融会贯通地掌握所学的英语知识,熟练掌握相应考试的考点、重点和难点,使同学们在英研入学考试中取得好成绩。

在这套“丛书”的编著过程中,我们注意突出以下特点:

一、共核性知识点的高度浓缩。 所谓共核,就是任何学校都要考的,比如:英语的基础知识,如词汇、语法、修辞、阅读、写作、翻译等;综合英语,如语言学、文化等。基础英语是每个院系都需要考查的,虽然各校之间的题型有差异,甚至同一院系的同一专业在不同的年份题型都不尽一致,但变化的只是形式,不变的却是核心、是考点,也就是共核性的知识点。语言学、英美文学和文化就更复杂一些,各个学校都会指定厚厚一大摞参考书,而学校与学校之间的指定参考书还不一样,这就更需要在研读了所有这些书(几乎全部是用英文写就)的基础上进行归纳与总结,同时再研究各校历年真题,从而概括出高度浓缩的共核性考点。据我们观察,考研成功者都是一样的,有扎实的基本功和共核性知识,而考研失败者除有各自的理由之外,也呈现这种共核性知识缺失的共性。所以,我们在这套“丛书”中突出强调了共核性知识点,但同时,我们也对一些比较边缘的知识点做了相应处理。

二、全真模拟练习的广泛运用。 我们认为,只有通过充分地练习才能牢固地掌握语言,只有在实践中才能熟练地学会语言。知识,尤其语言知识的掌握必须经历三个阶段。第一阶段:知识的认知,即学习知识;第二阶段:知识的运用,用学到的知识去解决问题;第三阶段:知识的创新,通过知识创新最终掌握知识。人类认知的水平发展到现在,认知阶段的时间已被大大缩短了,很多知识、技能的掌握都是直接通过运用而完成的,知识的最终掌握必须通过知识创新而达到。遵循以上原则,编者们在参考上百所高校真题题型的基础上,结合自己的命题实践,编制了大量模拟练习题,让使用者在解决问题的过程中学习新知识,同

时模拟练习也从不同角度和深度加强和巩固同学们对共核性知识点的掌握。此外,由于共核性知识点的高度浓缩性,我们也在练习中体现了一些虽然概率小但有可能考到的知识点。

三、对本科教学内容的拔高和对英研学术内涵的前瞻性运用。 这套“丛书”的主创人员都是具有丰富教学经验的硕士生导师,许多甚至就是其所在高校英研招生入学考试的命题人。他们一方面拥有丰富的一线教学经验,既教本科生,又带研究生,同时还在从事相关领域的研究工作,处于学术研究的最前沿,所以他们对本科生与研究生之间的差距非常了解,熟知研究生入学考试专业课的考查要求和命题重点。在这次“丛书”的编撰过程中,我们还组织所有创作人员对上百所高校近年来的研究生入学考试真题进行细致分析和深入研究,以此为基础组织内容,对本科所学知识进行总结和拔高,并适度前瞻性地运用语言学、语用学、测试学、心理学甚至哲学等学科的研究成果,力求用更具科学性的方法来贯通知识的传授,使这套“丛书”不仅仅服务于考研的需要,还可为较高层次的英语学习者所用。

在本书的编写过程中,我们得到了来自北京外国语大学、北京大学、北京第二外国语学院、北京语言大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、首都师范大学、北京航空航天大学、北京交通大学、国际关系学院、中国传媒大学、对外经济贸易大学、上海外国语大学、复旦大学、华东师范大学、南京大学、广东外语外贸大学、中山大学、厦门大学、武汉大学、西安外国语大学、四川外国语大学、南开大学、天津外国语大学、大连外国语大学、吉林华桥外国语学院等数十所高校英语院系近百名教授、副教授的鼎力支持和帮助,因为篇幅有限我们不能一一列出他们的姓名,谨在此向他们深表真挚的谢意。

吴中东 宫玉波
2019年7月 hcZe789pHKAE1Qac/NpabIxRK3H00S0ZGmxv0tRUkjsmsjtR5pDqlLBA1WCxCv2+



>>> 北京航空航天大学 <<<

2013年硕士研究生入学考试试题

考试科目:821综合英语

Part One Linguistics (70 points)

Ⅰ. Briefly answer the following questions. (30 points, ×6)

1. What is a phoneme? How to discover phonemes?

2. What are endocentric compounds and exocentric compounds? Which compounds below are endocentric and which are exocentric?

Airplane; dog food; pickpocket; policeman; redhead; sky-blue; walkman

3. What are syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? Explain each of them with an example.

4. What is Contrastive Analysis (in Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching) ?

5. What are image schemas? Give three examples of image schemas.

Ⅱ. Answer the following questions or complete the related tasks below, together with some appropriate superordinates and hyponyms, in a diagram to show the hyponymy. (40 points, 4×10)

1. What is hyponymy? Arrange the vehicles shown in the first column in the table

2. Write some phrase-structure rules ( beginning with S → NP + VP) which can generate the sentence:

The men love a red car.

3. What is Componential Analysis? Use this theory to explain why the following sentences do not make sense :

(a) John is a man but not a male.

(b) Peter killed Bob but Bob did not die.

4. Consider the dialogue between A and B:

A: Can I talk to you now?

B: I will have a meeting in a minute.

Explain B’s implicature using Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicature.

参考答案

Ⅰ.

1. 考点提示: 本题考查的是音位。

解题思路: 首先解释音位的概念,再说明通过最小对立对来发现音位并加以举例说明。

参考答案:

A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, whereas other sounds do not. A simple methodology to demonstrate this is to take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results. For instance, the word tin in English consists of three separate sounds, each of which can be given a symbol in a phonetic transcription, [tin].If we replace [t] by [d], a different word results: din. [t] and [d] are thus important sounds in English,because they enables us to distinguish tin from din, tie from die, and many more words pairs. Similarly, [i]can be shown to be important units, too.

This technique, called the minimal pairs test, can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaning. For English, it leads to the identification of over 40 important units, called phonemes.

2. 考点提示: 本题考查的是向心复合词和离合复合词。

解题思路: 首先解释向心复合词和离心复合词的概念,再选出符合相对应的复合词。

参考答案:

Compounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and exocentric compound. The head of a nominal or adjective endocentric compound is de-verbal. That is, it is derived from a verb. Consequently, it is also called a verbal compound or a synthetic compound. Usually, the first member is a participant of the process verb. The exocentric nominal compounds are formed by V+N, V+A, and V+P, whereas the exocentric adjectives come from V+N, V+A.

The endocentric compound are: airplane, dog food, policeman, redhead, sky-blue.

The exocentric compound are: pickpocket, walkman.

3. 考点提示: 本题考查的是结构主义语法中的组合关系和聚合关系。

解题思路: 首先解释组合关系和聚合关系的概念,再举例加以说明。

参考答案:

Saussure proposed the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence or between elements which are present, such as the relation between “weather” and others in the following sentence: “If the weather is nice, I’ll go out.”

Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure or between one element present and the others absent. For example, the word man can be replaced by the phrase pretty girl in the sentence The man smiles.

4. 考点提示: 本题考查的是对比分析。

解题思路: 首先解释对比分析的概念,再加以举例分析。

参考答案:

Contrastive analysis (known as CA) came into fashion in the 1960s. Starting with describing comparable features of the native language and target language (e.g. tense, words or expressions etc.), contrastive analysis compares the forms and meaning across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.

For example, between Chinese and French, there are many “false friends”, words and phrases which are rather similar in spelling and sound yet different in meaning and function. This is usually out of a direct transfer from learners’ native language French. Such native language transfer errors may also occur when Chinese English learners simply transfer Chinese collocation or expressions to English as “to touch the society,” and so on.

5. 考点提示: 本题考查的是意向图式。

解题思路: 首先解释意向图式的概念,再加以举例说明。

参考答案:

Mark Johnson proposes image schemas. He defines an image schema as a recurring dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Image schematic structures have two characteristics: they are pre-conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience and they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space, and physical manipulation of objects. Image schemas exist at a level of abstraction, operate at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete images, and serve repeatedly as identifying patterns in an indefinitely large number of experiences, perceptions and image formation for objects or events that are similarly structured in the relevant ways.

Ⅱ.

1. 考点提示: 本题考查的是词的上下义关系,以及上义词和下义词。

参考答案:

Hyponymy is a kind of sense relation. It is a matter of class membership. (2 points) The upper term or in other words the class, in this sense relation is named as superordinate, while the lower term,namely, the members, is the hyponym. (2 points) A superordinate is a general term that usually includes different words representing narrower categories. (2 points) In this particular case, vehicle serves as the superordinate, and the hyponyms are different vehicles featuring various characteristics, to be exact,van, bus, car motorcycle and bicycle. (4 points)

2. 考点提示: 本题考查的是转换生成语法中短语结构的组合原则。

解题思路: 为了弥补直接成分分析法的不足,乔姆斯基建议在语言研究中区分两层结构即深层结构和表层结构。而转换规则负责把短语的深层结构转换为表层结构。

参考答案:

The phrase structure component has phrase structure rules, which can be listed as S→NP+VP, VP→V+NP, NP→N+Det, Det→a, the, etc. (4 points)

The structure of the sentence mentioned above is as follows: the whole sentence can be divided into a NP (noun phrase) and a VP ( verb phrase). The men form a NP and love the red car serves as VP.The VP can be further divided into love as a verb, and a red car as a another NP. Any NP can be divided into Det+N. Inside the NP, the is a determiner, and men is the noun, as for the NP a red car, both a and red are served as determiners and car is the certain noun. (6 points)

3. 考点提示: 本题考查的是成分分析法。

解题思路: 首先解释成分分析法的概念,再利用其解释句子的意义关系,分析其不合理性。

参考答案:

Componential analysis refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word“boy” may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. (4 points) The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. That is, the meaning of a word is not analysable whole. It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. (3 points)

The semantic components will also explain sense relations between sentences. The sentences in the examples are all self-contradictory, as there are words, or expressions, which have contradictory semantic components in them. Thus the two sentences do not make sense. (3 points)

4. 考点提示: 本题考查的是会话含义理论。

解题思路: 首先解释会话含义的概念,再根据题目要求阐述该对话违反了哪条合作原则,说明其产生的隐含义。

参考答案:

The theory of conversational implicature was proposed Grice. (2 points) According to Grice,in daily conversation people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. Grice coined the term implicature, which refers to the implied meaning. The conventional implicature is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words, together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. (5 points)

In the conversation above, what B said violates the maxim of Quality. Thus the conventional implicature occurred. Here what B implicates is that I don’t want to talk with you now. (3 points) gqhDElSPRT2LPTul9hFfxBL5+D8iZ/ovNFY2R79++QoQFW3YSxEStjMQNgSckltk

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