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2.7.2 看先行词选介词

在上一小节中,我们讨论了关系词前面的介词往往是与定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配,也就是说,在判断选用什么介词时,我们要关注定语从句中的线索。在那里,定语从句的结构一般都是不完整的,而“介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中充当了动词、形容词或名词的某一修饰成分。

本小节我们来讨论另外一种完全不同的判断介词的情形,就是关系词前面用什么介词与定语从句没有关系,而是与关系词前面的先行词密切相关,所选用的介词要与先行词构成固定搭配,我简称其为“看先行词选介词”。在详细讨论之前,我们先来看一个例句:

1 The ease with which Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence was unbelievable.

很多读者看到上面这个句子,也许感到很不理解或不习惯,这就如同我当初的感受一样,觉得这样的定语从句非常别扭。现在我详细分析如下:

妙语点睛 我们可以把上面这个句子拆分成这样的两个简单句:

1)Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence with ease and the ease was unbelievable.

读者应该知道短语with ease表示“熟练地,轻而易举地”,所以,上面这个句子的意思就是“张老师能够轻而易举地分析这个复杂的句子。这种轻松程度让人难以置信”。

现在我们要把the ease was unbelievable作为主句,将Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence with ease作为定语从句来修饰the ease,将这两句合并起来就是:

2) The ease (Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence with ease )was unbelievable.

先行词是ease,所以我们用关系词which来指代,再将上句改写成:

3) The ease (Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence with which )was unbelievable.

关系词which应该放在从句的开头,又因为with which(就相当于with ease)是一个固定搭配,所以要将with which一同移到句子开头,于是上句就进一步改写成:

4) The ease with which Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence)was unbelievable.

至此,一个标准的定语从句诞生了!这里的关系词which前面的介词with与先行词ease构成固定搭配with ease。

精品译文 这个复杂的句子,张老师能够如此轻而易举地分析出来,真是让人难以置信。

我们再来看一个有关with ease搭配的定语从句:

2 The ease with which the fish can be collected from the shore has almost resulted in its extinction.

精品译文 人们在岸边就能够轻而易举地捕到鱼,这几乎使这里的鱼灭绝了。

我们来分析一个有关at the rate搭配的定语从句:

3 About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction, and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased.

妙语点睛 我们可以把上面这个句子拆分成这样的简单句:

1)About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction. They are being destroyed at this rate and the rate has increased.

这句话表示“约有1000种动物濒临灭绝的危险,它们目前正在以这样的速度遭到人类的杀戮,而且这个速度还在增加。”

我们现在要明确说明是什么速度在增加,于是用they are being destroyed at this rate作定语修饰the rate,我们便得到:

2) The rate (they are being destroyed at this rate )has increased.

先行词是rate,所以我们用关系词which来指代,上句便改写成:

3) The rate (they are being destroyed at which )has increased.

关系词which应该放在从句的开头,又因为at which(就相当于at this rate)是一个固定搭配,所以要将at which一同移到句子开头,于是上句就进一步改写成:

4) The rate at which they are being destroyed)has increased.

最后,我们得到一个标准的定语从句,如下:

The rate at which they are being destroyed has increased.

这里的关系词which前面的介词at与先行词rate构成固定搭配at the rate。

精品译文 约有1000种动物濒临灭绝的危险,而且它们受残害的速度日益加快。

分析至此,相信读者也看到了,要想正确地使用介词,我们必须记住相关的介词短语搭配。常见的有:with ease, at the rate, in the direction, to the extent, to the degree, at the temperature, by the means, by the mode, in a culture, in practice等等。我们再来看更多的例句,请认真分析:

4 The speed at which an animal lives is determined by measuring the rate at which it uses oxygen.

妙语点睛 这里的两个定语从句的关系词which前面的介词都是at,都分别与先行词speed和rate构成固定搭配,at which就等于说at the speed和at the rate,表示“以这种速度”,在定语从句中作状语,修饰从句的谓语。

精品译文 通过测定动物消耗氧气的速率可以测定该动物的生长速度。

5 When television was first introduced, the extent to which it would affect human society could not have been foreseen.

妙语点睛 这里的关系词which前面的介词to与先行词extent构成固定搭配,to which就等于说to the extent,表示“在某种程度上”,在定语从句中作状语,修饰谓语动词affect。

精品译文 人们发明电视的时候,并没能预见到它会对人类社会产生多大的影响。

6 Public demonstrations are an effective means by which the people can bring social inequalities to the attention of government officials.

妙语点睛 这里的关系词which前面的介词by与先行词means构成固定搭配,by which就等于说by the means,表示“通过这种方式”,在定语从句中作状语,修饰从句的谓语。

精品译文 公众通过游行示威这种方式,可以有效地让政府官员们注意到不平等的社会现实。

7 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.

妙语点睛 这里的关系词which前面的介词by与先行词mode构成固定搭配,by which就等于说by mode,表示“通过某种方式”。

精品译文 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。

8 An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.

妙语点睛 这里的关系词which前面的介词by与先行词mechanism构成固定搭配,by which就等于说by the mechanism,表示“通过这种机制”。

精品译文 在以市场为导向的经济中,一个非常重要的因素就是一种用来表现消费者需求并使生产商能做出反应的机制。

对2.7.1与2.7.2小节的比较与总结

到目前为止,我们详细分析了两种判断关系词前面的介词如何使用的方法,一种是根据定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词来判断,另一种是根据先行词来判断。这两种方法是最常用、最重要的,为此,下面我们再来深入地比较一下这两种方法的特点,以便读者更好地理解和掌握。请注意以下几点:

一、介词在短语中的位置

根据定语从句判断介词,所用介词与从句中的动词、形容词或名词构成搭配,比如:depend on, familiar with, attention to等等。

根据先行词判断介词,所用介词与先行词构成搭配,比如: with ease, at the rate, to the extent等等。

通过比较发现,介词在短语中的位置是不同的,有时候是在短语的末尾,比如to在attention的后面; 有时候是在短语的开头,比如with是在ease的前面。因此,同样是名词,若是定语从句中的名词,则要看名词后面用什么介词; 而如果是先行名词,则要看名词前面用什么介词。比如下面这两个句子:

1 It was he ______ we had the greatest faith.

2 This is the faith ______ I come back.

A. in which

B. in whom

C. with which

D. with whom

妙语点睛 在例句1中,我们要根据从句中的faith来判断介词,此时就要看faith后面应该接什么介词与之形成搭配。我们知道英语里有一个短语have faith in sb.,表示“对某人信任”。因此,例句1应该选B。

在例句2中,我们要根据先行词faith来判断介词,此时要看faith前面应该用什么介词与之形成搭配。我们知道英语里还有一个短语with faith,表示“怀着某种信念”。因此,例句2应该选C。

精品译文 1. 我们最信任的人是他。

2. 正是怀着这个信念,我回来了。

二、介词在定语从句中的位置

虽然都是“介词+关系代词”这一结构,但两种判断方法所选用的介词在句中的位置是有差别的。若是看从句选介词,所用的介词可前置,即置于关系代词前面(如下面的例句3); 也可后置,即把介词后移到定语从句中,分别紧跟在动词、形容词或名词后面(如下面的例句4)。比如我们可以说:

3 He is the man on whom you can depend.

也可以说:

4 He is the man who you can depend on .

在口语中,介词往往是置于从句中的。在书面语中,我们最好还是把介词置于关系词的前面,这样句子显得紧凑。

另一方面,看先行词选介词,比如下面这个句子:

5 The ease with which Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence was unbelievable.

因为with which就相当于with ease,二者是一个固定搭配,此时介词with与定语从句中的任何词都没有语义上的关系。因此,介词with是无法后移到从句中的,只能在关系词前面。

综上所述,看从句选介词,这个介词可以放在关系词前面,也可以后移到定语从句中。但是,看先行词选介词,这个介词只能放在关系词前面。

三、定语从句的完整性

看从句选介词时,定语从句的意思一般都是不完整的,而“介词+关系代词”结构补充说明定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词的意思。比如上面例句3中的定语从句you can depend的意思是不完整的,只有加上on whom意思才完整,表示“你可以依靠这个人”。

看先行词选介词时,定语从句的意思是完整的,或者说定语从句中没有任何词缺少与之搭配的介词。比如上面例句5中的定语从句Mr. Zhang cracked the complex sentence是一个意思完整的句子。

四、“介词+关系代词”充当的成分

正是因为上述的两种判断介词的方法在定语从句的完整性方面有差异,导致“介词+关系代词”这一结构在定语从句中所充当的成分是不同的。看从句选介词,这种情况下的介宾结构“介词+关系代词”是在定语从句中作 补足语 ,补充说明从句中的某个动词、形容词或名词。比如上面的例句3中,on whom是补充说明动词depend,作depend的补足语。

而看先行词选介词这种情况下的介宾结构“介词+关系代词”是在定语从句中作 状语 ,修饰从句的谓语动词。比如在上面的例句5中,with ease修饰定语从句的谓语cracked,表示方式,即方式状语。

五、如何决定该选用第一种方法还是第二种方法?

分析了上述四方面的差别,相信读者应该比较深入地理解了如何判断关系词前面的介词。但是,也许还会有读者提出这样一个疑问:如何决定何时应该看从句选介词,何时应该看先行词选介词呢?会不会出现既要看从句又要看先行词,从而造成对介词的判断发生冲突的情形呢?

从以上的分析我们看到,看先行词选介词,此时的先行词都是非常特殊的名词,其特殊之处就在于这些名词都有固定的介词与之搭配,比如extent( to the extent),means( by the means),ease( with ease),rate( at the rate),pace( at the pace)等等。因此,如果遇到这样特殊的先行词,而且定语从句又是完整的句子,就可断定要看先行词来选介词——选择与先行词构成固定搭配的介词。

若先行词是普通的名词(如book),没有什么介词与其构成固定搭配,则一般可考虑看从句选介词——选择与定语从句中的某个动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配的介词(如He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar .)。

“看从句选介词”和“看先行词选介词”是两大重要的方法,可以帮助我们判断关系词前面的介词。所以我在上文中如此费尽笔墨,详尽论述,希望读者能认真体会,并掌握和灵活运用。下面请读者做练习,检验自己的掌握情况。

思维训练2.7.1-2.7.2 Key

一、在下面空格中填入合适的介词,并将句子译成汉语。

1. It's a theory ______ which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

2. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory ______ which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.

3. Divorce sets in motion events ______ which an individual has little control, such as the reactions of spouses and children, as well as the uncertainty of new relationships.

4. Americans regard education as the means ______ which the inequalities among individuals are to be erased and ______ which every desirable end is to be achieved.

5. The pressure from spending in turn determines the ease ______ which prices increase.

6. Let me say how grateful I am to all those who supported me and supported the cause ______ which we have fought.

7. We must preserve the freedoms ______ which our ancestors fought.

8. Some professors use lectures to discuss material not found in the reading ______ which they will base an exam.

9. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment ______ which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

10. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale ______ which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.

11. Television is one of the means ______ which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

二、辨别改错。

12. Many species can communicate an amazing (A) amount of information via (B) sound, information which (C) both the life of an individual and the continued (D) existence of the species may depend.

13. We are not conscious (A) of the extent of which (B) work provides the psychological satisfaction that (C) can make the difference (D) between a full and an empty life.

14. There is a (A) delicate balance of nature which (B) many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed to (C) maintain only a relatively few (D) human beings.

接下来我们继续讨论判断“介词+关系代词”这一结构中的介词的其他方法。 3i+FWzR8zKZcSXETXb2UFHR/QL0Wj1Lj4sCVCrNEgjsgoWM004BhtcNyYQWRe+yB

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