在英文中,有些名词在变成复数的时候,词义会有所变化;或者说当这些名词用于某个特定的意思时,通常用其复数形式。这里只是提供给各位读者一个学习思路,不打算详尽列举。现举例如下:
1 1) arm(手臂)
2) arms(=weapons武器,军事)
例如:
arms control(军事管制)
the arms race(军备竞赛)
take up arms(准备战斗;参军)
troops bearing arms(荷枪实弹的军队)
appeal to arms(诉诸武力)
2 1) custom(风俗)
2) customs(海关)
例如:
a customs officer(一位海关官员)
pay customs duty(付关税)
go through customs at the airport(在机场过海关)
3 1) damage(损坏,损失)
2) damages(赔偿金)
例如:
That damage was repaired long ago.(那个损坏很早就修好了。)
These damages have not yet been paid,have they?(赔偿金还没有付,对吧?)
pay $5,000 in damages(赔偿5,000美元)
4 1) letter(信)
2) letters(文学)
5 1) minute(分钟)
2) minutes(会议记录)
6 1) spirit(精神)
2) spirits(烈酒)
7 1) premise(前提)
2) premises(房屋,营业场所)
例如:
business premises(营业场所)
8 1) security(安全)
2) securities(证券)
例如:
securities market(证券市场)
9 1) line(行)
2) lines(台词)
例如:
I forgot my lines .(我当时忘了台词。)
Actors have been known to forget their lines because they couldn’t stand the garlic fumes on a fellow actor’s breath.Some have even made up new lines and actions that kept them far away from the offender. (人们都知道,演员们常常会由于难以忍受自己的搭档口中浓烈的大蒜味而忘了台词,有的甚至还改了台词和动作,以使自己离对方远远的。)
换句话说,上述这些名词在表示某一特定意思的时候,只能用作复数。所以,在使用时要特别注意。这类名词在英文中很多,大家在今后的英语学习过程中要注意勤查词典,并注意积累。下面我们再给大家讲几个常见的这样的复数名词。比如大家应该都打过扑克牌,扑克牌里有四种花色,汉语分别叫作“红桃”“黑桃”“梅花”和“方片”,在英语中则用四个大家非常熟悉的词heart(心脏)、spade(铁铲)、club(俱乐部)和diamond(钻石)来表示,但是要用它们的复数形式,即hearts(红桃)、spades(黑桃)、clubs(梅花)和diamonds(方片),比如“梅花A”,英文要说the ace of clubs ;“红桃J”,英文要说the jack of hearts 等等。
我们的“收入”要用复数名词说成earnings,而不是earning*;我们的“储蓄存款”要用复数名词说成savings,而不是saving*。甚至是作定语时也要用复数,比如a savings bank(储蓄银行);a savings account(储蓄账户)。
你若是要“祝贺”别人,就要用复数说成congratulations,而不说congratulation*。就连最简单而常见的“谢谢”,你也要说成“Many thanks.”或“Thanks a lot.”或“Thanks.”而从不说“Thank a lot.”*或“Thank.”*。
本节详细介绍了有关名词单数和复数的问题。内容比较多,但不难理解,主要是对读者记忆力的一个挑战。这一节是名词的重要内容之一,所以建议读者最好还是能够掌握各小节的内容。即使不能够全部记住,但请读者至少能够了解有关名词以下七个方面的问题:
1.只用作单数的名词有哪些?(见1.3.2小节)
2.只用作复数的名词有哪些?(见1.3.3小节)
3.规则的名词怎么变复数?(见1.3.4小节)
4.不规则的名词又如何表达复数?(见1.3.5小节)
5.复合名词变复数的规则是什么?(见1.3.6小节)
6.单复数同形的名词(零复数名词)有哪些?(见1.3.7小节)
7.有新词义的复数名词有哪些?(见1.3.8小节)
上面这些复杂的内容,读者需要在漫长的英语学习过程中,按照我们上面给出的思路,慢慢地总结和归纳。当然,也可以在应用的时候翻开本书来查阅。
一、将下列名词变成复数形式。
1.star______magazine______sheep______child______deer______
2.class______box______match______stomach______
3.country______family______baby______play______boy______monkey______key______
4.tomato______radio______hero______piano______photo______studio______potato______
bamboo______
5.half______chief______leaf______life______thief______wife______belief______knife______roof______
6.man______teacher______man______servant______woman______pilot______passer-by______looker-on______mother-in-law______
二、将括号中的名词变为复数,然后填入空格。
7.The trade pact would reduce average Chinese______(tariff),abolish Chinese import______(quota)and______(license)and allow foreign______(business)to invest in Chinese banking,______(telecommunication)and other______(company).
8.Whether they get a Golden Palm or not,Asian______(director)are the clear______(winner)of this year’s Cannes Film Festival,serving up a feast of______(film)that combine______(originality)and a particular brand of______(sensitivity)that is all their own.
9.The organization is like a tree full of______(monkey),all on different______(limb)at different______(level),some climbing up.The______(monkey)on top look down and see a tree full of smiling______(face).The______(monkey)on the bottom look up and see nothing but______(asshole).