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as用作连词，可以引导各种状语从句，我们在P63页“ 状语从句”一章都已讨论过。这里，我将它们归纳在一起，供大家参考。
as引导时间状语从句，一般译成“随着……”，或“一边……一边……”。
真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——1997年第42题
34 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.
A. For
B. Because
C. As
D. Since
正确答案 C
妙语点睛 这里as引导从句表示时间。
精品译文 正当一些工业巨头，像通用汽车公司和IBM公司都试图通过裁员来谋求生存之时，总部设在威斯康星州密尔沃基市的劳务公司Manpower却发展起来。
更多真题例句：
35 The arrow fell into the river as the boat was drifting on the water. The soldier tried to retrieve it.
36 Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes（travels to and from work） and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. （2000年阅读第四篇）
37 Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. （2004年阅读第二篇）
38 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. （2001年阅读第二篇）
39 Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.（2004年阅读第三篇）
40 As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. （2002年阅读“七选五”）
41 If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. （2002年阅读第一篇）
妙语点睛 这里as表示原因。
精品译文 如果你是你们谈话对象的一部分，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可以对餐厅那难以下咽的食物和总裁在选择领带方面糟糕的品味品头论足。对于其他听众，你就不能试图插入这种幽默，因为他们不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅和总裁有如此微辞。
真题再现：语法攻克考研“英译汉”——2004年第62题
42 We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
妙语点睛 这里的as表示原因。
精品译文 我们之所以要感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的母语。
43 From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.（2004年阅读第三篇）
妙语点睛 这里的as表示原因。
精品译文 从汽车经销商到服装专卖店，由于顾客缩减了开支，几个月来销售额一直走低。
1. as引导方式状语从句
在英文中，as引导的方式状语从句，是用来修饰句子谓语部分的。请看例句：
44 Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship , as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” （2000年阅读第二篇）
妙语点睛 这里as a savage looks at a ship作状语，表示方式，修饰主句谓语部分look at an organic being。
精品译文 达尔文有句话是描述那些对进化一无所知的人们的：他们“看待一种生物就像野人看轮船，好像看某种完全超出自己理解能力的东西”。
45 Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us as religion once did , Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.（2006年阅读第四篇）
妙语点睛 这里as religion once did作状语，表示方式，修饰主句谓语部分need art to tell us。
精品译文 今天，我们的周围充斥着可以轻易得到幸福的许诺，我们需要艺术来告诉我们，正如宗教曾经告诉我们的：记住你终将死亡，一切都会结束，幸福不会因否定这一点而到来，而是与之共存的。
真题再现：语法攻克考研“英译汉”——2006年第49题
46 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
妙语点睛 这里as the businessman takes his ethics作状语，表示方式，修饰主句谓语部分take his code for granted。
精品译文 但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。在其生命的大部分时间里，他将把自己的道德准则视为理所当然的事情，如同商人看待自己的道德准则一样。
47 As used in this context, the word “challenging” means “demanding”. The author is fairly skilled at word diction.
妙语点睛 这里as引导的是一个方式状语从句，且是一个省略的形式，其完整结构应为As it is used in this context。
精品译文 “challenging”一词用在这样的语境中时，意为“demanding”。由此可见，作者是很善于措辞的。
48 Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. （2001年语法）
妙语点睛 这里as we use the word作状语，表示方式，修饰主句谓语部分refers to all religious institutions。
精品译文 我们所使用的“教派”一词指所有的团体，不管他们信奉基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教，还是信奉犹太教等。
真题再现：语法攻克考研“英译汉”——1994年第72题
49 “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it , was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
妙语点睛 这里as we call it是一个方式状语从句。这个结构类似于上述as we use the word，很多考生将其误认为是as引导的定语从句。二者的重大区别是：as引导的方式状语从句必然是一个完整句子，as在从句中不充当成分；而as引导的定语从句，as后接的必然是一个不完整的句子，因为as需要在从句中作成分。比如：Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know , has only one industry—William Shakespeare.这是2006年阅读第二篇中的一个句子，这里as we all know就是一个定语从句，as作know的宾语，指代Stratford-on-Avon has only one industry—William Shakespeare，这个句子也可以这么说： As we all know , Stratford-on-Avon has only one industry—William Shakespeare.
精品译文 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器械的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
真题再现：语法攻克考研“英译汉”——1996年第75题
50 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
妙语点睛 这里as引导方式状语从句，as they have相当于as they have arisen。
精品译文 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，并给完美以新的标准。
2. as引导的方式状语从句可倒装
as引导方式状语从句，可以采用倒装结构，该结构一般为：as+助动词+主语。这里as往往是代替被省略的谓语部分。
51 Some Asian nations and regions reiterated their opposition to a war, as did many of their citizens who worry Bush has already given up on hopes for a peaceful resolution to the crisis.
妙语点睛 这里as从句的主语是many of their citizens，被后置，故是一个倒装结构，相当于 as many of their citizens... reiterated opposition to a war。
精品译文 一些亚洲国家和地区重申，他们反对战争，他们的许多公民也持同样立场，因为他们担心小布什已经放弃了和平解决这一危机的希望。
52 To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”
妙语点睛 这里as从句的主语是abilities，被后置，故是一个倒装结构，相当于as abilities to make decision and to concentrate are weakened。
精品译文 为了测定睡眠不足带来的后果，研究人员让受试者接受了一系列心理测试以及能力测试，包括做数字加法或回忆刚刚听过的文章。“我们发现如果睡眠不足，能力测试就会受到影响，”大卫医生说，“短期记忆能力会下降，决策力和集中力同样也会减弱。”
3. as特殊用法：用于否定结构
我们都知道，as一般翻译成“正如……”。但是，as还有一种比较特殊的用法，就是用于否定结构中，此时，as就不能译成“正如……”。as用于否定结构，有两种句式，先来看第一种：as 前面的句子是否定， as 句子本身是肯定。
53 As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing , as many do , that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. （2005年阅读第四篇）
妙语点睛 这里主句用了否定is not arguing，而as从句用了肯定as many do，此时as无法译成“正如……”，相反，要译成“不像……”。
精品译文 作为一名语言学家，他承认所有的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言，都可以明确地表情达意——世界上没有不能表达复杂意思的语言或方言。他并没有像许多人那样，认为因为我们说不好话，就不会正确地思考了。
54 Pure iron cannot be hardened by heating and cooling, as ______, because iron lacks the necessary carbon. （1999-10-13 TOEFL）
A. steel it can
B. can steel
C. with steel can
D. so can steel
正确答案 B
妙语点睛 这里主句用了否定词cannot，而as从句用了肯定词can。此时as无法译成“正如……”，相反，要译成“不像……”。另外，从句主语显然是steel，被后置，故是我们上面第2点中刚讨论过的倒装结构。
精品译文 纯铁无法通过反复加热和冷却来硬化，这点不像钢，因为铁缺乏必要的碳元素。
55 Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, he recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America.
妙语点睛 首先，这里虽然没有否定词not，但是far from表示否定，而从句用了肯定did。其次，这里从句也是一个倒装结构，主语是some of his contemporaries。
精品译文 他并没有像同时代的一些人那样提倡与美国文化完全分离，而是主张一种文化多元主义，由此艺术家们可以丰富美国文化。
还有另外一种结构： as前面句子是肯定，as句子本身否定。
56 A sob rolled up in me. I flung up my hands and cried as I never had in my life.
妙语点睛 主句用了肯定cried，而as从句用了否定never had。此时as无法译成“正如……”，而要转译为“但，然而”。
精品译文 此时我非常想哭，于是我就用双手捂住脸，大声哭起来，而我以前从未这样哭过。
更多例句：
57 She described the scene as no other people described it.
精品译文 她这样描写这个场景，而没有其他人会这样描写。
58 He could love the child as he did not love Charles.
精品译文 他可以爱上这个孩子，然而他却不爱查尔斯。
59 John had taken to that young woman as he did to few people.
精品译文 约翰深爱着这个年轻女子，而他很少这样爱一个人。
关于as引导让步状语从句，我们在P91页4.8.5和P92页4.8.6小节已经讨论过，这里仅举例简单回顾一下。
60 There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae. In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
妙语点睛 这里是“形容词+as+主谓”，表示让步，详见P91页4.8.5小节。
精品译文 还有一些沙漠昆虫以不活动的幼虫形态来存活。此外，尽管难以置信，但确有一种沙漠鱼能够以不活动的卵的形式来抵挡干旱，存活好几年。
61 In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence（AI） predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing out housework. But as useful as computers are, they’re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.
妙语点睛 这里as useful as computers are从句是“as+形容词+as+主谓”结构，表示让步，详见P92页4.8.6小节。另外，这里something as complex as conversation是as...as引导的一个形容词短语，用作后置定语，修饰something。
精品译文 在20世纪50年代，人工智能的先驱们预言，在20世纪末，计算机将可以与我们人类进行工作上的交流，机器人可以替我们做家务。尽管计算机很有用，但它们离那些早期人们所设想的可以从事类似于人类活动的计算机还很遥远，更不用说像语言交流这么复杂的活动了。功能最强大的计算机想要辨别一个物体的形状都非常困难，而这对一个10个月大的婴儿来说，却是轻而易举的。
as much as结构看似简单，其实不然。我们先来看一个读者的提问：
“The ‘failed’ experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately ‘works’. 请问as...as中放的除了形容词外就是副词，那么本句中的as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately‘works’如何解释？”
要回答这个问题，我们首先得弄清楚这里的as much...as结构。很多读者看到as much as时，很可能将其翻译为“和……一样多”，其实不然。英语里as much as往往是表示两个事物之间程度的比较，表示“在同等程度上”，在翻译时要灵活处理。请看例句：
62 Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
妙语点睛 这里as much...as...表示的是“在同等程度上”，翻译时可以处理成“和……一样”。另外，这里as are all other animals on the earth是一个倒装结构，主语是all other animals on the earth。
精品译文 尽管蚂蚁很小，但是它同地球上任何其他动物一样，都是一种生物。
63 The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.
妙语点睛 这里as much...as...表示的是“在同等程度上”，翻译时可以处理成“如同……一样”。另外，同上一句一样，这里as are its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans是一个倒装结构，主语是复数名词短语its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans，所以谓语动词用are。
精品译文 地球周围的大气层，就如同地球上的泥土及湖泊、河流、海洋中的水一样，都是地球的组成部分。
现在我们再来看那位读者问到的句子：
64 The “failed” experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately “works”.
妙语点睛 首先，这个句子和上面第（61）的句子结构非常类似，都有as much a part...as这样结构。这里as much...as同样是表示程度的。此句中as much a part as的结构为“as+形容词+a（n）+可数名词单数+as”，请看第四章“状语从句”P94页4.9.1小节第2点内容。
精品译文 失败了的实验，与那些最终成功了的实验一样，都是整个实验过程的组成部分（同样重要）。
下面再来看有关as much as结构的考研真题。
真题再现：语法攻克考研“英译汉”——2005年第46题
65 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
妙语点睛 首先，因为有否定词never，所以我们可以用so来代替as，于是本句出现了so much...as的结构。这里比较的对象是时间，一个是before（以前），一个是in the recent events in Europe（在欧洲近来发生的事件中）。本句要说明television在这两个不同时间所起的作用大小不同。具体来说，强调的是television在欧洲近来发生的事件中所体现出的connect different peoples and nations（连接不同民族和国家）方面的作用，是以往任何时候都没有的。因此，我们可以转译为“作用之大，前所未有”。
精品译文 电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，发挥了前所未有的巨大作用。
真题再现：1994年语法
66 Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ______ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.
A. as long as
B. as much as
C. as soon as
D. as well as
正确答案 B
妙语点睛 这里的as much as同样表示程度，说明地球气候变暖的程度在两个不同长度的时期内是一样的。
精品译文 科学家们一致认为，地球气候在未来50至100年内的变暖幅度将与它自冰河时代以来两万年间的变化幅度一样。
67 The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.（2000年改错）
妙语点睛 The ideal listener enjoys it as much as the composer does at the moment he composes.这里does代替enjoys，表示对音乐的“欣赏”。as much as同样表示“同等程度上”。
精品译文 一个真正懂音乐的听众，应该是在听音乐时既可置身于音乐之中，又可游离于音乐之外，他对音乐的欣赏程度，几乎等同于作曲家本人在创作该曲子时对曲子的欣赏程度。
在考研英语中，这个结构曾多次出现，详细内容可参加P105页4.9.7小节。我们这里仅举几例进行说明。
真题再现：语法攻克考研“英译汉”——1994年第71题
68 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
精品译文 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于像改进了的技术和工具这些更为普通的东西。
真题再现：2000年语法
69 It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ______ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.
A. rather
B. so
C. than
D. as
正确答案 D
精品译文 并不是因为我不喜欢她，而是因为我对整件事情根本就不感兴趣。
真题再现：1992年改错
70
正确答案 B，改为as。
精品译文 导致他比赛失利的真正原因，不是由于他遭受过许多打击，而是因为他缺乏斗志。
真题再现：1997年语法
71 The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates _____ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
A. and
B. as
C. but
D. or
正确答案 B
精品译文 导致人口快速增长的主要原因并不是出生率的增长，而是医疗保健水平的提高使死亡率下降了。
72 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
精品译文 海洋，与其说是分隔了大陆，倒不如说是联系了整个大陆。