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英国中古时期和文艺复兴时期文学练习答案、得分点解析
1. ① Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England.（1.5分）
② It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.（1.5分）
③ Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.（2分）
2. ① Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.（1.5分）
② It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.（3.5分）
3. ① The word, meaning rebirth, is commonly applied to the movement or period which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe.（2.5分）
② It is best to regard the Renaissance as the result of a new emphasis upon and a new combination of tendencies and attitudes already exiting, stimulated by a series of historical events.（2.5分）
4. Spenserian stanza, i.e., a stanza（诗的一节）of nine lines, with the firs eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步）, rhyming ababbcbcc.（5分）
5. ① Conceits, from the Italian concetto, "concept" or "idea," are used in Renaissance poetry to mean a precise and detailed comparison of something more remote or abstract with something more present or concrete, and often detailed through a chain of metaphors or similes.（2.5分）
② Conceits were closely linked to emblems, to the degree that the verbal connection between the emblem picture and its meaning was detailed in an interpretative conceit.（2.5分）
6. ① Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influenc of John Donne.（1.5分）
② With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.（2分）
③ The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.
The imagery is drawn from actual life.（1.5分）
7. Epic refers to a long narrative poem in elevated style, presenting characters of high position in series of adventures which form an organic whole through their relation to a central figur of heroic proportions, and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race.（5分）
8. Ballad is a form of verse to be sung or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.（5分）
9. ① Sonnet is one of the most conventional and influentia forms of poetry in Europe.
② A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definit rhyme scheme.
③ Shakespeare's sonnets are well-known.
10. Blank verse is unrhymed poetry, typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.（5分）
11.① Beowulf , a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.（2分）
②The epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf , in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathin dragon in his declining years. While fightin against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded. However, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life. Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.（3分）
12.① Robin Hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.（1分）
② The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.（1.5分）
③ The dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.（1分）
④ Another feature of Robin's view is his reverence for the king. Robin Hood was a people's hero as King Arthur was a noble's hero.（1.5分）
13. Meter is the recurring pattern of sounds that give poems written in distinctive rhythms. The distinguishing feature of poetic meter is that such units recur in sustained and regular patterns.
1. A. John Donne: The Sun Rising .（3分）
B. (The) Sun.（3分）
C. The sun is scolded for behaving like a peeping Tom, disturbing the lovers' private life. For in the lovers' kingdom, the sun has no right to dictate the time of day or the passing of seasons. His presence in their bedchamber is an intrusion on their privacy.（4分）
2. A. Dr. Faustus , a play by Christopher Marlowe.（3分）
B. Dr. Faustus.（3分）
C. The play deals with themes including man's aspiration, bounding achievements,and inevitable failure. This humanism tragedy lies in Faustus's character, which indicates an insatiable thirst for knowledge.（4分）
3. A. Determination (determinedness, action, activity, etc.).（2.5分）
B. Consideration (indecision, inactivity, hesitation, etc.).（2.5分）
C. Importance/significance（2.5分）
D. Too much thinking (consideration, ) made (makes) activity (action) impossible.（2.5分）
4. A. The passage is taken from The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser.（3分）
B. The knight (Redcrosse Knight) stands for the Anglican Church.（3分）
C. Redcrosse Knight is on his way to accomplish the task of protecting Una and freeing her parents from the power of the Devil. He is hopeful and ready to fight.（4分）
5. A. The stanza is taken from The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser.（4分）
B. Una.（3分）
C. Una's ass.（3分）
6. A. The stanza is taken from The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by Christopher Marlowe.（3分）
B. Pastoral tradition.（3分）
C. Here the shepherd is courting the girl he loves and showing her the great happiness they can enjoy in nature.（4分）
7. A. It is taken from Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare.（3分）
B. This refers to poem.（3分）
C. It shows Shakespeare's faith in the permanence of poetry.（4分）
8. A. The passage is taken from Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice .（3分）
B. Shylock.（2分）
C. By saying so Antonio is trying to convince his friends that it is no use appealing to Shylock, the money-lender, for mercy, for nothing in the world is harder than Shylock's heart. Even if many impossible things become possible, Shylock will not give up his demand for one-pound fles from Antonio's chest.（5分）
9. A. It is taken from Shakespeare's greatest tragedy Hamlet .（3分）
B. Metaphor.（3分）
C. In this famous monologue, Hamlet , facing the dilemma of action and mind, is hesitating whether he should revenge for his father, which may bring him death,or he should suffer and hide his hatred for his uncle in his deep heart, which may secure his life.（4分）
10. A. It is taken from Francis Bacon's Of Studies .（3分）
B. The language is of maxim.（3分）
C. It shows that different ways of studies may exert different influenc over human character.（4 分）
11. A. It is from John Donne's Death, Be Not Proud .（3分）
B. It means death.（3分）
C. It means that shortly after we die we will wake up (as from sleep) and live eternally. It reveals the poet's belief in life after death: death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal.（4分）
12. A. It is taken from John Milton's Paradise Lost .（3分）
B. God.（3分）
C. By saying so Satan means that though he and his followers are driven out of heaven, he is not going to admit failure. After all, they have built up strength to figh again against God, the symbol of tyranny, and shaken God's ruling position.（4分）
13. A. The phrase means taking thorough examinations of things.（3分）
B. It means cure or prescription.（3分）
C. It is taken from Bacon's Of Studies . It analyzes what studies chiefl serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influenc over human character.（4分）
14. A. It is taken from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene .（3分）
B. It means power/prowess.（3分）
C. The theme is about fierc wars and faithful love.（4分）
15. A. It is taken from John Milton's Paradise Lost .（3分）
B. The phrase means chaos.（3分）
C. The poem tries to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will to choose sin and its inevitable punishment.（4分）
16. A. It is taken from Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus .（3分）
B. It means torment.（3分）
C. It is based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finall meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.（4分）
17. A. It is taken from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene .（3分）
B. "This knight" refers to The Redcrosse Knight.（3分）
C. It is a description of Virgin Una, who stands for the divine truth and accompanies the Redcrosse Knight on his adventures. She is as pure and innocent in life and all moral knowledge as the Lamb of God (Jesus Christ). She is descended of a royal line, which in old days governed the land from east to west until the dragon devastated all their land. She has summoned the Knight from a remote place to avenge her imprisoned parents.（4分）
18. A. It is taken from John Donne's The Sun Rising .（3分）
B. The Sun.（3分）
C. The speakers says that his lover's eyes are more blinding than the sun's mighty rays. If the sun would look closely he would see that even the wealth of all the earth lies in their bed. In this part of the poem, the king-image is a happy one.
The lovers are as happy as the queen and the king. The poet brings spice, gold and kings into one bed in order to show that their love is as fragrant as spice, as pure as gold and as happy as kings.（4分）
19. A. It is taken from Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus .（3分）
B. God.（3分）
C. This is a description of Dr. Faustus practicing black magic in order to seek knowledge and power over the kingdom of this world. Faustus's conjuring techniques show his denial and rejection of religion. By portraying Faustus trying through the exercise of forbidden knowledge to transcend the bounds of his nature, Marlowe celebrates the Renaissance hero's endless aspiration for knowledge, power and happiness.（4分）
1. ① Generally Fortune's habit is to take away the fallen man's wealth and let him live and suffer in poverty.（4分）
② This time, however, she is taking away both Antonio's wealth and life. (Here Antonio assumes that his ships have been lost.) So he thinks she is more kind to him than in her custom.（6分）
2. ① Francis Bacon.（3分）
② The work is an argument for the inductive reasoning in place of the Aristotelian deductive reasoning.（3分）
③ The Aristotelian reasoning only states the fact, not capable of discovery while the inductive reasoning, although starting with a hypothesis and developing with experiments, may lead to the discovery of true knowledge.（4分）
3. ① Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.（3分）
② Humanists see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.（3分）
③ They also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.（4分）
4. ① A perfect melody.（1分）
② A rare sense of beauty.（1分）
③ A splendid imagination.（1分）
④ A lofty moral purity and seriousness.（2分）
⑤ A dedicated idealism.（2分）
⑥ In order to increase the rustic effect, he uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words.（3 分）
5. ① Shakespeare's plays mainly have three categories: comedies, tragedies and history plays.（2 分）
② His history plays are mainly written with the theme that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.（3分）
③ In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude towards love and youth.（2分）
④ His tragedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficul situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in their characters,which finall lead to their tragic falls.（3分）
6. In his Sonnet 18 Shakespeare expresses a very bold idea: that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach their eternity; and literature is created by man, thus it declares man's eternity. The poem carries the spark of the European Renaissance movement.（10分）
7. John Donne thinks that the nature of love is a perfect union of body and soul. In his love poetry, Donne attempts to understand how the intellectual side of love can be related to its physical side, and to reflec the complex emotion the poetry seeks to reproduce.（10分）
8.① The Sun Rising is a poem typical of Donne's interest in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love. First, the poet adopts the conventional form at the beginning of the poem to address to the sun, but only in its irreverence.The sun, taken as a busy old fool, is gradually turned into a servant the poet can appeal to in warming us.（4分）
② Secondly, the poem, in revealing its theme of the satisfie love, focuses on the world of couple, which is taken as the center of the universe.（3分）
③ Thirdly, the poet likes to use geographical terms such as Indias and States to describe his love, which runs consistent with the notion of his universe.（3分）
9. Death, Be Not Proud reads like a bold challenge to the "Proud" "Death." Under Donne's pen, Death is neither “Mighty” nor “dreadful,” for men may derive “Much pleasure” from death, and “Death” is a “Slave” to many things. The poem ends with the claim “Death, thou shalt die.” Written in a specifi sonnet form, the poem presents an argument with its forcefulness, wit and dramatic comparisons.（10分）
10 .① The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17thcentury writers who wrote under the influenc of John Donne.（2分）
② The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death and religion.（1分）
③ The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical Period, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.（2分）
④The logic argument and conceits are frequently applied in metaphysical poetry. （1分）
⑤The imagery is drawn from the commonplace or the remote, actual life.（1分）
⑥The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God or with himself.（2分）
⑦The leading figur of this school was John Donne.（1分）
1.① It usually refers to Geoffrey Chaucer whose masterpiece The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English literature.（3分）
② Chaucer made a great contribution to English poetry by introducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. It was he who used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which was later called the "heroic couplet."（4分）
③ Chaucer was the firs to write in the current English language. Though drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.（4分）
④ In his works Chaucer developed his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.
That is why John Dryden called him the Father of English Poetry.（4分）
2.① High aspiration for new knowledge/learning/thought: Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the Devil for knowledge and power; Francis Bacon encourages learning in his aphoristic essays such as Of Studies .（5分）
② Exaltation of human nature and capacity: Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene celebrates the splendor during the reign of Elizabeth the Queene in the disguise of Gloriana and human virtues embodied by Arthur and other characters;Marlowe's Dr. Faustus is a Renaissance man seeking happiness through his own effort; Shakespeare explores human nature through Hamlet and other characters in his plays.（5分）
③ Importance of this life: John Donne's love poems, concentrate earthly on physical love; Marlowe's Dr. Faustus tries, though fails, to fulfil his wish for happiness not in heaven but on earth.（5分）
3. ① The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare's play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything.（5分）
② He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king.He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle. This made him deep in trouble.（5分）
③ When he planned to kill his uncle, he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also,when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.（5分）
4. ① Shakespeare's major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones.They are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.（3分）
② By applying a psycho-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters' inner mind.（3分）
③ Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.（3分）
④ In his writing, disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony,usually with woman as man.（3分）
⑤ He often wrote skillfully in different poetic forms, like sonnet, the blank verse,and the rhymed couplet.（3分）
5. ① The theme of the poem Paradise Lost is the Fall of Man, i. e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause—Satan.（4分）
② "Man shall fin grace." But he must lay hold of it by an act of free will. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton's creed.（4分）
③ Milton explained the source of misfortune in man by the poem.（3分）
④ The poet, through depicting incurrence of character in the poem, implied that the British Bourgeois Revolution is doomed to end in failure.（4分）
6. Shylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character in the play.
① He is comic because he finall becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is a typical merchant to be made fun of. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of fles from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.（7分）
② On the other hand, Shylock is also a tragic figure He is the victim of the society. He is a Jew. As a minor nationality, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect himself. He is abused by Antonio, and therefore, he wants to get revenge.（8分）
7.① Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the hero.（5分）
② Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.（5分）
③ For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context.（5分）
8.①Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are: Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , and Macbeth . They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays a noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficul situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.（5分）
② Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet , the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello 's inner weakness is taken advantage of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear , unwilling to totally give up his power, makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth 's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to crimes.（5分）③ With the concentration on the tragic hero, Shakespeare dramatizes the whole world around the hero. Along with the portrayal of the weakness of the hero, we see the sharp conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society.（5分）
9.① Christopher Marlowe is one of the greatest Renaissance writers. He wrote six plays and some other works, Dr. Faustus being his masterpiece.（5分）
② Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama. His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men.（5分）
③ He embodies Marlowe's humanistic idea of human dignity and capacity.（5分）