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The passage contains ten errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of one error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a∧and write the word which you believe is missing in the blank at the end of the line.
For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash / and put the word in the blank at the end of the line.
Please read the following passages and choose A, B, C or D to best complete the statements about them.
Saints should always be judged guilty until they are proved innocent, but the tests that have to be applied to them are not, of course, the same in all cases. In Gandhi’s case the questions one feels inclined to ask are: to what extent was Gandhi moved by vanity—by the consciousness of himself as a humble,naked old man, sitting on a praying mat and shaking empires by sheer spiritual power—and to what extent did he compromise his own principles by entering politics, which of their nature are inseparable from coercion and fraud? To give a definite answer one would have to study Gandhi’s acts and writings in immense detail, for his whole life was a sort of pilgrimage in which every act was significant. But this partial autobiography, which ends in the nineteen-twenties, is strong evidence in his favor, all the more because it covers what he would have called the unregenerate part of his life and reminds one that inside the saint, or near-saint, there was a very shrewd, able person who could, if he had chosen, have been a brilliant success as a lawyer, an administrator or perhaps even a businessman.
At about the time when the autobiography first appeared I remember reading its opening chapters in the ill-printed pages of some Indian newspaper. They made a good impression on me, which Gandhi himself at that time did not. The things that one associated with him—home-spun cloth, “soul forces”and vegetarianism—were unappealing, and his medievalist program was obviously not viable in a backward, starving, over-populated country. It was also apparent that the British were making use of him, or thought they were making use of him. Strictly speaking, as a Nationalist, he was an enemy, but since in every crisis he would exert himself to prevent violence—which, from the British point of view,meant preventing any effective action whatever—he could be regarded as “our man”. In private this was sometimes cynically admitted. The attitude of the Indian millionaires was similar. Gandhi called upon them to repent, and naturally they preferred him to the Socialists and Communists who, given the chance, would actually have taken their money away. How reliable such calculations are in the long run is doubtful; as Gandhi himself says, “in the end deceivers deceive only themselves”; but at any rate the gentleness with which he was nearly always handled was due partly to the feeling that he was useful.The British Conservatives only became really angry with him when, as in 1942, he was in effect turning his non-violence against a different conqueror.
But I could see even then that the British officials who spoke of him with a mixture of amusement and disapproval also genuinely liked and admired him, after a fashion. Nobody ever suggested that he was corrupt, or ambitious in any vulgar way, or that anything he did was actuated by fear or malice. In judging a man like Gandhi one seems instinctively to apply high standards, so that some of his virtues have passed almost unnoticed. For instance, it is clear even from the autobiography that his natural physical courage was quite outstanding: the manner of his death was a later illustration of this, for a public man who attached any value to his own skin would have been more adequately guarded. Again,he seems to have been quite free from that maniacal suspiciousness which, as E. M. Forster rightly says in A Passage to India, is the besetting Indian vice, as hypocrisy is the British vice. Although no doubt he was shrewd enough in detecting dishonesty, he seems wherever possible to have believed that other people were acting in good faith and had a better nature through which they could be approached. And though he came of a poor middle-class family, started life rather unfavorably, and was probably of unimpressive physical appearance, he was not afflicted by envy or by the feeling of inferiority. Color feeling when he first met it in its worst form in South Africa, seems rather to have astonished him.Even when he was fighting what was in effect a color war, he did not think of people in terms of race or status. The governor of a province, a cotton millionaire, a half-starved Dravidian coolie, a British private soldier were all equally human beings, to be approached in much the same way. It is noticeable that even in the worst possible circumstances, as in South Africa when he was making himself unpopular as the champion of the Indian community, he did not lack European friends.
Written in short lengths for newspaper serialization, the autobiography is not a literary masterpiece,but it is the more impressive because of the commonplaceness of much of its material. It is well to be reminded that Gandhi started out with the normal ambitions of a young Indian student and only adopted his extremist opinions by degrees and, in some cases, rather unwillingly. His first entry into anything describable as public life was made by way of vegetarianism. Underneath his less ordinary qualities one feels all the time the solid middle-class businessmen who were his ancestors. One feels that even after he had abandoned personal ambition he must have been a resourceful, energetic lawyer and a hardheaded political organizer, careful in keeping down expenses, an adroit handler of committees and an indefatigable chaser of subscriptions. His character was an extraordinarily mixed one, but there was almost nothing in it that you can put your finger on and call bad, and I believe that even Gandhi’s worst enemies would admit that he was an interesting and unusual man who enriched the world simply by being alive. Whether he was also a lovable man, and whether his teachings can have much for those who do not accept the religious beliefs on which they are founded, I have never felt frilly certain.
1. A testing criterion for Gandhi’s sainthood, according to Paragraph 1, is to see if_____.
A. his major initiative for politics is monetary reward
B.his vanity is based on spiritual principles
C.coercion and fraud is related to his political compromise
D.his principles are overridden by his political needs
2. The author obviously thinks that Gandhi’s autobiography_____.
A. tells the truth about the British
B.excludes facts about his early life
C.alters usual understanding of his personality
D.presents him as a complete saint
3. The British liked Gandhi because_____.
A. he prevented effective action in every crisis
B.he incited action against India’s rich middle-class
C.he cheated the British as well as his countrymen
D.he lent himself for use by the British colonists
4. What is E. M. Forster’s view?
A. The Indians were defeated by British hypocrisy.
B.Gandhi generally believed people’s good faith.
C.India’s politics was affected by inferiority complex.
D.The Indians were extraordinarily suspicious.
5. Which of the following does NOT describe Gandhi?
A. extraordinary physical courage.
B.abundant good faith.
C.little feeling of inferiority.
D.strong sense of color feeling.
Since his first appearance 13 years ago, Harry Potter has loomed over a generation. In 1997, he was 11 years old—and so were legions of his devotees. The boy wizard, whose final adventures hit the screen next week in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1, is still a teenager, but is there a sense which his fans, now 24, are also finding it hard to grow up? With many young adults still living at home or remaining in education, sociologists have argued that the age of maturity is changing fast; that the current crop of twentysomethings is stuck.
Any attempt to define a generation will fail. But how much do we know about the people who made Harry Potter a superstar? Are they the über-confident, sex-savvy go-getters of advertising fantasy,or a cuckoo generation destined to remain in the family nest, devoid of career prospects or financial stability, sold out by the grownups who frittered away their future? We can surely take it for granted that this group of people are more technologically literate and enthusiastic than any that has preceded them;recent data from the Office for National Statistics suggests that only 1 percent of 16 to 24-year-olds has never accessed the internet. But it’s also common sense to assume that, while young people might revel in how easy it is to communicate with one another, they are likely to feel less confident in the current economic climate about their ability to access and afford education, to enter the job market, to get a foothold on the property ladder and to rely on the State to provide a safety net in times of trouble.
In short, young people are both more connected and more alone than ever. On one side, they are awash in a sea of celebrity culture, in which young people such as Wayne Rooney can be materially rewarded beyond anybody’s wildest dreams for the possession of a single skill, and the less gifted are briefly lauded on a television talent show before a long descent into obscurity. On the other, economic,environmental and geopolitical convulsions create a sense of collective catastrophe that seems to deflate the very idea of individual aspiration.
So how does that make them feel? Mel Smith, who works for the Youth Support Service as part of the Transition to Adulthood (T2A) Alliance, which was established to provide support for young adults in the criminal justice system, explains how some of the people she works with find that their age makes them even more vulnerable.
“It’s a very difficult time, the very early twenties, because of the way that a lot of th support is set up,” she says. “As they reach age milestones, they move from youth to adult services; they may find themselves moved to a different service just because they’ve had a birthday.”
When Thomas Viney, a 27-year-old graduate living in London, read a lengthy article in The New York Times arguing that the delayed adulthood experienced by many twentysomethings constituted a new developmental life stage, he felt the need to respond. He wrote that by the time his parents were his age, they had established a household, had children, got proper jobs, started savings schemes and pension plans and, more generally, had learnt to look after themselves.
By contrast, he had amassed little of any tangible value and his life, punctuated by amusing but random interactions with his mates, seemed more defined by aimlessness than purpose. When a girlfriend said she thought she was pregnant (she wasn’t), the cold wave of responsibility was enough to sweep him completely off his feet.
Viney believes that his experience is not simply a typical twentysomething scenario but indicative of a far more damaging malaise. “A lot of people in my generation,” he tells me, “were brought up to think that they were very special and that they had something to contribute to the world—not through hard work, but through the arts. I think we’re lost; that we no longer think it’s OK to knuckle down and apply ourselves, because that isn’t the life that we were promised.”
His upbringing was middle class, rather than wealthy, but he feels that it took place against the backdrop of what he calls a time of “biblical” plenty and abundance. He also says that his generation has been “encouraged to enjoy ourselves”, that there’s something wrong with you if you don’t and that there will be few consequences to a life of hedonism. As a result, he and his friends, with a couple of exceptions, have barely a serious job or stable domestic environment among them. Viney himself,though, is taking a few tentative steps towards serious adulthood, working in publishing and writing in his spare time. What he has learnt, he says, is that for all that his parents had to sacrifice, they gained far more than they lost.
Facebook, as everyone but a Martian knows, was founded by a bunch of precocious youths. Apart from all the online games, groups, jokes and pokes, probably the most recognizable feature of Facebook is the “status update”. But what might the status update of this disparate bunch be? How would they encapsulate all the exuberance, anxiety, yearning and joyfulness that being twentysomething brings?Perhaps something like: “Status pending. Update to follow. Don’t wait up.”
6. What is true according to Paragraph 1?
A. Popular interest in Harry Porter has declined since 1997.
B.The first generation of Harry Porter fans is still immature
C.The final adventure of Harry Porter is about a boy wizard
D.Sociologists’ view of Harry Porter differs from young adults’.
7. The author finds it difficult to define the present generation becau_____.
A. they are quite able in the virtual world but not in the real one
B.they are über-confiden go-getters but sold out by grownups
C.they communicate easily with others but rely on State safety net
D.they have good career ability but will not enter job markets
8. How does the present economic situation affect this generation?
A. Created a special culture of celebrity worship.
B.Destroyed opportunity of huge reward for mediocrity.
C.Damaged aspiration for social and personal advancement.
D.Boosted confidence to access and afford education
9. The phrase “knuckle down and apply ourselves” probably means_____.
A. establish a household
B.get a proper job
C.work hard for a purpose
D.succeed through the arts
10. Which of the following statements correctly reflects Thomas Viney’s view
A. The older generation had a more practical view of life and value.
B.Purpose and responsibility is out of the younger generation’s mind.
C.Plenty and abundance makes personal application unnecessary.
D.A life of hedonism is taken as exception rather than as the norm.
Read the following passage carefully and then decide whether the statements which follow are true (T) or false (F).
Dr. Christakis and his research partner, James H. Fowler, an associate professor at the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego, created an international uproar in 2007 when they published a study on obesity. In it, they reported that fat could be catching—spreading through social ties. One of the study’s findings was that a person’s chance of becoming obese increased 5 percent if the person had a friend who became obese. Another surprising finding of the study, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, was that one’s chance of becoming obese was influenced not only by the weight gain of friends but also by friends of friends who gained weight.
Since then, the researchers have examined how other health-related behaviors and conditions—drug use and sleeplessness among teenagers, smoking and happiness—spread through social networks.And they have published a book explaining their work, titled “Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives.”
Now Dr. Christakis and Professor Fowler, as well as other scientists, are turning their attention to a new research area: how to harness social networks to promote public health. Of course, we already know that people can and do change their health habits when they seek out and participate in new social groupings, like Weight Watchers. But how do we extract information from existing social networks to improve public health?
One method is to identify social connectors, people who spend tune with more friends than average—and are thus exposed to more germs and are more likely to be among the first to contract contagious diseases like the flu. If health officials could find and track those social butterflies, they co tap into an early-detection system for epidemics and figure out whom to vaccinate first in order to slo the spread of disease.
Last winter, Dr. Christakis and Professor Fowler tried just such a strategy—monitoring people’s friends—to track the spread of HlNl flu at Harvard. They monitored 744 undergraduates who were either selected at random or were named as friends by the randomly selected students. Then they followed the undergrads, using their electronic medical records, to identify which students went to the university health service complaining of flu symptoms.
The method is based on “the friendship paradox”—the counter intuitive idea that your friends have more friends than you do. In other words, you’re more likely to be friends with popular people than with loners. And those popular people tend to be closer to the core of a social network.
In the Harvard study, published Wednesday in the scientific journal PLoS One , the flu developed about two weeks earlier in the friend group than in the randomly selected group. The results, the study leaders say, indicate that public health officials could use friend monitoring like sentinel nodes in the human body, as an early-detection system for disease.
Friend monitoring systems could also be used to identify flu trends faster than methods now used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—or on Google, for that matter—because the friend system pinpoints signs of an epidemic before it peaks in the general population, Professor Fowler says.“This method, although we have studied HlNl, could be applied to anything that spreads—smoking,weight gain,” he says.
Some researchers are also studying how a social network’s structure affects the speed. It which people adopt and stick to health habits. To that end, Damon Centola, an assistant professor of economic sociology at the Sloan School of Management at M.I.T., conducted an experiment with more than 1,500 people. He created a Web-based health forum where they had access to and could rate health information sites.
Professor Centola then randomly assigned participants to one of two social network designs: one was set up like a residential neighborhood, with clusters of overlapping ties among neighbors; the other was a casual network where people did not share social ties.
Each participant was matched with other members, called “health buddies”. although people could not contact their buddies directly, they received e-mail from the system about then buddies’ activities on the site.
The neighborhood structure turned out to be much better than the random social network at prompting people in the study to join and participate in the health forum, according to Professor Centola’ s report, published this month in the journal Science. More important, Professor Centola says,the more e-mails that people received about the activities of their health buddies, the more often they returned to the forum.
In the real world, he says, this means the amount of social reinforcement you give to people to improve their health habits may be more important than who is encouraging them to do so. In other words, a local community network of friends and neighbors may be more important than a remote celebrity spokesman in stopping the spread of, say, sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers.
11. Overweight is contagious, being not just the result of one’s diet and life style, but also of one’s associations and acquaintances.
12. Dr. Christakis and Professor Fowler’s research on obesity can be extended to the study of all phenomena which pass from one place to another.
13. The purpose of monitoring HlNl flu at Harvard is to identify the nature of the disease and eliminate it at its very beginning.
14. The term “the friendship paradox” means that while you believe you have a great many friends, you in fact are one of the many friends of another person.
15. Professor Centola’s research shows that, in terms of health habits, people are more likely to listen to the advice of friends and neighbors than to that of a star spokesman or a famous public figure
Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill in each of the gaps in the text. There are more sentences than gaps.
Relativism amounts to the denial of an objective world about which true and false statements can be made; there is no absolute truth, though there may be many “relative truths”. Scientific skepticism in its simplest form denies only that we ever know, in the sense of establishing for certain, whether a statement made by us is absolutely true or false.
16_____. In supplement, Hume noted that reports of experience, observation and experiment,do not conclusively justify any prediction concerning the future or more generally the unobserved, even if they are held to be so solidly based as to need no justification themselves. This may be regarded as skepticism about induction, the principle by which Bacon famously warranted inference from the known into the unknown. When we abandon the dream of conclusive justification, Hume argued, we must become all the more skeptical about opinions supported only by experience. 17_____.
Hume’s argument is indeed open to question, though we ought not assume too quickly that his conclusion encourages relativism. Even if skepticism is correct, his argument does not concede anything to relativism, for skepticism does not recommend universal suspension of judgment or the ruinous doctrine that all rational opinion is justified opinion. The level-headed skeptic, the critical rationalist,does not doubt that there is truth to be had, but thinks that it maybe had only by making a lucky guess.18_____.
Remorseless though the logic is, it is at this point that reasonable people ask in incredulity: can it be seriously maintained that present-day science is simply a more widely accepted form of study of UFOs, dianetics, and similar unseemly charlatanism? 19_____. But science is more than the sum of its hypotheses, its observations, and its experiments, for from the point of view of rationality, science is above the critical method of searching for errors. 20_____, though if they are designed to be unassailable and unfalsifiable, then unassailed and unfalsified they doubtlessly remain. Consequently though a hypothesis that survives all criticism directed at it is preferable to a hypothesis that dies, it does not become a better hypothesis through being tested.
A. though scientific hypotheses are not untrustworthy or unreliable except in the sense of being sometimes false
B.Scientific hypotheses are guesses no better backed by observation and experiment, and have no more claim on our credulity, than the fancies of pseudo-scientists
C.If one judges that there is life elsewhere in the galaxy, and the other judges the opposite, then one of them has hit on a fragment of the truth
D.What is wrong with pseudoscience is the manner in which it handles its hypotheses, not the hypotheses themselves
E. for the grounds of what is accepted as true themselves require grounds, thus initiating an infinite regress of justificatio
F. Modem skeptics relish specially this second discovery of Hume’s: that there exist no grounds whatever, conclusive or inclusive, for anything that we claim to be certain of
A.Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese.
Did these prejudices prevail only among the meanest and lowest of the people, perhaps they might be excused, as they have few, if any, opportunities of correcting them by reading, traveling, or conversing with foreigners; but the misfortune is, that they infect the minds, and influence the conduct even of our gentlemen; of those, I mean, who have every title to this appellation but an exemption from prejudice, which, however, in my opinion, ought to be regarded as the characteristic mark of a gentleman; for let a man’s birth be ever so high, his station ever so exalted, or his fortune ever so large,yet if he is not free from national and other prejudices, I should make bold to tell him, that he had a low and vulgar mind, and had no just claim to the character of a gentleman. And in fact, you will always find that those are most apt to boast of national merit, who have little or no merit of their own to depend on, than which, to be sure, nothing is more natural: the slender vine twists around the sturdy oak for no other reason in the world but because it has not strength sufficient to support itself.
B.Please read the following passage and translate it into English.
教育是人类文明进步与繁荣的重要标志，是经济社会发展的重要动力源泉。在人类不懈奋斗、竭力前行的历史进程中，教育承担着不可替代的使命和职能，发挥了重要的作用。早在两千多年前，中国先秦时期一部经典著作《大学》这样说：“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。”这一教育思想与一千多年后发祥于欧洲的近代大学开启智慧，弘扬文化、传播知识的精神是相通的，千百年来这一传统薪火相传，经历了历史长河的洗礼而历久弥新，显示出蓬勃的生命力。
历史的脚步已经跨入21世纪，科学技术迅猛发展，知识经济扑面而来，人类社会面临着深刻的变革。时代赋予大学新的使命和丰富的内涵，也提出了前所未有的挑战和变革要求。
1. in→to。固定表达：to the/its full extent表示“最大限度的”。
2. that→those。固定结构“one of +名词/代词”中，名词或代词都用复数形式。
3. was→is。这是对现在情况的描述，用一般现在时。
4. ^ than→ more。由前文的more than可知这里是比较级。
5. depend ^→on/upon。depend是不及物动词，与介词on/upon连用。
6. much→many。修饰复数“intricate questions”用how many。
7. last→frst。at frst表示“最初”。
8. With→To。由句意“为了阐述建筑诗学这一范畴，需要诉诸本文和其他文章”可知用介词to。
9. 第一个in→to。固定结构：adapt to表示“适应”。
10. to→with。connection with表示“与……关联”。
1. D. 由题目定位到第一段第二句。判断甘地是否是圣人，要看他是不是妥协了自己的原则，而为了进入政坛。
2. D. 由题目定位到第二段。自传将甘地塑造成了圣人。D项正确。
3. A. 由题目定位到第二段第五句。英国人喜欢甘地是因为认为他阻止暴力事件发生相当于阻碍了有效反抗的行为。A项正确。
4. D. 由题目定位到第三段第五句。Forster在《印度之行》中写道“狂热的疑心”是印度社会的恶疾。D项正确。
5. D. 由题目定位到第三段第三四句。即使因为肤色问题而引发战争，甘地也没有考虑过人的种族和地位问题。因而可知他对肤色问题没有感觉。
6. B. 由题目定位到首段最后两句。《哈利波特》的粉丝已经24岁了却住在父母家中，没有成熟。由此可知《哈利波特》的第一批粉丝仍未成熟。
7. A. 由题目定位到第二段结尾。虽然这些年轻人沉迷于和他人的网络交际，但缺少接受教育，找工作，依靠政府等方面的自信。排除CD两项。A项正确。
8. C. 由题目定位到第三段结尾。当前经济形势是个人抱负被削弱，造成一种集体灾难。
9. C. 由题目定位到第八段结尾。这一代知晓自己的特殊，可以对社会做贡献，但不靠工作，而是靠艺术。现在迷失自我，也可推知他们不想为了目标而努力工作。
10. A. 由题目定位到第六段。Viney提到父母一辈时，说他们已经有自己的家庭，工作，储蓄，养老计划，由此看来他认为父母那一代的生活是脚踏实地的。
11. T. 由题目定位到第一段第二三四句。肥胖是随社会关系传播的。而且人发胖不仅受直接朋友影响，还受朋友的朋友影响，说明发胖是传染性的。
12. F. 由题目定位到第二段首句。研究从肥胖延伸到其他与健康相关的现象，但不是所有现象。
13. F. 由题目定位到第四段第二句。如果找到并追踪这些社会交往的活跃人士，就可以引入流行病早期探测系统，找出首先接受疫苗的对象，减缓病情的扩散，但并不是判断该病的本质和消除它。
14. T. 由题目定位到第六段前两句。友谊悖论是违反直觉的概念，你更有可能和受欢迎的人做朋友，而不是孤僻的人。
15. T. 由题目定位到最后一段结尾。Centola教授研究表明，本地社区网络的朋友和邻居的建议比遥远的名流代言人更有影响力。
16-20 E F C B D
A.Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese.
这些偏见是否仅在最卑贱的底层阶级中盛行呢？也许这群人是可以被原谅的，因为他们很少有机会去阅读书籍，去旅行，或者与外国人交流，以纠正自己的偏见。但不幸的是，这些偏见竟影响了一些智者， 甚至让我们的绅士的行为也受到影响。我认为那些在方方面面都满足绅士这一头衔，却无法摆脱国家偏见的人，恰恰是绅士的典型代表：即使一个人出身再高贵，地位再尊贵，财产再庞大，如果他无法摆脱国家偏见或对其他事物的偏见，我就要斗胆让他知道他只是一个头脑简单粗鄙的俗物，称不上是一位绅士。事实上，你经常会发现那些最善于吹嘘国家功绩，而自己却鲜有甚至是没有功绩的人，成长是畸形的，正如那盘旋于坚实橡树上的松软葡萄藤，它们不为别的，只是因为自身的力量连自己都支撑不起来。
B.Please read the following passage and translate it into English.
Education, an important symbol of progress and prosperity of human civilization, constitutes a strong driving force for social and economic development, having been playing a major part through shouldering an irreplaceable mission and function in human history featured by unremitting struggle for progress. According to The Great learning, a classic written prior to the Qin Dynasty over 2,000 years ago, “the purpose of the great learning is to illustrate illustrious virtue, to enlighten and renew the public with modern thinking and to rest in the highest excellence”. Such educational thought coincides with the spirit of modern universities established l ,000 years later in Europe; enlightening wisdom, promoting culture and spreading knowledge, which has been passing for hundreds of years and experiencing the test of the history, and now refreshes and flourishes with vigor.
We have stepped into the 21st century symbolized by the rapid scientific and technological development, the knowledge, economy as well as the profound social revolution; therefore, our universities are now bestowed with new missions and rich connotation on the one hand, and confronted with unprecedented challenges and reformation on the other hand.