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The passage contains ten errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of one error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word, copy the wrong word to your answer sheet and write the correct one after it.
For a missing word, write ∧ on the answer sheet followed by the word after the missing word, and then write the word which you believe is missing.
For an unnecessary word, copy the unnecessary word to your answer sheet and cross it with a slash /.
A.Multiple Choice
Please read the following passages and choose A, B, C or D to best complete the statements or best answer the questions in front of them.
In a clearing outside the Kallahti Comprehensive School, a handful of 9-year-olds are sitting backto-back, arranging sticks, pinecones, stones and berries into shapes on the frozen ground. The arrangers will then have to describe these shapes using geometric terms so that the kids who can’t see them can say what they are.
“It’s a different way of conceptualizing math when you do it this way instead of pen and paper, and it goes straight to the brain,” says Veli-Matti Harjula, who teaches the same group of children straight through from third to sixth grade Educators in Sweden, not Finland, came up with the concept of “outside math”, but Harjula didn’t have to get anybody’s approval to borrow it. He can pretty much do whatever he wants, provided that his students meet the very general objectives of the core curriculum set by Finland’s National Board of Education. For math, the latest national core curriculum runs just under 10 pages, up from 3 and 1/2 pages for the previous core curriculum.
The Finns are as surprised as much as anyone else that they have recently emerged as the new rock stars of global education. It surprises them because they do as little measuring and testing as they can get away with. They just don’t believe it does much good. They did, however, decide to participate in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), run by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). And to put it in a way that would make the non-competitive Finns cringe, they kicked major butt. The Finns have participated in the global survey four times and have usually placed among the top three finishers in reading, math and science.
In the latest PISA survey, in 2009, Finland placed second in science literacy, third in mathematics and second in reading. Finland’s only real rivals are the Asian education powerhouses—Korea and Singapore, whose drill-heavy teaching methods often recall those of the old-Soviet-bloc Olympic medal programs. Indeed, a recent manifesto by Chinese-American mother Amy Chua, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. In Asia, it’s about long hours—long hours in school, long hours after school.
In Finland, the school day is shorter. “It’s a more appealing model,” says Andreas Schleicher,who directs the PISA program at the OECD. There is less homework too. “An hour a day is good enough to be a successful student,” says Katja Tuori, who is in charge of student counseling at Kallahti Comprehensive School, which educates kids up to age 16. “These kids have a life. There are rules, of course. No iPods or portable phones in class. No hats indoors. But not much else.” Tuori spots a kid texting in class and shoots him a reproachful glance. He quickly put the phone away. “You have to do something really bad, like hit somebody, to actually get punished,” says Tuori.
Finland has a number of smart ideas about how to teach kids while letting them be kids. For instance, one teacher ideally stays with a class from first grade through sixth grade. That way the teacher has years to learn the quirks of a particular group and tailor the teaching approach accordingly.
But Finland’s sweeping success is largely due to one big, not-so-secret weapon: its teachers. “It’s the quality of the teaching that is driving Finland’s results,” says the OECD’s Schleicher. “The U.S. has an industrial model where teachers are the means for conveying a prefabricated product. In Finland, the teachers are the standard.”
That’s one reason why so many Finns want to become teachers, which provides a rich talent pool that Finland filters very selectively. In 2008, 1258 undergrads applied for training to become elementary school teachers. Only 123, or 9.8% were accepted into the five-year teaching program. That s typical.There’s another thing in Finland, every teacher is required to have a master’s degree. Annual salaries range from about $40,000 to $60,000, and teachers work 190 days a year. “It’s very expensive to educate all of our teachers in five-year programs, but it helps make our teachers highly respected and appreciated,” says Jari Lavonne, head of the department of teacher education at the University of Helsinki.
11. What does the example in the opening paragraph show of Finland’s education?
A. Its education is equal to play.
B.Its outside math is mad math.
C.Its math teaching is being transformed.
D.It has adopted NBE objectives.
12. Finland has recently become a new rock star of global education because_____.
A. its schools have adopted the concept of “outside math”
B.it has set general objectives of the core curriculum
C.it has continuously won the top three in the PISA
D.its schools do not emphasize measuring and testing
13. What are the characteristics of Asia’s education, compared to that of Finland?
A. Better science literacy.
B.More drill-heavy teaching.
C.Longer school hours.
D.More competitive students.
14. Finland’s school rules will penalize a kid if he or she_____.
A. plays with iPhone in class
B.listens to music on iPod
C.sends text messages in class
D.harms or injures fellow students
15. What has OECD’s Schleicher said about US and Finland’s teachers?
A. US teachers perform the role of product manufacturers.
B.Finland has a very strict system for teacher selection.
C.Finland’s teachers perform the role of role models.
D.The US has a larger pool of talents for teachers.
QUAINT is not an obvious word to use about America—a country built on revolution, restless expansion and the unabashed pursuit of profits. Yet for years a cloud of quaintness hung about many of the country’s found-places. Museums and historic sites depicted the birth of the United States as a morality tale and an Anglo-Saxon family dispute, pitting tyrannical King George and his redcoats against freedom-loving colonial subjects (helped, just a bit, by the French).
Often physical settings added to this sense of quaintness. From Boston to Philadelphia, or to the lovingly-restored Georgian streets of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, many New World cradles of liberty looked strikingly like the Old all red-brick mansions, cobbled lanes and candlelit inns, haunted by ghosts in income hats.
At some sites the quaintness was more extreme. Jamestown, the country’s earliest permanent English settlement, was reconstructed in 1957 near its original site in Virginia to celebrate the 350th anniversary of its founding, 13 years before the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts. Drawing on sketchy written records, Jamestown was imagined as an English village transplanted to Virginia, complete with thatched cottages, a church and a wooden-walled fort. Visitors gawped at replicas of the three ships—so fragile! So tiny!—When Queen Elizabeth paid a visit, costumed “settlers” played a version of lawn bowls and placed villagers in the stocks for gossiping. Non-Europeans mentioned included Pocahontas,daughter of the local Indian chief, who married a Jamestown settler (and inspired an inaccurate Disney cartoon film). Then there were the “20 and odd” Africans who arrived in 1619, opening the grim annals of slavery in English-speaking America. Together with the nearby battlefield at Yorktown, the site of a great victory over the British, the area became celebrated as “the cradle of the republic”.
In today’s America the republic’s story looms large but not quaintly. Politicians wrangle over the constitution as if 1789 were yesterday. Yet a transatlantic focus on the British crown and British colonists is irrelevant to lots of modern Americans they are more stirred by tales of the revolution as a contest of ideas. A school party from Virginia’s hyper-diverse northern counties may comprise children whose ancestors were on four different continents in 1607. That puts unprecedented pressure on historians and museum curators working to explain the nation’s birth.
Happily, they have new material to work with. In recent years historian have traced trade routes and commercial interconnections that together amounted to a global economy as early as the 16th century: the so-called “world-systems theory”. Archaeologists found the original Jamestown in the 1990s, uncovering not a village but a “fortified trading post” built by “buccaneer merchant-adventurers”similar to those seen in India and West Africa, says Tom Davidson, a curator of the foundation that oversees the settlement. A serendipitous trawl of Spanish and Portuguese archives traced the story of Jamestown’s first Africans. Captured during lighting in Angola, they were being carried by a Portuguese ship to Mexico when an English privateer captured them, diverting them to Virginia. Even the names of the ships are now known.
The Jamestown Settlement museum has been completely rebuilt over recent years, reflecting new discoveries. Tourists gazing at its replica ships now learn that the Atlantic of 1607 was actually rather busy with such vessels, trailing and fighting along America’s coasts.
Its sister museum at Yorktown—currently a small “victory centre” focused on the battle of 1781—is to become a large and ambitious American Revolution Museum, opening in 2016. The aim is to reflect new research and insights into the 18th-century colonies. By the eve of the Declaration of Independence,American colonists were among the richest people in the world richer and probably freer than their compatriots in England, note the new museum’s creators. Visitors may ask: why would such people revolt?
In addition to abstract arguments about liberty, they will hear a lot about trade and commerce. Stress will be laid on the international nature of the war of independence, and of forgotten conflicts between Britain and Spain, and of the Indian tribes who fought on both sides.
Anglocentric quaintness is giving way to more nuanced depictions of the colonics: as hard-headed,commercially driven meeting-places for global cultures and industries, impatient with attempts to hold them back.
16. American museums tend to depict the country’s birth story as_____.
A. a conflict of tyranny and freedom
B.an audacious pursuit of profit
C.a continuous territorial expansion
D.a continuation of the French revolution
17. Which of the following statements is true about Jamestown, the earliest English settlement?
A. Most of its houses were built in the colonial period.
B.It was reconstructed out of pure imagination.
C.There were non-English settlers at the time of its establishment.
D.The village was built by the Pilgrims on their arrival.
18. Recent findings from archeology reveal that in the early 17th-century Jamestown was_____.
A. an English-style village
B.a trade post
C.a commercial fisher
D.a slave market
19. According to the curator of the new Yorktown museum, the real cause of the American Revolution is_____.
A. demand for freedom
B.revolt against tyranny
C.French instigation
D.trade and commerce
20. What does the article mean by repeatedly saying “quaint”?
A. The museums’ story of early US history is inaccurate.
B.The historical contents of the museums are archaic.
C.The exhibits on English Pilgrims arc out of date.
D.The emphasis on trade and commerce is biased.
B.True or False
Read the following passage carefully and then decide whether the statements which follow are true (T) or false (F).
The moral brain teases the imagination and triggers the fantasy of many people. Engineering human morality is a recurring and popular theme in science fiction, from Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to Anthony Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange . All these stories are based on similar scripts callous doctors convert harsh criminals into docile individuals who, once operated upon, become dull and lose their critical capacities, or, conversely, neurosurgeons remodel exemplary citizens in remorseless warriors who are unstoppable from committing cruelties afterwards.
At short distance from these dreamy novelists, down-to-earth scientists explored the human brain in search of a moral center. Historically, this quest to localize morality went through favorable and unfavorable times. Although limited successes were attained in the past, most statements turned out to be scientifically untenable. While some scientists proposed localizations of morality in the human brain,more skeptical brain researchers urged for reservation and patience. Scientists opposing this project even typified these bold and unsupported hypotheses as omnipotent fantasies aired by overambitious colleagues. Nowadays, the climate is once again encouraging and attractive. Brain scientists show optimism, and the belief prevails that a crucial breakthrough is near. Soon, the basic architecture of the moral brain will be disentangled. Unequaled in the history of behavioral science, expectations run so high. Disappointment might be unequaled too.
This book presents an overview of the current research in the field. It will distinguish scientific fac from science fiction by bringing together contributions of leading experts continuing tins long-lasting scientific project aimed at explaining how our brain processes moral emotions, judgments and behavior.This project started at the beginning of the 19th century. Around that time, medical science altered our view on mankind entirely. Human capacities, even our most advanced as morality, ceased to be seen as phenomena of an immaterial soul as religious and philosophical doctrines dictated since ancient times.Morality was transferred from the soul to the body, in particular the brain, a switch that transformed moral processes into bodily or organic phenomena. Terminology mirrored this psychological revolution. Scientists and philosophers introduced modern concepts that stressed the empirical and naturalistic quality of morality, such as “moral sense” or “moral instinct”, thus restyling the old-fashioned concept of “conscience”.
Besides medical science. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution gave a powerful impetus to this change. Evolutionists no longer considered morality a human privilege. Processes resembling moral behavior in humans governed the social life of non-human species as well. No clear-cut demarcation separated the social life of animals from moral phenomena in humans. Anthropologists who studied the development of morality among human ancestors, sought to understand the natural mechanisms that hold groups of non-humans together. Evolutionary theory’s impact on the moral brain project was substantial indeed. In spite of the theoretical problems this theory encountered—and to a certain degree still encounters—to appreciate altruistic behavior from the perspective of evolution by natural selection,evolutionary theory offered the most convincing arguments against a dualist approach. If man evolved from a soulless species by way of natural selection, why should morality be exempt from this organic evolution? Theory of evolution shifted the burden of proof from the materialist side to the dualist one.Since millions of years of survival in ancestral environments have molded our mind, psychology could not disregard evolution’s impact. This equally applies to one of our most impressive capacities: human morality.
Evolutionary theory’s contribution to the moral brain project is not restricted to philosophical debates of the past. Nowadays, evolutionary psychologists and behavioral economists carry on the ambition to understand human morality from a Darwinian angle. Today, evolution-inspired researchers continue the naturalistic shift started in the 19th century, resulting in a wealth of encouraging publications and new books on this issue. Remarkably, until now, a profound confrontation between evolutionary and neurological approaches toward human morality has been lacking. Despite significant progress in both disciplines, researchers hesitate to find fruitful inspiration in each other’s work. A more inclusive crossover between evolutionary and neurological insights is advisable from a scientific point of view. This book has the ambition to fill this omission in actual research.
21. Brain scientists have reached a consensus that morality resides in the brain even though they have not localize the exact place yet.
22. Morality began to be viewed as having organic form in the 19th century thanks to the advance in medical science.
23. One reason why scientists believe that morality has material form is that morality is no longer considered a human privilege.
24. According to the dualist approach, since man evolved from a soulless species by way of natural selection, morality must have undergone this organic evolution too.
25. So far evolutionists and neurologists have mostly carried out their research separately on the relationship between morality and brain.
C.Gap Filling
Choose from the list A to F after the passage the best sentences to fill in the gaps in the text. There are more sentences than gaps.
Ten years ago, the word “smartphone” didn’t exist. By necessity, neither did the word “dumbphone”. In a decade, we might talk about all of our appliances in similar ways. From ovens to garage doors to insulin pumps to vehicles, many of our devices are going to be connected to the Internet in the same sense that our phones are now. Certain such products are already on the market; one company, Smart Things, sells devices that help consumers control their lights and locks while they’re not at home, for example. Eventually, these items will be able to respond to signals from one another independent of human input. 26_____.
That could be great, but it also vastly expands the universe of things that could go wrong,particularly when it comes to privacy. This might seem obvious, until you consider that many of the businesses that make these devices have never really needed to worry about securing their products before. Take dishwashers. At heart, they’re very simple machines. But a hacked dishwasher might start running on overdrive going through multiple cycles, wasting gallons of water and costing you extra and possibly flooding your house. Although the folks who make dishwashers may be fantastic engineers,or even great computer programmers, it doesn’t necessarily imply they’re equipped to protect Internet users from the outset.
27_____.
Hacking is just an extreme case. Short of that, there are all kinds of security problems that could crop up in an Internet of I lungs situation. Many of these devices are pumping out vast amounts of data.According to Hagins, a modest 10,000 households have Smart Things installed. Together, those homes produce 150 million data points a day. 28_____.
As early as 2010, Siemens said it was capable of using its smart meters to learn some pretty incredible things about our energy usage—and by extension, us:
We, Siemens, have the technology to record it every minute, second, microsecond, more or less live... From that we can infer how many people are in the house, what they do, whether they’re upstairs, downstairs, do you have a dog, when do you habitually get up, when did you get up this morning, when do you have a shower: masses of private data.
29_____.
One difference between data-hungry businesses like Google and your future home network of Internet-enabled objects is that some of those devices may not need to talk to each other over the public Internet, said the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s Lee Tien. If they’re connected to the same Wi-Fi network, maybe those devices won’t need to transmit data across the Web.
“Utilize but keep the data within the home boundary,” Tien suggested, “Keep the interesting variations within the home boundary. How much detail do we need and how much data needs to leave the home, actually?”
30_____.
“You’re relying on the end user having a secure Wi-Fi connection,” said Craig Heffner, a security researcher at Tactical Network Solutions. “You’re misting that stuff to have been engineered properly.”
That leaves you pretty much right where we began—at the mercy of the manufacturer.
A. “It’s not just that the consumers don’t understand the technology,” said Jeff Hagins, co-founder of Smart Things, at a Federal Trade Commission workshop Tuesday. “It’s also that the people building it don’t understand it.” Hagins added, hypothetically: “Just because I know how to write PHP doesn’t mean I understand these vulnerabilities at all.”
B.The information may be relatively mundane, such as battery levels or temperatures, but as with any kind of data, in the aggregate it can produce extremely detailed profiles of your behavio
C.That raises another potential problem, though. If your home Wi-Fi password is all that stands between a spy or hacker and your networked devices, you wind up with a single point of failure
D.Your bathroom scale might tell your refrigerator that you’re overweight, and your fridge might start recommending healthier recipes
E. Securing that data is something that even big-name tech companies struggle with. So how do we fix that?
F. The same holds true tor the auto Industry, where many companies have begun experiment with new technologies that let cars communicate with one another. Tadayoshi Kohno is a researcher at the University of Washington who’s spent a lot of time deliberately hacking into cars to test their vulnerabilities.
31. Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese.
We may distinguish two sorts of goods, and two corresponding sorts of impulses. There are goods in regard to which individual possession is possible, and there are goods in which all can share alike. The food and clothing of one man is not the food and clothing of another; if the supply is insufficient,what one man has is obtained at the expense of some other man. This applies to material goods generally, and therefore to the greater part of the present economic life of the world. On the other hand,mental and spiritual goods do not belong to one man to the exclusion of another. If one man knows a science, that does not prevent others from knowing it, on the contrary, it helps them to acquire the knowledge. If one man is a great artist or poet, that does not prevent others from painting pictures or writing poems, but helps to create the atmosphere in which such things are possible. If one man is full of good-will toward others, that does not mean that there is less good-will to be shared among the rest, the more good-will one man has, the more he is likely to create among others. In such matters there is no possession, because there is not a definite amount to be shared; any increase anywhere tends to produce an increase everywhere.
32. Please read the following passage and translate it into English.
在美国社会中作为失败而为人们所恐惧的，莫过于孤独了。而孤独之所以可怕，就是因为那意味着没一个可以服从的人，没有一个可以服从的团体，也没有一个可以服从的大义。即使获得成功，若不为社会所认可，或甚至不为世人所知道，即使成功，也往往变得让人不能忍受。这也许就是成功的罪犯时常觉得有必要去自首的原因，那就是，去服从那个听取自首的人所代表的公众的裁判。即使可能危害他们彼此的成功，他们仍要去自首。这表明，孤独比单纯的失败更加难以忍受，因为单纯的失败如果是与人共同遭受的，那是容易忍受的。
1. to→into
2. lately→late
3. of→on
4. quite→quiet
5. towards→on
6. their→his
7. make→provide
8. little→a little
9. took→take
10. wrote→writing
A.Multiple Choice
11-15 DCBDC
16-20 ACBAB
B.True or False
21-25 FTFFT
C.Gap Filling
26-30 DABFE
31. Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese.
我们能区分出两种货物，及其相应的两种推动力。一种是能私人所有的物品，一种则是可供大家分享的东西。一个人的食物和衣服不能同时由另一个人享有；在供应不足的情况下，一个人的所得定为另一个人的所失。这个道理基本适用于所有物质实体，因此也基本符合目前全球经济规律。从另一方面讲，精神食粮就不是限于一人的特权了。如果一个人懂一门科学，不仅不会妨碍他人也去学习这门科学，反而会促进他们掌握这门知识。如果一个人是伟大的艺术家或诗人，他并不会影响其他人作画或作诗，反而创造一种环境，促进他们创作。如果一个人与人为善，这并不是说其他人分得的善心会减少，而是他愈善良，愈能带动他人为善。在这种情形下，就不分你我了，因为分享没有数量多寡；每处添彩都会给四方增色。
32. Please read the following passage and translate it into English.
There is no failure more horrible than loneliness in the American society. The terror of being alone lies in that there is no people, nor community, to attach to, or a final justice to abide by. If unacknowledged by society or remained unknown to the public, one will be unable to bear it even if he is successful. Perhaps, the fact that successful criminals too often feel obliged to confess crimes is that they would like to subdue to public judgment presented by the hearers of his confession, even if it means to threaten their previous success. This shows that solitary is more painful than being a loser, since it’s easier to accept failure if it befalls all man alike.
Another Version:
What is feared as failure in America society is, above all, loneliness. And loneliness is terrifying because it means that there is no one, no group, no approved cause to submit to. Even success often becomes impossible to bear when it is not socially approved or even known. This is perhaps why successful criminals often feel the need to confess, that is, to submit to the community’s judgment,represented in the person to whom the confession is made. They will confess even under circumstances where there this is probably, if not certainly, endanger their previous success: proof, I think that loneliness is more intolerable than mere failure. For failure, provided it is found in company, can rather easily be borne; many ideologies have the function of making it possible for people to digest the worst miseries and even death. Under the sway of the ideology, they do not feel the impact of their failure;they are in the grip of an authority, even if it lets them down. On the other hand, one who is alone lacks this solace which can make even failure comfortable.