奥克肖特的政治思想是与很多知识上和文化上的终极关怀挂钩的。因此，他对当下的政治以及意识形态的反思和批判，不留神的读者很多时候不能马上直接从他的著作中看出来。但如果笔者在上文的诠释和论述不无道理的话，那么可知，奥克肖特对现代性之下的政治境况其实是颇为悲观的。他的悲观是深层的，因为自由人面对的威胁，不光来自20世纪的极权主义，而且从根本上看现代人和现代国邦就同时存在着两种互相矛盾的特质。

奥克肖特的哲学和政治思想并没有为我们提出解救之道。他那理论和实践是属于两个截然不同范畴的主张，使他不会相信世上能出现哲人王或圣王来拯救黎民于水深火热。但奥克肖特同时相信，人类对文明能作出头脑清醒的思考，虽然不能够直接解决实用的问题，当中甚至难免常常出现知识上的错误，但当我们向人类的伟大心灵学习时，在这涯涘无尽的追寻中，我们的头脑变得愈加清晰，对人类的处境有更深刻的体会，对我们的价值和理想的想象，有不卑不亢的态度和更全面的认识。奥克肖特本人对个体性的理解和想象，对多元经验的论述和肯定，对道德生活和诗的经验的诠释，对法治国的文明的了解，还有本章没有机会详细触及的使人成为人的教育学习，以及对宗教情操的追求 ，其理论的精彩、内容的深刻、风格的迷人、想象的丰富、眼光的独到，在20世纪的西方思想界很少有可与之媲美者。这除了奠定了他在西方思想界的地位之外，也为西方文化增添了许多资源，让我们更有凭借地去反思人类的种种终极关怀。

在《政治的主张》一文中，奥克肖特说：“一个社会不但要有人保卫它的文明，更需要人为文明而创新。”他认为诗人、艺术家和哲学家的天才，正显露于社会的价值创立和创新之中。 谨希望本章能让读者对奥克肖特的思想多一分认识，多一点哲思上的兴趣，如此，作者的笔耕便没有白费了。

张楚勇

参考文献

陈思贤.古典的理想：区克夏//周阳山，主编.当代政治心灵：当代政治思想家.台北：正中书局，1991.

哈耶克.个人主义与经济秩序.夏道平，译，台北：远流出版社，1993.

张楚勇.洞穴、巴别塔、人文交谈——从譬喻看奥克肖特的哲学和政治思想.政治思想史，2010（4）.

张汝伦.政治中的理性主义.上海：上海译文出版社，2004.

Cheung,Chor-yung.The Quest for Civil Order:Politics,Rules and Individuality.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2007.

Cheung,Chor-yung.Beyond Complexity:Can The Sensory Order Defend the Liberal Self?// Marsh,Leslie,Ed.Hayek in Mind:Hayek's Philosophical Psychology.Advanced in Austrian Economics，2011.

Cheung,Chor-yung.The Critique of Rationalism and the Defense of Individuality:Oakeshott and Hayek.Cosmos + Taxis:Studies in Emergent Order and Organization，2014（1.3）.

Cheung,Chor-yung.Rule of Law or City of Babel:Oakeshott on the Twentieth Century State//Nardin,Terry,Ed.Oakeshott's Cold War Liberalism.Basingstoke,Hampshire:Palgrave MacMillan，2014.

Coats,Wendell John,Jr.Oakeshott and His Contemporaries:Montaigne,St.Augustine,Hegel,et.al.London:Associated University Presses，2002.

Coats,Wendell John,Jr.& Cheung,Chor-yung.The Poetic Character of Human Activity:Collected Essays on the Thought of Michael Oaekshott.Lanham,Boulder,New York,Toronto,Plymouth,UK:Lexington Books，2012.

Corey,Abel & Fuller,Timothy,Ed.The Intellectual Legacy of Michael Oakeshott.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2005.

Corey,Elizabeth Campbell.Michael Oakeshott on Religion,Aesthetics,and Politics.Columbia & London:University of Missouri Press，2006.

Franco,Paul.The Political Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott.New Haven & London:Yale University Press，1990.

Franco,Paul & Marsh,Leslie,Ed.A Companion to Michael Oakeshott.Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press，2012.

Gerencser,Steven Anthony.The Skeptic's Oakeshott.New York:St.Martin's Press，2000.

Hayek,Friedrich A.Individualism and Economic Order.Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press，1948/1980.

Hayek,Friedrich A.The Counter-Revolution of Science:Studies on the Abuse of Reason，2nd.Indianapolis:Liberty Press，1952.

Hayek,Friedrich A.The Constitution of Liberty.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press，1960.

Hayek,Friedrich A.Law,Legislation and Liberty,Vol.1：Rules and Order.London & Henley:Routledge & Kegan Paul，1973.

Hayek,Friedrich A.The Road to Serfdom:With a New Preface.Routledge & Kegan Paul,London:the University of Chicago Press，1976.

Hayek,Friedrich A.Law,Legislation and Liberty,Vol.2：The Mirage of Social Justice.London & Henley:Routledge & Kegan Paul，1976.

Hayek,Friedrich A.Law,Legislation and Liberty,Vol.3：The Political Order of a Free People,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press，1979.

Hegel,Georg W.F.Hegel's Philosophy of Right.Knox,T.M.，Trans.London,Oxford,New York:Oxford University Press，1967，1976，rept.

Hobbes,Thomas.Leviathan,Ed.With an Introduction Oakeshott,Michael.Oxford:Blackwell，1946.

Lessnoff,Michael H.Political Philosophers of the Twentieth Century.Oxford:Blackwell，1999.

Letwin,Shirley Robin.The Gentleman in Trollope:Individuality and Moral Conduct.London & Basingstoke:MacMillan，1982.

Nardin,Terry.The Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott.Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press，2001.

Oakeshott,Michael.Experience and Its Modes.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press，1933.

Oakeshott,Michael,Ed.The Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press，1939.

Oakeshott,Michael.A Reminder from“Leviathan”.The Observer,July 29，1951：4.

Oakeshott,Michael.Hobbes on Civil Association.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund，1975.

Oakeshott,Michael.On Human Conduct.Oxford:Clarendon Press，1975.

Oakeshott,Michael.On History and Other Essays.Oxford:Basil Blackwell，1983.

Oakeshott,Michael.The Voice of Liberal Learning.Fuller,Timothy,Ed.New Haven & London:Yale University Press，1989.

Oakeshott,Michael.Rationalism in Politics and other Essays.New and Expanded Edition.Fuller,Timothy,Ed.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund，1991.

Oakeshott,Michael.Religion,Politics and the Moral Life.Fuller,Timothy,Ed.New Haven & London:Yale University Press，1993.

Oakeshott,Michael.Morality and Politics in Modern Europe:The Harvard Lectures.Letwin,Shirley Robin,Ed.New Haven & London:Yale University Press，1993.

Oskeshott,Michael.The Politics of Faith and the Politics of Scepticism.Timothy,Fuller,Ed.New Haven & London:Yale University Press，1996.

Oakeshott,Michael.What is History? and other Essays.O'Sullivan,Luke,Ed.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2004.

Oakeshott,Michael.Lectures of History of Political Thought.Nardin,Terry & O'Sullivan,Luke,Ed.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2004.

Oakeshott,Michael.The Concept of a Philosophical Jurisprudence.O'Sullivan,Luke,Ed.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2007.

Oakeshott,Michael.The Vocabulary of a Modern European State.O'Sullivan,Luke,Ed.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2008.

Oakeshott,Michael.Early Political Writings 1925-1930.O'Sullivan,Luke,Ed.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2010.

O'Sullivan,Luke.Oakeshott on History.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2003.

Plato.The Republic.Lindsay,A.D.，Trans.London:J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd，1866.

Podoksik,Efraim.In Defence of Modernity:Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2003.

Podoksik,Efraim,Ed.The Cambridge Companion to Oakeshott.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press，2012.

Riley,Patrick.Michael Oakeshott,Philosopher of Individuality.Review of Politics，1992，52.4：662-664.

Sullivan,Andrew.Intimations Pursued:The Voice of Practice in the Conversation of Michael Oakeshott.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2007.

Worthington,Glenn.Religious and Poetic Experience in the Thought of Michael Oakeshott.Exeter & Charlottesville:Imprint Academic，2005. hD8Mh+m+abc52neZeHhIzHKaFeXUmUVddZBd3VxM+LkyNKDn3iqP1/W/CL8mtV/p