[1]Ahmad,N.,S. Araujo,A. Lo Turco,and D. Maggioni. 2013. “Using Trade Microdata to Improve Trade in Value-Added Measures:Proof of Concept Using Turkish Data.” In Trade in Value Added : Developing New Measures of Cross-Border Trade ,edited by A. Mattoo,Z. Wang,and S-J. Wei,187-219. Washington,DC:World Bank.
[2]Alfaro,L.,P. Antras,D. Chor,and P. Conconi. 2015. “Internalizing Global Value Chains:A Firm-Level Analysis.” National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER)Working Paper No. 21582,NBER,Cambridge,MA.
[3]Antràs,P. 2003. “Firms,Contracts,and Trade Structure.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (4):1375-1418.
[4]Antràs,P. 2011. “Grossman-Hart(1986)Goes Global:Incomplete Contracts,Property Rights,and the International Organization of Production.” NBER Working Paper No. 17470,NBER,Cambridge,MA.
[5]Antràs,P.,and D. Chor. 2013. “Organizing the Global Value Chain.” Econometrica 81(6):2127-2204.
[6]Antràs,P.,D. Chor,T. Fally,and R. Hillberry. 2012. “Measuring the Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows.” American Economic Review : Papers & Proceedings 102(3):412-416.
[7]Antràs,P.,and E. Helpman. 2004. “Global Sourcing.” Journal of Political Economy 112(3):552-580.
[8]Bair,J. 2008. “Analysing Global Economic Organization:Embedded Networks and Global Chains Compared.” Economy and Society 37(3):339-364.
[9]Baldwin,R. 2006. Globalisation : The Great Unbundling ( s ). Helsinki:Economic Council of Finland.
[10]Baldwin,R. 2013. “Global Supply Chains:Why They Emerged,Why They Matter,and Where They Are Going.” In Global Value Chains in a Changing World ,edited by D. Elms and P. Low,13-59. Geneva:World Trade Organization.
[11]Baldwin,R.,R. Forslid,and T. Ito. 2016. “Unveiling the Evolving Sources of Value Added in Exports.” Joint Research Program Series No. 161,Institute of Developing Economies-Japan External Trade Organization(IDE-JETRO),Chiba City,Japan.
[12]Bems,R.,and R. Johnson. 2012. “Value-Added Exchange Rates.” NBER Working Paper No. 18498,NBER,Cambridge,MA.
[13]Bernard,A. B.,and J. B. Jensen. 1995. “Exporters,Jobs,and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing,1976-1987.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,Microeconomics Vol. 1995(pp. 67-119),Washington,DC.
[14]Bernard,A. B.,J. B. Jensen,S. J. Redding,and P. K. Schott. 2010. “Intrafirm Trade and Product Contractibility.” American Economic Review:Papers & Proceedings 100(2):444-448.
[15]Blinder,A. 2009. “How Many U.S. Jobs Might Be Offshorable?” World Economics 10(2):41-78.
[16]Blyde,J. S.,ed. 2014. Synchronized Factories : Latin America and the Caribbean in the Era of Global Value Chains . New York:Springer.
[17]Campa,J.,and L. Goldberg. 1997. “The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries:Evidence from Four Countries.” NBER Working Paper No. 5919,NBER,Cambridge,MA.
[18]Carvalho,V. M. 2012. Input-Output Networks : A Survey . A report for the European Commission(EC)under the Complexity Research Initiative for Systemic Instabilities consortium agreement. Brussels:EC.
[19]Chen,X.,L. Cheng,K. C. Fung,and L. Lau. 2004. “The Estimation of Domestic Value-added and Employment Induced by Exports:An Application to Chinese Exports to the United States.” In China and Asia : Economic and Financial Interactions ,edited by Y. W. Cheung and K. Y. Wong. New York:Routledge.
[20]Cherubini,L.,and B. Los. 2013. “Regional Employment Patterns in a Globalizing World:A Tale of Four Italies.” Paper presented at the Bank of Italy workshop,“Global Value Chains:New Evidence and Implications,” Rome,June 22.
[21]Coase,R. 1937. “The Nature of the Firm.” Economica 4(16):386-405.
[22]Daudin,G.,C. Rifflart,and D. Schweisguth. 2006. “Who Produces for Whom in the World Economy?” Document de travail No. 2009-18,Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques,Paris.
[23]Deardorff,A. V. 2001. “Fragmentation in Simple Trade Models.” North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(2):121-137.
[24]De Backer,K.,and S. Miroudot. 2012. “Mapping Global Value Chains.” Working Paper Series No. 1677,European Central Bank,Frankfurt.
[25]Dedrick,J.,K. Kraemer,and G. Linden. 2008. Who Profits from Innovation in Global Value Chains ? A Study of the iPod and notebook PCs . Report prepared for the Sloan Industry Studies Annual Conference,Boston,May 1-2.
[26]De La Cruz,J.,R. B. Koopman,Z. Wang,and S. J. Wei. 2011. “Estimating Foreign Value-Added in Mexico’s Manufacturing Exports.” Office of Economics Working Paper,2011-04A,U.S. International Trade Commission,Washington,DC.
[27]Dietzenbacher,E.,and A. Tukker. 2013. “Global Multiregional Input-Output Frameworks:An Introduction and Outlook.” Economic Systems Research 25(1):1-19.
[28]Dietzenbacher,E.,and I. Romero. 2007. “Production Chains in an Interregional Framework:Identification by Means of Average Propagation Lengths.” International Regional Science Review 30(4):362-383.
[29]Dietzenbacher,E.,I. Romero,and N. S. Bosma. 2005. “Using Average Propagation Lengths to Identify Production Chains in the Andalusian Economy.” Estudios de Economia Aplicada 23(2):405-422.
[30]Dietzenbacher,E.,J. Guilhoto,and D. Imori. 2013. “The Role of Brazilian Regions in the Global Value Chain.” School of Economics,Business and Accounting Working Paper 2013-15,University of São Paulo,São Paulo.
[31] The Economist . 2004. “The Great Hollowing-Out Myth.” February 19.
[32]Escaith,H. 2014. “Mapping Global Value Chains and Measuring Trade in Tasks.” In Asia and Global Production Networks : Implications for Trade , Incomes and Economic Vulnerability ,edited by B. Ferrarini and D. Hummels,287-337. Mandaluyong,Philippines and Cheltenham,U.K.:Asian Development Bank and Edwards Elgar Publishing.
[33]Escaith,H.,and S. Inomata. 2013. “Geometry of Global Value Chains in East Asia:The Role of Industrial Networks and Trade Policies.” In Global Value Chains in a Changing World ,edited by D. Elms and P. Low,135-157. Geneva:World Trade Organization.
[34]Fally,T. 2011. On the Fragmentation of Production in the US . Boulder,CO:University of Colorado-Boulder.
[35]Feenstra,R. C.,and G. H. Hanson. 1996a. “Foreign Investment,Outsourcing,and Relative Wages.” In The Political Economy of Trade Policy : Papers in Honor of Jagdish Bhagwati ,edited by R. C. Feenstra,G. M. Grossman,and D. A. Irwin,89-127. Cambridge,MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)Press.
[36]Feenstra,R. C.,and G. H. Hanson. 1996b. “Globalization,Outsourcing,and Wage Inequality.” American Economic Review 86(2):240-245.
[37]Fetzer,J. J.,and E. H. Strassner. 2015. “Identifying Heterogeneity in the Production Components of Globally Engaged Business Enterprises in the United States.” Working Paper WP2015-13,Bureau of Economic Analysis,Washington,DC.
[38]Gereffi,G.,J. Humphrey,and T. Sturgeon. 2005. “The Governance of Global Value Chains.” Review of International Political Economy 12(1):78-104.
[39]Gereffi,G.,and M. Korzeniewicz,eds. 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport ,CT:Praeger.
[40]Gereffi,G.,and R. Kaplinsky,eds. 2001. The Value of Value Chains : Spreading the Gains from Globalisation . Special issue of the Institute of Development Studies Bulletin(IDS)Bulletin. Brighton,U.K.:IDS.
[41]Grossman,G. M.,and E. Rossi-Hansberg. 2008a. “Trading Tasks:A Simple Theory of Offshoring.” American Economic Review 98(5):1978-1997.
[42]Grossman,G. M.,and E. Rossi-Hansberg. 2008b. “Task Trade between Similar Countries.” NBER Working Paper No. 14554,NBER,Cambridge,MA.
[43]Grossman,S.,and O. Hart. 1986. “The Costs and Benefits of Ownership:A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration.” Journal of Political Economy 94(4):691-719.
[44]Hagiwara,T. 2016. “Decomposition of Average Propagation Length.” Paper presented at the 24th International Input-Output Conference,Seoul,July 4-8.
[45]Helpman,E.,and P. Krugman. 1985. Market Structure and Foreign Trade . Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
[46]Hummels,D.,J. Ishii,and K-M. Yi. 2001. “The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade.” Journal of International Economics 54(1):75-96.
[47]Inomata,S. 2008. “Average Propagation Lengths:A New Concept of the ‘Distance’ between Industries,with an Application to the Asia-Pacific Region.” Sangyo-Renkan 16(1):46-55.
[48]Inomata,S. 2008. 2014. “Trade in Value Added:Concept,Development,and an East Asian perspective.” In A World Trade Organization for the 21st Century ,edited by R. Baldwin,M. Kawai,and G. Wignaraja,48-70. Cheltenham,U.K.:Edward Elgar.
[49]Inomata,S.,and A. Owen. 2014. “Comparative Evaluation of MRIO Frameworks.” Economic Systems Research 26(3):239-244.
[50]Inomata,S.,and B. Meng. 2013. “Transnational Interregional Input-Output Tables:An Alternative Approach to MRIO?” In Sustainability Practitioner ’ s Guide to Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis ,edited by J. Murray and M. Lenzen,33-42. Champaign,IL:Common Ground Publishing.
[51]Johnson,R. C.,and G. Noguera. 2012. “Accounting for Intermediate Production Sharing and Trade in Value Added.” Journal of International Economics 86(2):224-236.
[52]Jones,R.,and H. Kierzkowski. 1990. “The Role of Services in Production and International Trade:A Theoretical Framework.” In The Political Economy of International Trade ,edited by R. Jones and A. Krueger,31-48. Oxford,U.K.:Basil Blackwell.
[53]Joskow,P. L. 2003. “Vertical Integration.” In Handbook of New Institutional Economics ,edited by C. Menard and M. Shirley,319-348. New York:Springer.
[54]Kawakami,M.,and T. Sturgeon,eds. 2011. The Dynamics of Local Learning in Global Value Chains : Experiences from East Asia . New York and Basingstoke,U.K.:Palgrave Macmillan.
[55]Kimura,F.,and M. Ando. 2005. “Two-dimensional Fragmentation in East Asia:Conceptual Framework and Empirics.” International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):317-348.
[56]Koopman,R.,Z. Wang,and S. Wei. 2012. “Estimating Domestic Content in Exports when Processing Trade is Pervasive.” Journal of Development Economics 99(1):178-189.
[57]Koopman,R.,Z. Wang,and S. Wei. 2014. “Tracing Value-Added and Double Counting in Gross Exports.” American Economic Review 104(2):259-294.
[58]Koopman,R.,Z. Wang,S. Wei,and K. Zhu. 2016. “Tracing Value-Added and Double Counting in Gross Export:Reply to the Comment by Bart Los,Marcel Timmer,and Caaitzen J. de Vries.” Draft Manuscript.
[59]Kuboniwa,M. 2014a. “Trade in Value Added Revisited:A Comment on R. Johnson and G. Noguera,Accounting for Intermediates:Production Sharing and Trade in Value Added.” Discussion Paper Series A,No. 599,Institute of Economic Research,Hitotsubashi University,Tokyo.
[60]Kuboniwa,M. 2014b. “Fundamental Theorem on the Relationship between Trade Balances in Value Added and Gross Terms:Amendment.” Discussion Paper Series A,No.600,Institute of Economic Research,Hitotsubashi University,Tokyo.
[61]Legros,P.,and A. Newman. 2014. “Contracts,Ownership,and Industrial Organization:Past and Future.” Journal of Law Economics and Organization 30(S1):i82-i117.
[62]Lenzen,M.,A. Geschke,M. Abd Rahman,Y. Xiao,E. Dietzenbacher,S. Inomata,K. Kanemoto,B. Los,D. Moran,R. Reyes,H. den Bäumen,A. Tukker,T. Walmsley,T. Wiedmann,R. Wood,and N. Yamano. 2017. “The Global MRIO Lab—Charting the World Economy.” Economic Systems Research 29(2):158-186.
[63]Liu,Y.,B. Meng,K. Hubacek,J. Xue,K. Feng,and Y. Gao. 2016. “‘Made in China’:A Reevaluation of Embodied CO2 Emissions in Chinese Exports Using Firm Heterogeneity Information.” Applied Energy 184:1106-1113.
[64]Los,B.,M. Timmer,and G. de Vries. 2015. “How Global Are Global Value Chains?A New Approach to Measure International Fragmentation.” Journal of Regional Science 55(1):66-92.
[65]Los,B.,M. Timmer,and G. de Vries. 2016. “Tracing Value-Added and Double Counting in Gross Exports:Comments.” American Economic Review 106(7):1958-1966.
[66]Ma,H.,Z. Wang,and K. Zhu. 2015. “Domestic Content in China’s Exports and Its Distribution by Firm Ownership.” Journal of Comparative Economics 43(1):3-18.
[67]Melitz,M. J. 2003. “The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity.” Econometrica 71(6):1695-1725.
[68]Meng,B.,Z. Wang,and R. Koopman. 2013. “How are Global Value Chains Fragmented and Extended in China’s Domestic Production Networks?” IDE Discussion Paper Series No. 424,IDE-JETRO,Chiba,Japan.
[69]Milberg,W.,and D. Winkler. 2013. Outsourcing Economics : Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development . Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press.
[70]Miller,R.,and U. Temurshoev. 2015. “Output Upstreamness and Input Downstreamness of Industries/Countries in World Production.” International Regional Science Review.
[71]Ng,F.,and A. Yeats. 1999. “Production Sharing in East Asia:Who Does What for Whom,and Why?” Policy Research Working Paper 2197,World Bank,Washington,DC.
[72]OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2013. Interconnected Economies : Benefitting from Global Value Chains . Paris:OECD.
[73]Piacentini,M.,and F. Fortanier. 2015. “Firm Heterogeneity and Trade in Value Added.” OECD Working Paper No. 2015/23,OECD,Paris.
[74]Porter,M. E. 1985. Competitive Advantage , Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance . New York:Free Press.
[75]Smith,Adam. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . Reprinted in 1976. Oxford,U.K.:Oxford University Press.
[76]Spence,M. 2011. “The Impact of Globalization on Income and Employment:The Downside of Integrating Markets.” Foreign Affairs 90(4):28-41.
[77]Sturgeon,T.,P. Nielsen,G. Linden,G. Gereffi,and C. Brown. 2013. “Direct Measurement of Global Value Chains:Collecting Product-and Firm-Level Statistics on Value Added and Business Function Outsourcing and Offshoring.” In Trade in Value Added : Developing New Measures of Cross-Border Trade ,edited by A. Mattoo,Z. Wang,and S-J. Wei,289-320. Washington,DC:World Bank.
[78]Tang,H.,F. Wang,and Z. Wang. 2014. “The Domestic Segment of Global Supply Chains in China under State Capitalism.” Working Paper No. 186,Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute,Dallas.
[79]Tempest,R. 1996. “Barbie and the World Economy.” Los Angeles Times ,September 22.
[80]Timmer,M.,A. Erumban,B. Los,R. Stehrer,and G. de Vries. 2014. “Slicing Up Global Value Chains.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28(2):99-118.
[81]Tirole,J. 1989. The Theory of Industrial Organization . Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
[82]Tomiura,E. 2007. “Foreign Outsourcing,Exporting,and FDI:A Productivity Comparison at the Firm Level.” Journal of International Economics 72(1):113-127.
[83]Wang,Z.,S. Wei,X. Yu,and K. Zhu. 2016. “Characterizing Global Value Chains.” Working Paper No. 578,Stanford Center for International Development,Stanford,CA.
[84]WTO(World Trade Organization)and IDE-JETRO(Institute of Developing Economies-Japan External Trade Organization). 2011. Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East Asia : From Trade in Goods to Trade in Tasks . Geneva:WTO.
[85]Xing,Y.,and N. Detert. 2010. “How the iPhone Widens the United States Trade Deficit with the People’s Republic of China.” Asian Development Bank Institute(ADBI)Working Paper Series No 257,ADBI,Tokyo.
[86]Yeats,A. J. 1998. “Just How Big is Global Production Sharing?” Policy Research Working Paper 1871,World Bank,Washington,DC.
[87]Ye,M.,B. Meng,and S-J. Wei. 2015. “Measuring Smile Curves in Global Value Chains.” IDE Discussion Paper No. 530,IDE-JETRO,Chiba,Japan.