2.相关概念的界定

（1）亚洲新移民

首先是亚洲移民的研究选择范围。澳大利亚的亚洲移民涉及几十个亚洲国家和地区，但根据澳大利亚移民局1999～2000年的统计数据，位居前十位的有10个国家和地区，包括：越南、中国（大陆）、菲律宾、印度、马来西亚、港澳、斯里兰卡、印尼、韩国和新加坡，而其中年度移民超过6000人的是越南、中国（大陆）、菲律宾、印度、马来西亚、港澳6个国家和地区，位居前四位的是越南、中国（大陆）、菲律宾、印度，其中越南、中国（大陆）、菲律宾年度移民超过8000人。 尽管每年度澳大利亚亚洲移民的数量与位次是不断变化的，但到2003～2004年度，位居前三的亚洲移民仍然是中国（大陆）、印度和菲律宾，越南位居第七。多年来，澳大利亚来自中亚、西亚地区的移民人数有限。在1983～1984年度的移民统计数据中，在澳大利亚排名前60位的外来移民中，仅有三个西亚国家：黎巴嫩，排名15；伊拉克，排名39；阿富汗，排名58。

近年来，由于中东年年战乱，西亚中东国家难民数量攀升，但主要流向欧洲发达国家。2003～2004年度，澳大利亚的西亚移民有所增加，但黎巴嫩、伊拉克和阿富汗的移民排位仍然未进入前十位。就东亚地区来说，澳大利亚的韩国年度移民虽在1999～2000年有2000多人，在亚洲移民中排名前九位，但在2003～2004年度没有进入前20位。 到2013～2014年度，在澳大利亚位居前三位的亚洲移民仍为印度、中国（大陆）和菲律宾（一、二位次序有所变化），越南位居第五 。因此，研究澳大利亚所有的亚洲移民并无重要的实际价值和典型意义，而且研究者也力不能及。故本课题仅在宏观层面涉及1972～2013年的澳大利亚亚洲移民的总体概况，而具体个案研究则以位居前列的中国（大陆）、印度、越南、菲律宾新移民为主要研究对象。可以说，中国（大陆）、印度、越南、菲律宾新移民已成为来自东亚、南亚和东南亚的澳大利亚亚洲移民中最具有代表性和典型性的移民研究群体。

其次是新移民的时间范围。新移民是相对于传统移民而言的。澳大利亚长期对亚洲国家推行以种族歧视为核心的“白澳政策”，直至1972年中澳建交后，澳大利亚于1973年宣布实行“全球一致，无人种、肤色和国籍歧视”的移民政策，摒弃“白澳政策”，逐步对亚洲国家敞开移民大门，亚洲赴澳移民日渐增多。因此，本课题将20世纪70年代初废除“白澳政策”、实行多元文化政策以来移民澳洲的亚洲人称为亚洲新移民。中国大陆的新移民则一般指在1978年中国推行改革开放政策后赴澳大利亚的移民。

（2）移民政策的定义

移民政策是各国公共政策中的重要组成部分，国际移民政策是指国家调整、管理人口跨国界流动的一系列规则、规范的总称。其基本内容包括制约本国国民跨境迁出和接纳外国国民跨境迁入两大部分。关于外国移民入境，国际移民政策主要涉及：制定允许外国人迁移入境（国境）的基本条件；确认合法外国移民在本国生活工作的法律地位；确定外国移民入籍的基本条件；驱逐非法入境的外国人；处置发生战争和大规模自然灾害时短时间跨国涌入的外国难民等。关于本国国民，国际移民政策主要涉及：确认本国国民移居他国的基本权利，规定本国国民不得出国的特殊限制；保护本国在国外生活居住的移民的基本权利，确认本国在外国民回归祖籍国的权利，保护其在祖籍国的基本权益等。

国际移民政策的基本指向是国家的边境管理、签证发放、国籍获得和外来移民在本国境内所应享有的公民权益。包括：前期的身份确认、准出或准入审核及相关证件发放的短期过程；后期的移民的安居、谋生、教育、认同、规划以及移民后代的权益和发展等长期过程。 本课题所研究的澳大利亚亚洲移民政策，即为澳大利亚政府在亚洲移民问题上所制定、实施和不断进行调整的包括上述前后两个时期在内的相关政策及其过程。

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