166 1.指示词可以是单数,也可以是复数,可以用作代词,也可用作形容词。有些指示词,如this,that,用作代词时是单数,用作形容词时,后面跟单数可数名词(简称SCN)或是跟不可数名词(简称UN)。另一些,如there,those,用作代词时为复数,用作形容词时后面跟复数名词。另外,如any,两种情况都可以。下表中ink代表不可数名词(UN),pen代表单数可数名词(SCN),pens代表复数可数名词(PCN)。这个表可说明一个特定的指示词是单数(SD)还是复数(PD),后面跟不可数名词还是单数可数名词。
在左边,this是单数指示词,它可用作单数代词,如:This is good.它也可以后跟一个单数可数名词或不可数名词,如:This book is good.This milk is good.在this的右边为these,它的意思与this差不多,但是一个复数指示词。These可用作复数代词,如:These are good.它也可用作形容词,后面跟一个复数名词,如:These books are good.该表说明some,the same,such,any既可作单数,也可作复数,又说明no,every,(a)certain不能用作代词,只能用作形容词,还说明this,that,some,such,no,any及all可以后跟一个不可数名词。
167 2.有些指示词表示“一个”,有些表示“两个”,有些表示“多个”。因此,有必要弄清每一指示词可表示共有多少东西或多少人。
168 3.大多数指示词也可用作副词。
除了such,every,same,certain,one以外,所有指示词都偶尔可用作副词,如:He has some(=about)fifty good novels.The fish is that(=so)large?I don't believe.
169 4.有些指示词可与连词一起用,如:
either…or,both…and,neither…nor
Both John and David are stupid.This job is neither easy nor difficult.
170 5.单数可数名词一般需要加指示词。
单数可数名词前一般要加冠词a或the;物主代词或名词所有格,如your,John's;单数指示词,如this,that,one,every,any,each,some,no,either,neither,another,a certain,such a或the same。
下面句子都是错的,因为名词前面未加上述这类词:
He saw house .
He has pretty dog .
He kept very lovely horse .
Good fountain pen is necessary.
Honest and faithful friend is better than anything.
171 6.指示词后跟着一个of短语时的情况。
指示代词(a)及指示形容词(b)后都可跟一个of引出的短语。
(a)all of them
some of them
each of my friends
either of his hands
none of your nonsense
every one of those people
(b)no friend of mine
any plan of David's
these houses of my aunt's
that dog of yours
every plan of his
such friends of mine
172 “指示词+of-短语”,如each of us,most of them,可以放在系动词be或是助动词后面,甚至可以为了强调而放在句子末尾,仿佛一个状语似的。
They are most of them foolish.
Those children will every one of them grow very quickly.
We should both of us advise him.
Teachers must none of them show impatience.
They are foolish, most of them .
We should advise him, both of us .
在用all,both,each时,of-短语可以省略,all,both,each的作用就像副词。
They will all come here.(or:They all came here.)
The students must each do the exercise.(or:The students each …)
We shall both study astronomy.(or:We both …)
173 7.合成的指示词。
下面代词及副词为合成词,它们不可分写成两个词,如some body,no thing。
代词:
someone,anyone,everyone,no-one(or no one)
somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody
something,anything,everything,nothing
副词:
somewhere(someplace,美国用法),somehow(someway,美国用法),sometimes,sometime,someday,somewhat
anywhere(anyplace,美国用法),anyhow(anyway),anytime(美国用法)
everywhere(everyplace,美国用法)
nowhere(noplace,美国用法),nohow(不规范)
Someone,anyone和everyone只表示人。如果后面跟有of引起的短语,这类词的两部分必须分开写,这时可指人,也可指物。
Any one of us has done his best.
Some one of his dogs is lovely indeed.
Every one of the books I have read is interesting.
但: None (不要说 No one ) of the members came.
174 上面所列表示人的代词一般都作单数看待,可以用he,his,him代替。但在现代口语中,人们更倾向于用they,their,them代替,以避免涉及性别问题。
Someone (or Somebody )will do it although they know it is dangerous.
Anyone (or Anybody )can speak Chinese if they have learned it some years.
Everyone (or Everybody,Every [member])expressed their views.
No one (or Nobody )is willing to criticize themselves .
175 8.In,at或on的省略。
在表示时间的状语中,指示形容词前的at,in,on等介词常常被省略掉,有时在某些情况下也可以不省略。
The,last,next,what都可看作指示词。
176 指示词和否定词一起使用时需要小心。no,nothing,nobody,no one,no where,never,seldom,none,not,scarcely,hardly,neither,nor,little,few都是否定词。这类词在和指示词一起用时,可能对(简写为R),也可能不对(简写为W)。在正确使用时,可表示完全否定(TN)或部分否定(PN)。[R=right,W=wrong,TN=total negative,PN=partial negative]
177 Nobody in England can not speak English.(重复否定)(W)
Everybody in England can speak English.(R)
Nothing in this garden is not pretty.(W)
Everything in this garden is pretty.(R)
但是:
He did it not without regret, not without shame.(R)
178
179 以副词(状语)从句结尾的否定句可能有两种意思,哪个是正确意思得由上下文来决定。
I haven't played the violin for ten years .
=For ten years I haven't played the violin.
Or=I have played the violin,but not for ten years.
I didn't sleep all night .
=All night I didn't sleep.
Or=I did sleep,but not all night.
He wasn't well-groomed when she suddenly dropped in .
=When she suddenly dropped in,he wasn't well-groomed.
Or=He was well-groomed,but not when she suddenly dropped in.
I don't love him because he is rich .
=Because he is rich,I don't love him.
Or=I do love him,but not because he is rich.