160 1.有些副词为简单副词(不带词尾)。
often,out,quite,soon,home,back,there,thus,seldom,ever
161 2.有些副词,特别是地点副词及时间副词,常常以加词尾的方式构成。
-ly(=every):yearly,monthly,daily,fortnightly
-ward(s)(=toward):backward(s),leftward(s),upward(s),homeward(s),eastward(s),onward(s),inward(s)
-wise,-ways:lengthwise,clockwise,likewise,otherwise;always,length-ways,sideways
-long:headlong
-ling(s):sideling(s)
-s:upstairs,outdoors,sometimes,nowadays,needs
或在一些单音节词前加词头或其他简单词。
a-:along,away,abroad,apart,aside,adrift,aloud,ashore,across,above
be-:before,below,beneath,besides
介词:inside,overboard,uphill,beforehand,today
there-:therein(=in that),thereafter,thereby,thereof,therewith,etc.(陈旧用法)
here-:herein(=in this),hereafter,hereby,hereof,herewith,etc.(陈旧用法)
where-:wherein(=in what or which),whereon,whereby,whereof,wherewith,etc.(陈旧用法)
162 3.绝大多数副词都由形容词以下述3种方式构成。
a.大多数方式副词都是在形容词后加-ly构成的。要注意其拼法。
但是:friendly(形容词)—in a friendly way;manly(形容词)—in a manly manner;kingly(形容词)—in a kingly manner
和形容词一样,以-ingly或-edly结尾的副词,也有“激起感情”及“感受情绪”的差别,但用得比较少,如:
b.有少数副词和形容词形式相同。
另一些与形容词同形的副词有:
early,fast,far,near,well,ill,high,low,much,little,only,enough,hard,straight,right,wrong,left,east,west.
在口语中有些形容词直接用作副词。
It is mighty good.
I am dead tired.
The soup is precious hot.
He is terrible rude.
c.有些单音节形容词有两个副词形式,一个带-ly,一个不带,意思不相同。
We mustbuy cheap (=at a low price).We got off cheaply (=easily).
He lives high (=luxuriously).He spoke highly (=well)of me.
He came near .He nearly (=almost)died.
He played foul .He was foully murdered.
I love Mary most .They are mostly crazy.
163 4.有少数副词与指示代词同形。
He has some (=about)fifty pounds.
It something (=somewhat)astonished me.
I care nothing (=not at all)for your threat.
Can you wait any (=in any way)more?I can't wait any more.
I slept none (=never).I passed the night none too comfortably.
Is it that (=so)easy?
He is all (=entirely)alone.
164 在下面有关指示词、疑问词、比较级、数词、量词及关系词的各单元,还将对副词做进一步探讨。