73 从实用角度考虑,形容词可以分为描绘性和限定性两大类。
1.绝大多数形容词都是描绘性形容词,前节所列形容词都属于这一类。它们可以表示人的品质,如Shakespearean,Darwinian,Marxian,Hercu-lean,也可表示某些东西的特点,如Biblical,solar,celestial;可与地名有关,如Japanese,Roman,Parisian,也可与某种材料有关,如brazen,airy,earthen;可指外观,如long,colorful,square,也可指性质,如strong,harmful,lasting,或指情绪,如angry,sad,charmed等。
2.它们可以放在(a)名词前面,(b)名词后面,(c)系动词后面作补语,(d)宾语后面作宾语的补语及前章所列的其他6个位置,如:
(a)A good dictionary is necessary.
(b)A dictionary good for children is necessary.
(c)This dictionary is good .
(d)He finds the dictionary good .
3.它们大多数可用于比较级,如:
strong,stronger,strongest;long,longer,longest;beautiful,more beautiful,most beautiful;depressing,more depressing,most depressing
4.它们多数都不能用作名词或代词,除非加上某种词尾,如:
形容词———happy,honest,long,strong,sad,hungry,poor
名词———happi ness ,honest y ,leng th ,streng th ,sad ness ,hung er ,pover ty
有少数形容词可以用作名词,如:
5.描绘性形容词都放在限定性形容词后面,用来修饰同一名词,如all rich men,any red dress。
6.它们对名词的单复数问题不产生影响,如fat boys,wise boys,kind-hearted boys。
74 还有一类形容词称为限定性形容词。
1.这类形容词数量不多,仅仅有几十个。但它们用得很多,也很重要。它们可以表示数量,如much,little,也可表示数目,如many,numerous,few,five。最重要的是,它们可以表示“哪个”,如this,that,all,any,some,every,either,both,the,a,这些也可称为指示词(Demonstratives)。
2.它们只能用在名词前面,不能用于其他位置,如:
Some dictionaries are very useful.
He has a car.
John has no children.
You may ask me any question.
但有少数例外情况,例如有些可作表语或补语:
His faults are very few ,and mine are very many .His money is too much ,and mine is too little .He is fifteen .
有少数这类词常可用作补语,但这时它们是代词,而不是形容词,如Thatis all.中的all,My advice is this.中的this以及Such is my purpose.中的such。
3.这类形容词一般不能用于比较级,只有少数表示数量的形容词可有比较级和最高级,如many(or much),more,most;few,fewer,fewest;little,less,least。
4.它们大多可以用作代词或名词,只有少数除外(如no,a,the,every)。
Much has been said.
Seven were killed.
John's is better than mine (不能用my).
Mine is the red one .
Both of them are ill.
Don't say that .
5.如果它们和描绘性形容词修饰同一个名词,则放在描绘性形容词的前面。
He has many good friends.(不能说 good many friends)
He knows some such honest northern people.(不能说 honest northern some such people)
6.它们决定后面所修饰名词的单复数。下节将详细讨论这个问题。