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第2讲
四大逻辑关系

[学习建议:第2天完成]

作者讲解

Part A:考点解读与考点解密

Section 1: 考点解读

问: 完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有哪些?

答: 完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有以下4种:1. 同义并列关系;2.反义转折关系;3.举例说明;4. 因果关系。

Section 2: 考点解密

1. 同义并列关系

完形填空中的同义并列关系通常有两种情况,一种是设空词通常和上下文中的某个词是同义或并列关系,或感情色彩是一致的,比如两者都是褒义、贬义,或者都意为“开心或悲伤”等。另一种情况是前后两个句子之间是并列关系。

▶真题再现一

Garth’s email was short , but I learned more from that 1 message than I ever did from a textbook.

1. A. accurate

B. urgent

C. brief

D. humorous

解析:

本题虽然有but,但考查的却是同义并列关系,上文提到short一词,可知该email很短,但“我”从该message中学到很多,那这个message指的就是email,而email是short的,那message也是short的。进行以上的逻辑分析后再看四个选项,能表示“简短”的只有brief一词,所以本题答案为C。

▶真题再现二

Once I knew that I was going, all I could think about was the fun of foreign travel and making all sorts of new and 1 friends. While travelling was inspiring and meeting people was 2 , nothing about my term in France was what I expected.

1. A. stubborn

B. anxious

C. universal

D. interesting

2. A. boring

B. upsetting

C. exciting

D. promising

解析:

本段的两个小题都考查上下文之间的同义并列关系。从上文已知线索the fun of foreign travel和and可知,异国之旅是有趣的,同时也能交到新的和“有趣的”朋友,所以第1题的答案为D,只有interesting能和fun语义并列。

通过上文已知线索travelling was inspiring和and可知,能和inspiring构成同义并列的词只有exciting,所以第2题答案为C。

2. 反义转折关系

设空词通常和文中的某个词是反义关系,比如褒义对贬义、快对慢、高对低等,常有but, or, however, while (表转折), although等标志词出现,有时还有un-, im-等否定前缀出现。

▶真题再现一

On the whole, our population is getting older. The changes in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see 1 , not disaster .

1. A. dreams

B. chances

C. strengths

D. choices

解析:

本题的解题关键就是要了解while表示转折对比关系。上文线索提到一些人担心这些改变将会带来一些坏处,再根据下文线索not disaster可知,还有一些人看到的不是灾难,分析各选项,与“灾难”相对应的是“机会”。所以本题答案选B。选项C是强干扰项,意为“实力,优势”,但代入文中与语境不符,故排除。

▶真题再现二

The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respect, tears and smiles , the knowing and the 1 and, most of all, an understanding of each other. This was the power that music in the classroom could have.

1. A. unprepared

B. unspoken

C. unknown

D. unforgotten

解析:

本题的解题关键在于上文所提到的tears and smiles,可以看出and前后连接的是两个语义相反的单词,应该填一个knowing的反义词unknown,所以本题答案为C。

▶真题再现三

I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking, 1 she was encouraging and inspiring . For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.

1. A. and

B. yet

C. so

D. for

解析:

从选项的特征可以看出本题考查的是上下文之间的逻辑关系。上文说“她”的声音unpleasant,同时说话也很direct,而下文又提到“她”的话鼓舞人心(encouraging and inspiring),由此可以看出上下文之间的逻辑关系为反义转折关系,所以本题答案为B。

3. 举例说明

举例论证法比较常用,主要是通过举例来解释和说明空格处所填内容的含义,常伴随for example, such as等标志词出现,但有时也会直接举例,而不出现标志词。

▶真题再现一

Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a 1 life than ever before. In 1900 , the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years , but today it is 75 years !

1. A. busier

B. longer

C. richer

D. happier

解析:

空格后面举例说,1900年美国人平均寿命只有47岁,而现在是75岁。以此来说明现在人类的寿命比过去长。所以答案为B。

▶真题再现二

For example, many birds have good number sense . If a nest has four eggs and you remove one, the bird will not 1 . However, if you remove two, the bird 2 leaves . This means that the bird knows the 3 between two and three.

1. A. survive

B. care

C. hatch

D. notice

2. A. generally

B. sincerely

C. casually

D. deliberately

3. A. distance

B. range

C. difference

D. interval

解析:

本段主要是通过举例来说明鸟对数字有很好的认知。第1题:通过下文已知线索However, if you remove two, the bird...leaves可知,当人们拿走一个鸟蛋的时候,小鸟是不会注意到的,所以答案为D。B不可选,因为care表示在发现情况后不在乎,而此处是说小鸟并没有发现一个鸟蛋被拿走。第2题:具体举例介绍小鸟的good number sense,如果两个鸟蛋被拿走,小鸟通常会离开,故答案为A。第3题:上文举的例子是在说明小鸟能知道数字2和3的不同,所以答案为C。

4. 因果关系

上下文的关系是因果关系,有时给出原因,求结果;有时给出结果,求原因。此类题型常伴随for, because, reason等词出现。

▶真题再现

People are living longer because more people 1 childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood diseases .

1. A. survive

B. enjoy

C. remember

D. value

解析:

本题的解题关键是空格前的because,由上文线索People are living longer可知现在人们的寿命更长,那原因是什么呢?将选项分别代入,更多的人在童年就“幸存下来”符合语义。所以本题答案选A。另外,根据下文线索可知过去的小孩是died of common childhood diseases,与die相对应的是survive,所以现在人们应该是survive childhood,此处前后线索也体现了反义转折关系。

Part B:线索定位训练法

Section 1: 线索定位训练

下面的真题中已将已知线索加粗,主要目标是训练同学们养成寻找已知线索的习惯。

A

It was a rainy morning and the children, mainly boys with various learning difficulties, refused to settle for the start of the lesson . As an inexperienced teacher, I tried every means to get them to be 1 , but in vain. My panic was rising and I could feel my heart beating wildly . This was the 2 of my job as a music teacher, I thought—teaching was not for me . Then I had an idea. Hoping that no one would notice that I was 3 inside, I threw my voice as far as it would reach: “Put your heads on the desks and close your 4 ! We are going on a journey.”

5 , the children fell silent . “Now what should I do?” I thought to myself. Reaching over to my collection of CDs , I blindly 6 , put it in the machine and played it .

Obediently (顺从地), my class lay their heads on their desks, closed their eyes and 7 . When the music started, the room was filled with the most beautiful tones and musical colors I could have ever imagined. All the children were 8 . When the music finished, I asked them all to raise their 9 slowly so that we could share our musical journeys.

At this point, when all the children were willing to share their experiences , I began to learn how to 10 . The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respect, tears and smiles , the knowing and the 11 and , most of all, an understanding of each other. This was the power that 12 in the classroom could have.

1. A. glad

B. safe

C. kind

D. quiet

2. A. end

B. aim

C. rule

D. plan

3. A. guessing

B. shaking

C. responding

D. laughing

4. A. eyes

B. mouths

C. books

D. doors

5. A. Punctually

B. Importantly

C. Amazingly

D. Obviously

6. A. passed one on

B. gave one back

C. turned one in

D. took one out

7. A. slept

B. nodded

C. waited

D. continued

8. A. talking

B. singing

C. dancing

D. listening

9. A. legs

B. heads

C. arms

D. shoulders

10. A. teach

B. imagine

C. play

D. understand

11. A. unprepared

B. unspoken

C. unknown

D. unforgotten

12. A. games

B. music

C. tears

D. knowledge

B

Imagine the first days in a new time zone . Slow to respond to the 1 , your body clock is confused. You’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep . Obviously you’re 2 jet lag (时差反应).

Travelers have traditionally fought this 3 with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 4 .

For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start 5 your biological clock to the destination’s time. If it’s daytime in your destination, try to stay 6 . Walking around the cabin (客舱) can be of help. When it’s nighttime, try to sleep . In that case, eat before the flight, 7 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping . These tips will help you start a new 8 of sleep and wakefulness.

1. A. flight

B. change

C. demand

D. climate

2. A. suffering from

B. working on

C. looking into

D. leading to

3. A. danger

B. problem

C. waste

D. fear

4. A. briefly

B. slowly

C. suddenly

D. effectively

5. A. checking

B. sending

C. adjusting

D. stopping

6. A. awake

B. alone

C. hungry

D. calm

7. A. though

B. so

C. while

D. or

8. A. understanding

B. cycle

C. research

D. trend

Section 2: 答案详解

A

文章大意:本文讲述了作者教音乐课的一次经历。作者明白了教学的真谛在于和学生之间的相互尊重、理解与分享。

1. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.开心的 B. 安全的 C. 友善的 D. 安静的

解题分析:根据第一段的线索refused to settle for the start of the lesson和第二段第一句的线索the children fell silent可知,作者试了各种方法让学生安静下来,但都徒劳无功,所以答案选D。

2. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.结束 B. 目标 C. 规则 D. 计划

解题分析:根据下文线索I thought—teaching was not for me可知,作者因为无法使学生安静下来,觉得自己不适合教书,认为这是自己作为音乐老师的职业生涯的终结。所以答案选A。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.猜想 B. 颤抖 C. 回应 D. 大笑

解题分析:根据上文线索My panic was rising and I could feel my heart beating wildly可知,作者的内心其实是难以平静的,所以答案选B。

4. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.眼睛 B. 嘴 C. 书籍 D. 门

解题分析:根据第三段开头的线索my class lay their heads on their desks, closed their eyes可知,此时作者让学生趴在桌子上,然后闭上眼睛,所以答案选A。

5. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.准时地 B. 重要地 C. 令人惊奇地 D. 显然地

解题分析:根据下文线索the children fell silent,再结合上文学生的表现,可知作者没有想到学生会迅速安静下来,所以答案选C。

6. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.传递一个 B. 还回一个 C. 上交一个 D. 拿出一个

解题分析:根据上文线索Reaching over to my collection of CDs和下文线索put it in the machine and played it可知,作者应该是从CD盒里面拿了一张CD出来,然后放给学生听,所以答案选D。

7. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.睡觉 B. 点头 C. 等待 D. 继续

解题分析:根据上文线索my class lay their heads on their desk, closed their eyes和第四段开头的线索At this point, when all the children were willing to share their experiences可知,当作者准备播放音乐时,学生并没有睡着,而是在等待音乐响起,所以答案选C。

8. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.谈话 B. 唱歌 C. 跳舞 D. 聆听

解题分析:根据上文线索可知,老师在放音乐,而学生当然是在聆听音乐,所以答案选D。

9. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.腿 B. 头 C. 胳膊 D. 肩膀

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索my class lay their heads on their desks可知,学生之前是趴在书桌上的,所以现在应是抬起头来,raise sb’s head表示“某人抬起头来”,所以答案选B。

10. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.教课 B. 想象 C. 玩耍 D. 理解

解题分析:根据上下文语义线索可知,学生们从开始不愿上课,到最后跟着作者一起参与其中,这让作者开始学会了如何教学,所以答案选A。

11. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.无准备的 B. 无言的 C. 未知的 D. 难忘的

解题分析:根据上文所提到的tears and smiles,可以看出and连接的是两个语义相反的单词,所以此处应该填knowing的反义词unknown,答案为C。

12. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.游戏 B. 音乐 C. 眼泪 D. 知识

解题分析:考查全文主题。上文提到,这堂课的经历让作者知道,教学是老师与学生相互分享和尊重,充满了泪水和欢笑、已知与未知,最主要的是,音乐让大家相互了解,这就是音乐的力量。所以答案选B。

B

文章大意:本文讲述在旅行中如何调整生物钟。

1. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.航班 B. 变化 C. 要求 D. 气候

解题分析:考查名词辨析。根据上文线索the first days in a new time zone可知,到了新的时区,如果不能很快适应时区变化,生物钟就会紊乱,所以答案选B。

2. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.遭受 B. 从事于 C. 调查 D. 导致

解题分析:考查动词短语辨析。根据上文线索when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep可知,到了睡觉时间却睡不着,显然这是在“遭受”时差反应,所以答案选A。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.危险 B. 问题 C. 浪费 D. 恐惧

解题分析:考查名词辨析。根据上下文语义线索可知,旅行者一般会吃安眠药或喝酒来应对时差问题,所以答案选B。

4. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.简洁地 B. 慢慢地 C. 突然地 D. 有效地

解题分析:考查副词辨析。根据上下文语境可知,此处是说,为应对倒时差问题,其实有更有益健康的方法,这些方法同吃安眠药和喝酒所达到的效果一样。完整的表达应该是work just as effectively as sleeping pills or alcohol,所以答案选D。

5. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.检查 B. 发送 C. 调整 D. 停止

解题分析:考查动词辨析。根据下文线索可知,此处是说在上飞机前就根据目的地的时间调整生物钟,并且空格后出现了to,能与此构成固定搭配的是adjust,所以答案选C。

6. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.醒着的 B. 独自的 C. 饥饿的 D. 平静的

解题分析:考查形容词辨析和反义逻辑。根据下文线索When it’s nighttime, try to sleep可知,如果是白天到达目的地,就要保持清醒。stay awake意为“保持清醒”,所以答案选A。

7. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.虽然 B. 因此 C. 当……时候;然而 D. 否则;或者

解题分析:考查连词辨析和反义逻辑。根据上下文线索eat before the flight和an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping可知,前后两个分句表示相反的含义,所以答案选D,意思是“在坐飞机前吃饭,否则,空腹无法让你入睡。”

8. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.理解 B. 循环 C. 研究 D. 倾向,趋势

解题分析:考查名词辨析。根据上文线索,这些方法能让生物钟开始新的循环,所以答案选B。

Part C:专项强化训练

Section 1: 真题精练

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题所给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch. He’d moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since I’d 1 seen him. So imagine my 2 when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me.

I was 3 ! I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to 4 . The bay was 5 in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore. Getting a little 6 , I realized one kayak (皮划艇) was in 7 . “Something’s not 8 !” I took off my T-shirt and 9 into the water. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was 10 violently. Linking arms with one of the instructors, I helped 11 the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 12 to me. Those brown eyes were very 13 . “What’s his name?” I asked the instructor. “Ben,” he replied, and immediately I 14 that stranger was my son!

The instructors called for an ambulance. 15 , after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to 16 and later the family met up for dinner. We chatted about everything and then Ben 17 to me. “I just want to say thank you,” he said. “You 18 my life!”

I still can’t believe what a 19 it was. I’m just so glad I was there 20 to help my son.

1. A. also

B. often

C. even

D. last

2. A. delight

B. relief

C. anger

D. worry

3. A. scared

B. shocked

C. thrilled

D. ashamed

4. A. talk

B. stay

C. meet

D. settle

5. A. bathed

B. clean

C. deep

D. formed

6. A. faster

B. closer

C. heavier

D. wiser

7. A. trouble

B. advance

C. question

D. battle

8. A. real

B. right

C. fair

D. fit

9. A. stared

B. sank

C. dived

D. fell

10. A. arguing

B. fighting

C. shouting

D. shaking

11. A. lead

B. persuade

C. carry

D. keep

12. A. happened

B. occurred

C. applied

D. appealed

13. A. sharp

B. pleasant

C. attractive

D. familiar

14. A. agreed

B. hesitated

C. doubted

D. knew

15. A. Fortunately

B. Frankly

C. Sadly

D. Suddenly

16. A. return

B. relax

C. speak

D. leave

17. A. joked

B. turned

C. listened

D. pointed

18. A. created

B. honored

C. saved

D. guided

19. A. coincidence

B. change

C. pity

D. pain

20. A. on board

B. in time

C. for sure

D. on purpose

Section 2: 答案详解

文章大意:本文讲述了作者13年后和儿子见面的故事。在和儿子约定的见面地点,作者救了一位落水的年轻人,但没有想到的是,这位年轻人竟然是自己13年未见的儿子。作者非常开心及时救了自己的儿子。

1. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.也 B. 经常 C. 甚至 D. 上次

解题分析:根据上文线索He’d moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years可知,作者的儿子在三岁的时候就与妈妈一起去了英格兰,父子俩已经13年未见面了,所以此处应指离上一次见面到现在已经13年了,故正确答案为D。

2. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.高兴 B. 轻松 C. 愤怒 D. 担心

解题分析:考查因果逻辑。上文提到作者已经13年没有见过自己的儿子了,下文又提到作者收到儿子的电子邮件,并且说要来看自己,因此作者应该感到很快乐、开心,所以正确答案为A。

3. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.害怕的 B. 震惊的 C. 欣喜若狂的 D. 惭愧的

解题分析:考查同义逻辑。根据前后语义逻辑可知,作者已经13年没有见过自己的儿子了,现在马上就要见到儿子,作者应该感到非常兴奋、激动,所以正确答案为C。

4. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.谈话 B. 停留 C. 见面 D. 定居

解题分析:根据上文线索he wanted to come to visit me可知,儿子在邮件中提到要来看作者,所以此处应该是作者早早来到见面地点,故正确答案为C。

5. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.沐浴 B. 清扫 C. 深处 D. 形成

解题分析:根据常识和上下文可知,早晨的海湾应该是沐浴在阳光下,be bathed in sunshine意为“沐浴在阳光下”,为固定搭配,符合文意,所以正确答案为A。

6. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.较快的 B. 较近的 C. 较重的 D. 较聪明的

解题分析:根据上文线索150m off the shore可知,作者离得比较远,只有靠近一些才能看清水里发生的情况,所以正确答案为B。

7. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.麻烦 B. 进展 C. 问题 D. 斗争

解题分析:根据下文线索I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle.可知,作者看见一位男士横躺在皮划艇中间,可见应该是皮划艇遇到麻烦了,所以正确答案为A。

8. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.真实的 B. 正常的 C. 公平的 D. 合适的

解题分析:根据下文线索I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle.可知,作者看到皮划艇遇到麻烦了,所以应该是感到有点不对劲,something’s not right就相当于something is wrong,故正确答案为B。

9. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.凝视 B. 下沉 C. 跳水 D. 跌倒

解题分析:根据上文线索I took off my T-shirt及下文helped ______ the young man out of the water可知,作者应该是脱掉T恤衫跳入水中救人,所以正确答案为C。

10. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.争论 B. 打架 C. 呼喊 D. 颤抖

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索a man lying across the middle和下文线索He was unconscious可知,这位男士应该是在剧烈地颤抖,因此选项D符合文意。

11. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.领导 B. 说服 C. 搬运 D. 保持

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据下文线索out of the water可知,作者应该是帮忙把年轻人抬出水面,所以正确答案为C。

12. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.碰巧发生 B. 发生;闪现 C. 应用 D. 吸引;呼吁

解题分析:根据下文线索That stranger was my son! 可知,当作者看着年轻人的脸时,他想起了一些事情。 occur与to连用表示“被想起”,而不是“发生”,happen后接不定式to,意为“碰巧”。所以正确答案为B。

13. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.锐利的 B. 愉快的 C. 有吸引力的 D. 熟悉的

解题分析:根据下文线索That stranger was my son! 可知,因为这个年轻人是作者的儿子,所以作者对那双棕色的眼睛应该很熟悉,所以正确答案为D。

14. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.同意 B. 犹豫 C. 怀疑 D. 知道

解题分析:根据下文线索That stranger was my son! 可知,当教练告诉作者这个年轻人的名字后,作者知道了这个年轻人是他的儿子,所以正确答案为D。

15. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.幸运地 B. 坦白地 C. 悲伤地 D. 突然地

解题分析:根据下文线索Ben was well enough可知,本(作者的儿子)非常幸运很快就康复了,所以正确答案为A。

16. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A.返回 B. 放松 C. 说话 D. 离开

解题分析:根据上文线索Ben was well enough及下文later the family met up for dinner可知,本应该是被允许离开医院,所以正确答案为D。

17. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.开玩笑 B. 转向 C. 听 D. 指出

解题分析:根据下文线索I just want to say thank you可知,本转向作者对他说谢谢,所以正确答案为B。

18. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A.创造 B. 尊敬 C. 拯救 D. 指导

解题分析:根据上文线索I helped carry the man out of the water可知,本是感谢作者救了他的命,所以正确答案为C。

19. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A.巧合 B. 改变 C. 遗憾 D. 疼痛

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据前后语义逻辑可知,作者开始不知道落水的年轻人是他儿子,但救起来后发现是他儿子,因此纯属巧合,故正确答案为A。

20. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A.在船上 B. 及时 C. 肯定 D. 故意地

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据前后语义逻辑可知,令作者高兴的是,幸好自己在现场,才及时救了儿子,所以正确答案为B。 p+tEH5oOPhwWo3XcdJr7I+GnT+KollospzSpXbOz7EY1bMr+hFw4biGMCZEs6JFq

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