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2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .

4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.

11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty—and realized the tester had 17 them.

Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ” tester participated in a follow-up activity. (278 words)

1. [A] on

[B] like

[C] for

[D] from

2. [A] faith

[B] concern

[C] attention

[D] interest

3. [A] benefit

[B] debt

[C] hope

[D] price

4. [A] Therefore

[B] Then

[C] Instead

[D] Again

5. [A] Until

[B] Unless

[C] Although

[D] When

6. [A] selects

[B] produces

[C] applies

[D] maintains

7. [A] consult

[B] compete

[C] connect

[D] compare

8. [A] at

[B] by

[C] of

[D] to

9. [A] context

[B] mood

[C] period

[D] circle

10. [A] counterparts

[B] substitutes

[C] colleagues

[D] supporters

11. [A] Funny

[B] Lucky

[C] Odd

[D] Ironic

12. [A] monitor

[B] protect

[C] surprise

[D] delight

13. [A] between

[B] within

[C] toward

[D] over

14. [A] transferred

[B] added

[C] introduced

[D] entrusted

15. [A] out

[B] back

[C] around

[D] inside

16. [A] discovered

[B] proved

[C] insisted

[D] remembered

17. [A] betrayed

[B] wronged

[C] fooled

[D] mocked

18. [A] forced

[B] willing

[C] hesitant

[D] entitled

19. [A] In contrast

[B] As a result

[C] On the whole

[D] For instance

20. [A] inflexible

[B] incapable

[C] unreliable

[D] unsuitable

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

Text 1

Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?

Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations— trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.

This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.

The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.

The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.

Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.

Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.

(445 words)

21. Who will be most threatened by automation?

[A] Leading politicians.

[B] Low-wage laborers.

[C] Robot owners.

[D] Middle-class workers.

22. Which of the following best represents the author’s view?

[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

[B] Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support.

[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.

[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.

23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on __________.

[A] creative potential

[B] job-hunting skills

[C] individual needs

[D] cooperative spirit

24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at __________.

[A] encouraging the development of automation

[B] increasing the return on capital investment

[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor

[D] preventing the income gap from widening

25. In this text, the author presents a problem with __________.

[A] opposing views on it

[B] possible solutions to it

[C] its alarming impacts

[D] its major variations

Text 2

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media. (405 words)

26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on __________.

[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice

[B] people’s preference for social media platforms

[C] the administration’s ability to handle information

[D] social media as a reliable source of news

27. The phrase “beef up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to __________.

[A] sharpen

[B] define

[C] boast

[D] share

28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people __________.

[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace

[B] verify news by referring to diverse sources

[C] have a strong sense of responsibility

[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is __________.

[A] readers’ outdated values

[B] journalists’ biased reporting

[C] readers’ misinterpretation

[D] journalists’ made-up stories

30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media

[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free Hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start. (430 words)

31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?

[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.

[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights.

[C] It fell short of the latter’s expectations.

[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

32. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with __________.

[A] empty promises

[B] tough resistance

[C] necessary adjustments

[D] sincere apologies

33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that __________.

[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs

[B] leaking patients’ data is worse than selling it

[C] making profits from patients’ data is illegal

[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it

34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is __________.

[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas

[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law

[C] the uncontrolled use of new software

[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants

35. The author’s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is __________.

[A] ambiguous

[B] cautious

[C] appreciative

[D] contemptuous

Text 4

The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.

And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.

Now comes word that everyone involved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system’s heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.

If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate—where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century. (401 words)

36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by __________.

[A] its unbalanced budget

[B] its rigid management

[C] the cost for technical upgrading

[D] the withdrawal of bank support

37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to __________.

[A] the interference from interest groups

[B] the inadequate funding from Congress

[C] the shrinking demand for postal service

[D] the incompetence of postal unions

38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by __________.

[A] removing its burden of retiree health care

[B] making more investment in new vehicles

[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism

[D] attracting more first-class mail users

39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with __________.

[A] respect

[B] tolerance

[C] discontent

[D] gratitude

40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days

[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese

[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure

[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.

[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.

[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century—the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.

[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.

[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.

[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Shakespeare’s lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.( 46 By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and ( 47 no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.( 48 But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage—where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.( 49 A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.( 50 To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write an email to all international experts on campus, inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email, you should include the time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.

You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) interpret the meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)

选课进行时

试题详解

Section I Use of English

考点解析

Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .

1. [A] on 关于;在……之上

[B] like像

[C] for对……来说

[D] from 来自于

[答案精析] 本题考查介词短语辨析和上下文语义。分析句子结构可知,空格处需要填入一个介词,与后面的many worthwhile things一起作后置定语修饰前面的condition,并且这个介词能与necessary搭配。此处可大致推测文章意在表明:对许多重要的事情来说,信任是一个必要条件。选项[C] for“对……来说”符合语义,并且能与necessary搭配,表示“对……来说是必要的”,故为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A] on表示“关于;在……之上”,选项[B] like表示“像”,选项[D] from 表示“来自于”,代入空格后语义均不通顺,并且不能与necessary连用,故皆可排除。

2. [A] faith信任;忠诚

[B] concern关注;关心

[C] attention注意,注意力

[D] interest兴趣,爱好

[答案精析] 本题考查名词辨析和上下文语义。首句提出主题句:Trust is a tricky business(信任是一种玄妙的东西)。后面用On the one hand引出对该主题句的解释说明:一方面,对许多重要的事情来说,信任是必要条件,比如照看孩子、友谊等。该句说的是信任的好处。接着本空格所在句开头出现On the other hand,意为:另一方面,把……放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大的……。全段显然都在解释主题词“trust(信任)”,只有选项[A] faith与trust属于近义词复现,故正确答案为[A]。

[错项排除] 选项[B] concern表示“关注;关心”,常与介词for连用;选项[C] attention表示“注意,注意力”,常与介词to连用,用于pay attention to结构;选项[D] interest表示“兴趣,爱好”,常与介词in连用。三个选项均与“信任”无关,代入文中不符合文意,故皆可排除。

3. [A] benefit益处;利益

[B] debt债务;负债

[C] hope希望;期待

[D] price代价;价格

[答案精析] 本题考查名词辨析和上下文语义。由上题分析可知本句依然在解释主题词“信任”,并且根据空格所在句中的关键词wrong place可判断,本句应该在说信任可能带来的负面影响,因此空格处应该填入一个负向感情色彩的词,与前文搭配说明“将信任置于错误之处”会带来的后果。carry a high price意为“代价深重”,即“错误的信任会让人付出巨大的代价”,符合文意,故正确答案应该为[D]。

[错项排除] 选项[A] benefit和选项[C] hope是正向感情色彩的词,可直接排除,而选项[B] debt表示“债务”,虽然也能表明错误的信任造成的负面后果,但明显不至于让人欠债或是欠人情债,代入文章后语义不当,也可排除。

4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.

4. [A] Therefore因此

[B] Then那么

[C] Instead但是,然而

[D] Again再次

[答案精析] 本题考查副词辨析和上下文语义。空格位于句首,主要看前后两段之间的语义关系。上一段讲述的是信任的好处和信任不当的弊端。第二段段首提出问题:“_____我们为什么要信任呢?”上下段之间存在语义的顺承关系,四个选项中只有选项[B] Then表示“那么”,填入空格后能形成顺畅的语义和逻辑关系,故为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A] Therefore表示“因此”,表示因果关系;选项[C] Instead表示“但是,然而”,表示转折关系;选项[D] Again表示“再次”,表示递进、强调关系,因此都可排除。

5. [A] Until直到

[B] Unless如果不

[C] Although尽管

[D] When当……的时候

[答案精析] 本题考查连词辨析和逻辑关系。空格所在句含义为:______人们信任一个人或一个机构,他们的大脑会释放催产素。主句和从句之间存在一种时间上的先后关系,因此只有选项[D] When表示“当……的时候”,填入后符合逻辑要求,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A] Until表示“直到”,表时间,选项[B] Unless表示“如果不”,表条件,选项[C] Although表示“尽管”,表让步,代入文章后语义均不通顺,故均可排除。

6. [A] selects选择

[B] produces产生

[C] applies运用

[D] maintains保持,维持

[答案精析] 本题考查动词辨析和上下文语义。a hormone前面的内容意为“人在信任一个人或一个机构时,大脑会释放出荷尔蒙”,后面是that引导的定语从句,修饰hormone,即“这种荷尔蒙能______令人愉悦的情绪”。此处是在阐述信任让人感觉良好的生理原因,并且所填入的词应与后面的triggers“激发,引发”形成并列含义和同义复现,因此选项[B]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A] selects表示“选择”,选项[C] applies表示“运用”,选项[D] maintains表示“保持,维持”,代入空格处都不符合句意,故均可排除。

7. [A] consult商量,协商

[B] compete竞争

[C] connect联系

[D] compare比较

[答案精析] 本题考查固定搭配和上下文语义。上文讲到这种荷尔蒙能够激发一种“群居本能(herding instinct)”,herding instinct后的that引导定语从句解释“群居本能”,意为“促进人们与其他人______”,“群居本能”肯定是“促使人与人之间关系更近”,很明显应该选择选项[C]。

[错项排除] 四个选项都可以与with构成固定搭配,但是意思不同。consult with表示“与……商量,协商”,compete with表示“与……竞争”,compare with表示“与……比较”,因此选项[A]、[B]和[D]都可以排除。

8. [A] at在(某时间或时刻)

[B] by在……旁边

[C]of关于

[D]to向,朝

[答案精析] 本题考查介词辨析和上下文语义。根据上文的“人类信任他人时,大脑会释放出一种能产生愉悦感并激发人类群居本能的荷尔蒙”这一结论,下文结合实验展开分析,Scientists have found that exposure ______ this hormone puts us...(科学家们发现,接触此种荷尔蒙将我们置于……)。研究要求受试者先处于这种环境中,所以名词exposure与介词to构成搭配,表示“接触”的意思,因此选择选项[D]。

[错项排除] exposure意为“接触;曝光”,只能与to搭配,因此选项[A] at、选项[B] by和选项[C] of都可以被排除。

9. [A] context环境;上下文

[B] mood心境;情绪

[C] period时期;阶段

[D] circle循环,周期

[答案精析] 本题考查名词辨析和上下文语义。空格前的内容意为“接触此种荷尔蒙会将我们置于一个信任的______”,空格后的冒号表示解释说明,因此可以根据冒号后面的内容来选择本题答案——在该研究中,研究者把催产素喷进一半受试者的鼻子里,这些受试者愿意(were ready to)将更多的钱借给陌生人……。be ready to表示“随时准备好做某事,愿意”,可以推断空格处应该选择与“心情;意愿”有关的词。故正确答案为选项[B] mood。

[错项排除] 选项[A] context表示“环境;上下文”,选项[C] period表示“时期;阶段”,选项[D] circle表示“循环,周期”,代入原文都不符合上下文语义,故都可排除。

10. [A] counterparts对应物;相对应的人

[B] substitutes替代品

[C] colleagues同事,同行

[D] supporters支持者

[答案精析] 本题考查名词辨析和上下文语义。上文中提到,在该研究中,研究者把催产素喷进一半受试者的鼻子里,与吸入其他东西的受试者相比,这些受试者愿意借给陌生人更多的钱。可以看出这是将两组研究对象进行比较,那么空格处应该填入表示另一组实验对象的词。故正确答案为选项[A] counterparts。

[错项排除] 选项[B] substitutes表示“替代品”,选项[C] colleagues表示“同事,同行”,选项[D] supporters表示“支持者”,代入原文都不符合上下文语义,故排除。

[难句解读]

When people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that produces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to connect with one another.

本句是一个复合结构。前半句是由When引导的时间状语从句,their brains release oxytocin是主句,a hormone that...是同位语从句,解释说明前面的oxytocin,that引导的定语从句修饰hormone。定语从句中包括两个并列结构,谓语动词是produces和triggers,而后一个并列结构中又包含一个定语从句,that引导的定语从句修饰前面的herding instinct。

11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty—and realized the tester had 17 them.

11. [A] Funny有趣的

[B] Lucky幸运的

[C] Odd 奇怪的

[D] Ironic讽刺的

[答案精析] 本题考查形容词辨析和上下文语义。上一段指出大脑会释放出一种荷尔蒙,将人置于信任他人的情绪之中。本段首句即空格所在句紧承上段,指出:对于我们来说_____,我们还有辨别不诚实行为的第六感,这有可能……我们。此处意在说明:好在我们还有一种辨别不诚实行为的第六感,让我们不至于轻信他人。“第六感”对我们来说是有益的,所以需要选择一个正向感情色彩的词,所以只能选择选项[B] Lucky。

[错项排除] 选项[A] Funny表示“有趣的”,选项[C] Odd表示“奇怪的”,选项[D] Ironic表示“讽刺的”,皆不符合文意,故排除。

12. [A] monitor监控;检测

[B] protect保护

[C] surprise使惊奇

[D] delight使高兴

[答案精析] 本题考查动词辨析和上下文语义。根据上题可知,第六感能给我们带来积极作用。此外,后一句提示我们,第六感的存在让14个月的孩子就能区分可信的人和不诚实的人,第六感的存在可以保护我们,所以此处只能选择选项[B] protect。

[错项排除] 选项[A] monitor意为“监控;检测”,选项[C] surprise意为“使惊奇”,选项[D] delight“使高兴”,皆不符合文意,故排除。

13. [A] between在……两者之间

[B] within时间、距离、地点之内

[C] toward向;对于

[D] over在……上面;越过

[答案精析] 本题考查介词辨析和固定搭配。differentiate between A and B是固定搭配,意为“分辨A与B”,介词between表示在A和B之间。原文含义为:14个月大的孩子可以区分可信的人和不诚实的人。故正确答案为选项[A] between。

[错项排除] 其他三个选项都不能与differentiate构成符合文意的搭配,故排除。

14. [A] transferred转移

[B] added增加

[C] introduced介绍;引进

[D] entrusted委托

[答案精析] 本题考查动词辨析和上下文语义。本句承接上句提到的“14个月大的孩子可以区分可信的人和不诚实的人”,开始描述实验过程:60名幼儿分别被______一个成年测试员。代入四个选项,只有选项[C] introduced符合题意,表示“被介绍给……”,即60个孩子被分别介绍给一名成年测试员。

[错项排除] 选项[A] transferred表示“转移”,选项[B]added表示“增加”,选项[D]entrusted表示“委托”,代入原文都不符合上下文语义,故排除。

15. [A] out在外部

[B] back后面;反面

[C] around周围

[D] inside里面

[答案精析] 本题考查副词辨析和上下文语义。结合空格所在句前一句可知,成年测试员会问孩子:“里面是什么呢?”然后向容器里看,随后笑着惊叹道:“哇!”由此可知,受试者(60个孩子)被邀请往容器里看。look inside意为“向里面看”,所以正确答案为选项[D] inside。

[错项排除] look out表示“向外看;当心”,look back表示“回头看;回顾”,look around表示“四下观望”,都不符合语义,故排除。

16. [A] discovered发现

[B] proved证明

[C] insisted坚持认为

[D]remembered记起,回忆起

[答案精析] 本题考查动词辨析和上下文语义。此处考查词义复现。根据原文Half of them found a toy; the other half ________ the container was empty...,这是用分号并列的两个句子,都是在讲试验的结果。前半句讲一半的受试者在盒子里面找到了玩具,后半句肯定是说另一半会怎么样,所以空格处填入的词应该是found的同义词,故正确答案为选项[A] discovered。

[错项排除] 选项[B] proved表示“证明”,选项[C] insisted表示“坚持认为”,选项[D]remembered表示“记起,回忆起”,都不符合上下文语义,故三项均可排除。

17. [A] betrayed背叛

[B]wronged冤枉

[C] fooled愚弄

[D] mocked模仿

[答案精析] 本题考查动词辨析和上下文语义。前文提到了成年测试员先往容器内看并表现出了欣喜,有的孩子却发现容器里是空的。此句位于破折号后面,是对前面意思的解释说明。发现盒子是空的孩子应该是意识到测试员戏弄了他们。此外,下段第一句中的tricked(欺骗,哄骗)也是提示词,故选项[C] fooled为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A] betrayed表示“背叛”,选项[B]wronged表示“冤枉”,选项[D] mocked表示“模仿”,都不符合上下文语义,故三项均可排除。

Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ” tester participated in a follow-up activity.

18. [A] forced被迫的

[B] willing情愿的

[C] hesitant犹豫的

[D] entitled有资格的

[答案精析] 本题考查形容词辨析和上下文语义。空格所在句句意为:大多数没有被欺骗的孩子______与测试员继续合作,一起学习新技能,这表明他们相信他的引导。和测试员合作去学习一种新技能,表明他们信任测试员的引导。可知,没有被欺骗的孩子因为信任测试员,所以肯定是愿意跟测试员合作的。故正确答案为选项[B] willing。

[错项排除] 选项[A] forced表示“被迫的”,选项[C] hesitant表示“犹豫的”,选项[D] entitled表示“有资格的”,都不符合上下文语义,故三项均可排除。

19. [A] In contrast对比

[B] As a result结果

[C] On the whole总体来说

[D] For instance例如

[答案精析] 本题考查短语辨析和上下文语义。通过空格所在句中的only(仅仅),可以看出本句与上文中的the majority of(大部分的)形成鲜明的对比,空格处需要填入的短语应该表示转折的关系,与上文形成对比。故正确答案为选项[A] In contrast。

[错项排除] 选项[B] As a result表示结果,选项[C] On the whole表示总结,选项[D] For instance表示举例,都不符合此处的转折关系,故均可排除。

20. [A] inflexible不灵活的

[B] incapable无能的

[C] unreliable不信任的,不可靠的

[D] unsuitable不合适的

[答案精析] 本题考查形容词辨析和上下文语义。空格所在句句意为:在接下来的活动中,30个孩子中只有5个孩子与______的测试员能合作。结合上文提到的大部分没有被欺骗的孩子会信任测试员,该句在内容上应与上文形成对比,即被骗了的孩子不相信与自己配对的“不可靠的”测试员了,所以tester的修饰词应该为选项[C] unreliable。

[错项排除] 选项[A] inflexible表示“不灵活的”,选项[B] incapable表示“无能的”,选项[D] unsuitable表示“不合适的”,都不符合语义,故均可排除。

词汇笔记

文章词汇

cooperate / kəʊˈɒpəreɪt /v. 合作,配合

differentiate / ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt /v. 区分,辨别

exclaim / ɪkˈskleɪm /v. 呼喊,惊叫

exposure / ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r) /n. 暴露;揭发,公开

individual / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /n. 个人,个体

inhale / ɪnˈheɪl /v. 吸入

institution / ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn /n. 机构,组织

oxytocin / ˌɒksɪ'təʊsɪn /n. 催产素

tricky / ˈtrɪki /adj. 微妙的;狡猾的

trigger / ˈtrɪɡə(r) /v. 激发,引发

选项词汇

betray / bɪˈtreɪ /v. 背叛,出卖

entrust / ɪnˈtrʌst /v. 委托,托付

hesitant / ˈhezɪtənt /adj. 踌躇的,犹豫的

inflexible / ɪnˈfleksəbl /adj. 不灵活的;不屈服的

ironic / aɪˈrɒnɪk /adj.讽刺的,令人啼笑皆非的

maintain / meɪnˈteɪn /v. 保持;保养

substitute /ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt /n. 代替者;替代品

结构译文

信任是一种玄妙的东西。一方面, 许多重要的事情 来说 ,信任是必要条件,如照看孩子、建立友谊等等。另一方面,在错误的地方施以 信任 往往会付出高昂的 代价

第一段提出了本文的话题,即信任。

那么 ,我们到底为什么会选择信任呢?好吧,那是因为感觉上会很不错。 人们信任一个人或者一个机构 ,他们的大脑会释放出催产素,这是一种使人 产生 愉悦感的荷尔蒙,还会激发人类的群居本能,促使人们互相 联系 。科学家们发现,接触这种荷尔蒙会让人们产生一种信赖的 情绪 :在瑞士的一项研究中,研究人员将催产素喷入一半受试者的鼻子里;比起吸入其他东西的 研究对象 ,这些受试者更愿意借出更多的钱给陌生人。

第二段用科学研究揭示人们选择信任的生理原因。

对我们来说 幸运的 是,我们也有识别不诚实行为的第六感,这有可能 保护 我们。加拿大的一项研究发现,年仅14个月的孩子就可以区分可信的人和不诚实的人。60个初学走路的孩子分别被 介绍 给一位拿着塑料容器的成年测试员。这位测试员会问他们“这里面有什么呢?”然后 容器 看,微笑着发出“哇”的惊叹声。随后每个孩子都会受邀查看容器内部。一半的孩子会看到一个玩具;另一半的孩子会 发现 容器是空的,并意识到测试员 欺骗 了他们。

第三段指出人类同样具有识别不诚实行为的第六感,并用加拿大的一项研究论证该论点。

没有被欺骗的孩子大多数 愿意 与测试员合作学习一项新技能,这证明他们相信他的引导。 与此相反 ,余下的30个孩子中,仅有5个孩子愿意在随后的活动中与“ 不可靠的 ”测试员继续搭档合作。

第四段指出加拿大研究中多数被欺骗的孩子不愿意再相信自己的测试员搭档。

文章源自Readers’ Digest(《读者文摘》),原文的标题为Your Brain on Trust: Why We’re Hardwired to Rely on Others(《大脑的信任机制:为何我们会本能地信任他人》)。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

考点解析

21. Who will be most threatened by automation?

[A] Leading politicians.

[B] Low-wage laborers.

[C] Robot owners.

[D] Middle-class workers.

自动化对谁的威胁将是最大的?

[A] 政界要人。

[B] 低薪的劳动者。

[C] 机器人的主人。

[D] 中产阶级工人。

[答案定位] 由题干关键词threatened的近义词challenges初步定位至第一段第一句,并延伸至第二段倒数第二句,因为该句是对首段第一句进行进一步的解释和说明。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。文章首段第一句即指出中产阶级工人的工作可能会被机器人抢走,这是一个令人困扰的问题,而随后的第二段对此进行了分析,指出在自动化的进程中,社会的底层和上层很少受影响,只有中产阶级受到的威胁和影响最大,故选项[D]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A]“政界要人”在文章相关定位段均未提及,故排除;文章第二段第三句指出,低薪岗位并不会吸引机器人,因此低薪劳动者不会受到自动化的严重威胁,而该段最后一句说拥有机器人的富人也不会受到什么影响,因此选项[B]“低薪的劳动者”和选项[C]“机器人的主人”与原文信息相悖,故均应排除。

22. Which of the following best represents the author’s view?

[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

[B] Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support.

[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.

[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.

以下哪一项最能表明作者的观点?

[A] 对于自动化的担忧其实是没有根据的。

[B] 乐观主义者对于新技术的观点鲜有支持。

[C] 自动化引起的问题亟待解决。

[D] 新技术的负面后果可以避免。

[答案定位] 题干没有有效提示,需根据各选项的关键词进行定位,另外,根据出题顺序依照原文自然顺序的规律,从原文第三段开始跳读。

[答案精析] 推理判断题。作者在第三段中承接第二段,指出技术进步是会引发问题的,并在该段最后一句指出,在技术革新的中期,中产阶级的工人们需要很多帮助才能适应,而随后的第四段至第七段采用“分—总”式的论述,对如何应对自动化引发的问题进行了详述,故选项[C]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A]的关键词为groundless,而根据第三段的分析,作者认定技术革新还是会引发一些问题的,特别是中产阶级需要适应,选项[A]应排除;作者在第三段第二句提到了乐观主义者,他们认为技术进步曾让工人们受益,之后以工业革命时期的情况来类比现今的情况,由此可以看出作者对乐观主义者的看法还是部分赞同的,因此选项[B]“乐观主义者对于新技术的观点鲜有支持”与原文不符,故排除;选项[D]“新技术的负面后果可以避免”属于过度推断,作者虽然提出了应对问题的建议,但是并没有说明负面后果是否可以避免,故选项[D]也排除。

23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ______.

[A] creative potential

[B] job-hunting skills

[C] individual needs

[D] cooperative spirit

自动化时代的教育应该更加注重______。

[A] 创造性潜能

[B] 找工作的技巧

[C] 个人需求

[D] 合作精神

[答案定位] 根据题干关键词education可定位至第四段第一句至第三句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第四段第一句指出,应该重新规划教育和职业培训。其中,文法中学至大学的课程应该更多地强调创造力和复杂的交流,而职业培训应该更好地培养解决问题的技巧,可见,作者认为自动化时代的教育应该注重创造力和各种能力的培养,故选项[A]符合题意,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 作者在第四段集中分析和论述了自动化时代教育应该做出的改变,但是关于如何找工作以及教育如何适应个人需求的内容并未提及,因此选项[B]“找工作的技巧”和选项[C]“个人需求”均应排除;选项[D]“合作精神”是基于第四段第三句中helping students work alongside robots设置的干扰项,故也排除。

24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at ______.

[A] encouraging the development of automation

[B] increasing the return on capital investment

[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor

[D] preventing the income gap from widening

作者建议,税收政策应该旨在______。

[A] 鼓励自动化的发展

[B] 增加资本投入的收益

[C] 缓解贫富之间的敌对

[D] 防止收入差距扩大

[答案定位] 由题干关键词tax可定位到文章第六段第一句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。该句指出,自动化可能会加大资本收入和劳动者收入之间的差异。所谓“资本”,在此处指的是投资人、富人阶层,而劳动者指的是穷人和中产阶级,由此可知,调整税收政策的目的就是防止由新技术引发的收入差距扩大,因此,选项[D]符合题意,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A]“鼓励自动化的发展”和选项[B]“增加资本投入的收益”在文中均未提及,故排除;原文虽然说到了需要防止贫富差距扩大,但是并没有提到是否会因贫富差距的扩大而造成贫富间的敌对,选项[C]“缓解贫富之间的敌对”属于过度推断,也应排除。

25. In this text, the author presents a problem with ______.

[A] opposing views on it

[B] possible solutions to it

[C] its alarming impacts

[D] its major variations

在本文作者提出了一个问题以及______。

[A] 关于它的反对意见

[B] 可能的解决方法

[C] 它令人担忧的影响

[D] 它的主要变化

[答案定位] 虽然与传统的主旨题不同,本题还是要求考生能够从整体判断文章的主要内容,需结合全文的行文思路来解答。

[答案精析] 主旨大意题。文章首段引出话题,指出中产阶级面临被机器人顶替工作的威胁,第二段分析并解释了为何中产阶级是受到冲击的主要阶层,第三段回顾历史,以既往的工业革命类比现在的情况,指出虽然技术进步最终是有益于社会的,但中产阶级工人需要帮助去适应自动化的发展,第四段至第六段分别从教育、企业活力和税收等方面提出了作者的建议,最后一段总结全文,再次强调政府应该积极应对自动化可能带来的问题。可见,作者在提出问题后将重点放在如何解决问题上,故选项[B]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 虽然作者在第二段和第三段开头指出Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely和This isn’t to be alarmist,但并没有对反对意见展开论述,所以选项[A]“关于它的反对意见”不符合文意,故排除;作者虽然提到了新技术的影响,但是并未提到它是否令人担忧,也没有用主要篇幅讲述其影响,故选项[C]“它令人担忧的影响”应排除;文章并没有提到自动化所引发的问题是否会发生变化,故选项[D]“它的主要变化”也不符合原文,也应排除。

词汇笔记

adjust / əˈdʒʌst /v. 调整,适应

alarmist / əˈlɑːmɪst /n. 杞人忧天者;大惊小怪者

complex / ˈkɒmpleks /adj. 复杂的;合成

dismiss / dɪsˈmɪs /v. 解散;解雇;让……离开;不予考虑

disproportionately / ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli /adv. 不成比例地

dream up 构想;创造

dynamism / ˈdaɪnəmɪzəm /n. 活力;动态

entrepreneur / ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː(r) /n. 企业家

foster / ˈfɒstə(r) /v. 培养;养育,抚育

indispensable / ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl /adj. 不可缺少的

presidential / ˌprezɪˈdenʃl /adj. 总统的;首长的

squeeze / skwiːz /v. 挤;紧握;压榨

stimulate / ˈstɪmjuleɪt /v. 刺激;鼓舞,激励

subsidy / ˈsʌbsədi /n. 补贴;津贴;补助金

supplement / ˈsʌplɪment /v. 增补,补充

upheaval / ʌpˈhiːvl /n. 剧变;动乱

难句解读

(1) Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?

[句型分析] 本句以冒号为界,分为两部分,两个部分均为复合句。冒号之前主干部分为Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one,从句为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词one;冒号之后主干部分为What happens,从句为when引导的时间状语从句。

[整句翻译] 中产阶级面临的各种恼人的问题之中,有一个很可能在下一任总统选举中也不会被提到:如果机器人取代了他们的工作怎么办?

(2) Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.

[句型分析] 本句为并列句,由连词yet连接。逗号前的分句主干为Technology will improve society,其后是方式状语in ways,省略连词的定语从句big and small over the next few years修饰先行词ways;逗号后的分句中,主干为this will be little comfort to those,其后是定语从句who find their lives and careers upended by automation,修饰先行词those。

[整句翻译] 在未来的几年中,技术将以或大或小的方式改良社会,然而这对于那些发觉自己的生活与工作被自动化所颠覆的人们而言却绝非易事。

结构译文

[21] 中产阶级面临的各种恼人的问题之中,有一个很可能在下一任总统选举中也不会被提到:如果机器人取代了他们的工作怎么办?

第一段引出话题,指出中产阶级面临被机器人顶替工作的挑战。

[21] 不能完全排除这个可能。根据牛津大学的一项研究,美国约有一半的工作面临被自动化的高风险,而中产阶级将会遭到严重排挤。像园丁和日间托管这样低收入的工作对机器人并没有吸引力,但是很多中产阶级的职业——货车运输、金融顾问、软件工程师——已经引起或者很快会引起它们的兴趣。 富人是机器人的主人,所以他们会平安无事。

第二段承接上文,具体分析并解释了为何中产阶级是首先及主要受到冲击的阶层。

这并不是小题大做。乐观主义者指出,技术进步曾让工人们受益。对于被机器织布机剥夺了工作的卢德分子而言,工业革命并不是那么美妙的,但它最终还是提高了人们的生活水平,创造的就业岗位也比破坏的还要多。同理,自动化最终也会推动生产力的发展,通过降低物价、刺激需求,将工人们从繁重、枯燥的工作中解放出来。但是在中期阶段,中产阶级的工人们需要很多帮助才能适应这一过程。

第三段回顾历史,以既往的工业革命类比现在的情况,指出虽然技术进步最终是有益于社会的,但其间的调整需要相应的政策支持。

[22] 首先,正如埃里克·布朗约弗森和安德鲁·迈克菲在《第二次机器革命》中所提出的,应该重新规划教育和职业培训。 [23] 从文法中学到大学的课程都应该逐渐改变,减少事实记忆,而更多地强调创造力和复杂的交流。职业学校应该更好地培养解决问题的能力,并帮助学生与机器人协同工作。 在线教育应成为传统教育的补充,能够让人们负担得起额外的培训和指导。想要掌握新技能的专业人士将能够在不负债的情况下实现这一诉求。

第四段至第六段分别从教育、企业活力和税收等方面提出了作者应对自动化所带来的各种挑战的建议。

[22] 应对自动化的挑战格外需要美国重振其日渐衰退的经济活力: 开创新公司应该更加便利。在以往技术迅猛革新的时代,企业家们依靠构想将人工与机器相结合实现了平稳过渡。3D打印和虚拟现实尚未得到最佳的应用。美国需要能开创这些技术使用方法的新企业。

[22] [24] 最后,由于自动化可能会加大资本收入与劳动者收入之间的差距,税收和安全保障体系将不得不重新规划。 需要削减低收入工人的纳税,并应该加大劳动所得税抵扣等工资补贴:这样做将增加收入、刺激就业、奖励创造就业机会的企业,并减少不公。

在未来的几年中,技术将以或大或小的方式改良社会,然而这对于那些发觉自己的生活与工作被自动化所颠覆的人们而言却绝非易事。把取代人类工作的机器毁掉绝非理智之举,但是帮助工人来适应(形势)的政策将是必不可少的。

最后一段总结全文,再次强调政府应该积极应对自动化可能带来的问题。

本文选自Bloomberg,原文的标题为Robots Versus the Middle Class(《机器人和中产阶级的对峙》)。

Text 2

考点解析

26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on ______.

[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice

[B] people’s preference for social media platforms

[C] the administration’s ability to handle information

[D] social media as a reliable source of news

根据第一段和第二段,很多美国年轻人质疑______。

[A] 筛选新闻这一做法的公正性

[B] 人们对社交媒体平台的偏爱

[C] 管理机构处理信息的能力

[D] 作为新闻可靠来源的社交媒体

[答案定位] 由题干中的Paragraphs 1 and 2定位至前两段,再由关键词young Americans和doubts进一步定位至第二段第二句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。文章第一段提到,美国的年轻人不赞同总统经常通过推特发布消息,而第二段第二句指出人们对各类媒体的态度是distrust,这是题干关键词doubts的同义词,随后指出人们在努力提升自己的媒体素养。而第二段最后一句引用一项调查说明,将近一半的用户不相信脸书发布的消息,可见,年轻人质疑的是社交媒体能否作为新闻的可靠来源,故选项[D]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 根据前两段可知,文章提到了读者对新闻真假的甄别能力,并没有从新闻发布方和管理方的角度讨论新闻筛选或信息处理的话题,故选项[A]“筛选新闻这一做法的公正性”和[C]“管理机构处理信息的能力”与原文不符,均可排除;由第二段第一句可知,人们越来越依赖社交媒体,但文章并没有说明年轻人对这一点的态度,故选项[B]“人们对社交媒体平台的偏爱”也应排除。

27. The phrase “beef up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______.

[A] sharpen

[B] define

[C] boast

[D] share

短语“beef up”(第二段,第二行)在意义上最接近______。

[A] 加强

[B] 定义

[C] 自夸

[D] 分享

[答案定位] 由题干提示和关键词beef up定位于第二段第二句。

[答案精析] 语义理解题。第二段开头指出,人们一方面越来越依赖社交媒体来了解新闻信息,另一方面对各种媒体的信任度下降,而beef up的宾语为media literacy skills,其意义与新闻甄别能力有关,因此应该是提高新闻真实性的分辨能力,各选项中只有选项[A]“加强”与此意义相近,故[A]为答案。

[错项排除] 选项[C]“自夸”带有贬义,与作者论述的立场不符,可先排除;选项[D]“分享”与其后的宾语media literacy skills无法构成合理搭配,也应排除;文章并非说明性或学术性的文章,并没有讨论media literacy skills的含义,因此选项[B]“定义”应该排除。

28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people ______.

[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace

[B] verify news by referring to diverse sources

[C] have a strong sense of responsibility

[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

根据奈特基金会的调查,年轻人______。

[A] 往往在网络世界中发表自己的见解

[B] 通过参考各种来源以核实新闻

[C] 有十分强烈的责任感

[D] 喜欢针对“分布式信任”交流意见

[答案定位] 根据题干关键词Knight Foundation survey定位至第三段第二句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第三段第二句提到,奈特基金会所做的调查是针对14岁至24岁的年轻人开展的,这些年轻人使用“分布式信任”来验证新闻的虚实,随后一句提到,这些年轻人喜欢交叉核验新闻来源和视角比较开放的新闻报道,选项[B]“通过参考各种来源以核实新闻”符合题意,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[A]曲解了第三段第一句,原文是说年轻人在网络世界中甄别新闻真伪的能力增强了,而没有讨论他们是否喜欢在网络上发表意见,故选项[A]可排除;选项[C]属于断章取义,第三段最后一句说,年轻人觉得自己有责任进行自我教育,而选项[C]的说法过于笼统,故排除;选项[D]误解了第三段第二句,distributed trust是验证新闻真实性的方法,而不是说年轻人针对“分布式信任”发表看法,故选项[D]不符合原文,应排除。

29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is ______.

[A] readers’ outdated values

[B] journalists’ biased reporting

[C] readers’ misinterpretation

[D] journalists’ made-up stories

巴纳调查发现,虚假新闻问题的一个主要原因是______。

[A] 读者过时的价值观

[B] 记者偏颇的报道

[C] 读者的错误解读

[D] 记者编造的新闻

[答案定位] 由题干中的关键词Barna survey和main cause定位到第五段第三句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第五段第三句指出,巴纳研究中心的调查发现,美国人提出的虚假新闻问题的原因中,名列首位的是“读者错误(reader error)”,而随后第四句解释“读者错误”就是对真实新闻的错误解读或夸大(misinterpretation or exaggeration),可见选项[C]符合文意,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 读者的价值观是否过时,在原文中并没有提及,故排除选项[A]“读者过时的价值观”;第五段第三句指出,虚假新闻现象的罪魁祸首是“读者错误”,而非虚构的新闻报道或报道中的事实性错误,因此选项[B]“记者偏颇的报道”和选项[D]“记者编造的新闻”与原文不符,故均应排除。

30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media

[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests

以下哪一项可以作为本文的最佳标题?

[A] 批判性地分享网络新闻的技巧在不断提升

[B] 反对过度使用推特的趋势

[C] 社交媒体上相互信任的积累

[D] 彰显个人兴趣的平台

[答案定位] 本题要求选择本篇文章的标题,因此需要通读全文。

[答案精析] 主旨大意题。文章开篇提出话题,以美国年轻人对总统使用推特发布官方消息的反感引出对社交媒体和新闻真实性的讨论;第二段引用调查数据,说明人们对媒体的信任度下降,虚假新闻泛滥;第三段和第四段讨论了年轻人通过提高甄别技巧来应对虚假新闻问题,以及这种探索带来的益处;第五段分析了虚假新闻现象的主要原因,指出读者的错误解读是罪魁祸首;最后一段总结全文,指出年轻人对总统过度使用推特的指责体现了其思考能力方面的心智训练。由此可见,本文讨论了人们对社交媒体的批判性态度,在分享网络新闻时更加注重核实新闻真假,故选项[A]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 除了开头和结尾,文章其他部分并没有专门提及推特的使用问题,因此选项[B]“反对过度使用推特的趋势”不是文章论述的重点,应排除;根据第二段第二句所述,人们对各类媒体的信任度都在下降,文章也没有提到人们是否能通过社交媒体建立起相互信任,因此选项[C]“社交媒体上相互信任的积累”也不符合原文,应排除;选项[D]“彰显个人兴趣的平台”说法过于笼统,而本项的关键词projection of interests也仅仅是在第五段第一句出现过一次,并不是全文中心,故也应排除。

词汇笔记

beef up 加强;增援

bias / ˈbaɪəs /n. 偏见;偏爱

conscious / ˈkɒnʃəs /adj. 意识到的;故意的

disapprove / ˌdɪsəˈpruːv /v. 不赞成;不同意

distribute / dɪˈstrɪbjuːt /v. 分配;散布

exaggeration / ɪɡˌzædʒəˈreɪʃn /n. 夸张,夸大之词

intimately / ˈɪntɪmətli /adv. 熟悉地;亲切地

perspective / pəˈspektɪv /n. 观点;远景

reliance / rɪˈlaɪəns /n. 依赖;信赖

seek out 找出;搜出

verify / ˈverɪfaɪ /v. 核实;查证

难句解读

(1) A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.

[句型分析] 本句为复合句,主句为A survey by Barna research group found...,其中by Barna research group作主语的后置定语,谓语动词found之后是省略了that的宾语从句。该宾语从句的主语是the top reason,其后的过去分词短语given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon作后置定语。

[整句翻译] 巴纳研究所做的一项调查发现,美国人认为虚假新闻现象的罪魁祸首是“读者错误”,而非虚构的新闻报道或报道中的事实性错误。

(2) So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media.

[句型分析] 本句为主从复合句。开头为when引导的时间状语从句,本句的主干为they reveal a mental discipline,其后是由and连接的并列状语,在第二个并列部分中,when to share on social media作介词on的宾语,相当于一个宾语从句。

[整句翻译] 所以,当年轻人批评过度使用推特的总统时,他们展现出思考能力方面的心智训练,以及在选择何时通过社交媒体分享消息的心智训练。

结构译文

哈佛大学一项新的调查发现,超过三分之二的美国青年不赞成特朗普总统使用推特。这表明千禧一代希望白宫的新闻通过其他途径筛选后发布,而不是通过总统的社交媒体平台。

第一段引出话题:美国的年轻人不赞成总统过度使用推特发布官方消息。

很多美国人都依赖社交媒体查看每日头条。然而,[26] [27] 随着人们对各类媒体的信任逐渐缺失,人们开始提升自己的媒体素养。这种趋势似为形势所需。 根据牛津大学的数据,2016年总统竞选期间,在具有重要政治意义的密歇根州,推特用户所分享的网络内容中有四分之一都是虚假消息。[26] 而BuzzFeed新闻进行的一项调查发现,有44%的脸书用户极少或从不相信脸书这一传媒巨头发布的消息。

第二段引用调查数据,说明社交媒体新闻的真实性和可信度存在问题。

生于数字时代的年轻人越来越擅长辨别网络世界中的真假消息。[28] 奈特基金会的专题调查以14~24岁的年轻人为对象,调查发现他们使用“分布式信任”来验证新闻报道的虚实。他们交叉核验信息来源,喜欢包含不同视角的报道——特别是那些对于各种意见都持开放态度的新闻。 该调查总结道“很多年轻人对进行自我教育抱有很强的责任感,并积极寻求反面意见。”

第三段指出现在的年轻人对网络新闻的甄别技巧提升了。

这样积极的研究可能有另外一重影响。2014年,由威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校在澳大利亚、英国和美国开展的一项调查发现,年轻人对于社交媒体的依赖会让他们更多地参与政治。

第四、五段以调查研究的结果说明,虚假新闻的问题大都是由读者的错误解读引起的。

社交媒体让用户们更近距离和及时地了解新闻事件,同时也允许他们转发和分享新闻,来表达自己的价值观和兴趣爱好。这要求用户更加留意自己在信息传递中所扮演的角色。[29] 巴纳研究所做的一项调查发现,美国人认为虚假新闻现象的罪魁祸首是“读者错误”,而非虚构的新闻报道或报道中的事实性错误。 大约三分之一的人称,虚假新闻的问题在于通过社交媒体“错误解读或夸大事实真相”。换言之,在社交媒体上分享新闻可能是问题的关键。“这表明解决这个问题确实需要个人责任,”巴纳研究所的总编罗克珊·斯通说。

所以,当年轻人批评过度使用推特的总统时,他们展现出思考能力方面的心智训练,以及在选择何时通过社交媒体分享消息的心智训练。

第六段总结上文,指出年轻人反对总统过度使用推特体现了思考能力的心智训练。

本文选自2017年4月的The Christian Science Monitor(《基督教科学箴言报》),原文题为A rise in critical skills for sharing news online(《人们批判性地分享网络新闻的技巧在不断提升》)

Text 3

考点解析

31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?

[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.

[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights.

[C] It fell short of the latter’s expectations.

[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

有关英国国民健康服务与深度思想公司之间的协议,哪一项是正确的?

[A] 它引发了科技巨头之间的冲突。

[B] 它未能对病患的权利予以足够的重视。

[C] 它未能达到后者的预期。

[D] 它将双方都置于危险境地。

[答案定位] 由题干中的关键词agreement和NHS and DeepMind定位至第一段第一句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。文章开头提到了英国国民健康服务与深度思想公司之间是有协定的,而第一段最后一句指出,信息官员做出有罪裁决,是因为两者之间的协定对病患权益和隐私权的考虑不够充分,故选项[B]正确。

[错项排除] 选项[A]是对原文第一段中it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants的曲解,文章的原意是将人工智能引入医疗行业可能会引起科技巨头势力的集中,故排除选项[A] ;文章并没有提到双方对这项协定的预期,因此选项[C]没有依据,应排除;虽然第二段提到双方都就裁定采取了一些应对措施,但是并没有提到情况已经到危险的程度,故选项[D]也应排除。

32. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with ______.

[A] empty promises

[B] tough resistance

[C] necessary adjustments

[D] sincere apologies

英国国民健康基金会对德纳姆的裁决的回应是______。

[A] 空洞的承诺

[B] 顽固的抵制

[C] 必要的调整

[D] 郑重的道歉

[答案定位] 由题干关键词NHS trust responded定位于第二段第二句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第二段第二句指出,在德纳姆宣布裁决之后,英国国民健康服务基金会已经改善了其工作方式,两者之间今后的协定会受到严格审核,可见国民健康基金会应对裁决的回应就是对此进行一些必要的调整,故选项[C]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 原文并没有提及英国国民健康服务基金会做出空洞的承诺,故选项[A]应排除;从定位句可以看出,国民健康服务基金会和深度思想公司对于裁决都是采取较为积极的改进态度,并未抵制,故排除选项[B] ;第二段第一句说到深度思想公司表示歉意,但并未提到国民健康服务基金会是否道歉,故排除选项[D] 。

33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that ______.

[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs

[B] leaking patients’ data is worse than selling it

[C] making profits from patients’ data is illegal

[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it

作者在第二段中指出______。

[A] 必须不惜一切代价保护个人隐私

[B] 泄露个人信息比出售信息更糟糕

[C] 利用病患数据获利是违法的

[D] 数据的价值来自于对它的处理

[答案定位] 根据题干提示很容易定位至第二段。

[答案精析] 推理判断题。第二段倒数第二句提到,德纳姆认为主要责任在英国国民健康服务基金会,因为它“掌控”数据,而深度思想公司只是“处理”这些数据。最后一句是作者的看法:令数据产生价值的是对数据信息的处理与整合,而不仅仅是占有。选项[D]的表述与之相吻合,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 文章并未提到必须不惜一切代价保护个人隐私,故排除选项[A] ;文章并未把泄露个人信息和出售个人信息的严重性加以比较,也并直接表明利用病患数据获利是违法的,所以选项[B] 、[C]也应排除。

34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is ______.

[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas

[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law

[C] the uncontrolled use of new software

[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants

根据最后一段,这桩交易引发的真正担忧在于______。

[A] 大型制药企业间的恶性竞争

[B] 隐私法无法得以有效执行

[C] 新软件无节制的使用

[D] 科技巨头对大数据的垄断

[答案定位] 由题干提示词和关键词real worry定位于最后一段第二句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。最后一段第二句指出,隐私法不足以消除人们的担忧,而第四句指出真正的问题在于,私人垄断企业利用公共数据来开发由他们独占的运算模型,可见作者认为真正应该担忧的是科技巨头对数据的垄断,选项[D]符合题意,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 最后一段第五句虽然提到了big pharma,但并没有提到它们之间是否会有恶性竞争,故选项[A]与原文不符,可排除;由最后一段第一句可知,隐私法不足以遏制科技巨头,但是这并不等于隐私法无法得以有效实施,因此选项[B]曲解原文,也排除;最后一段第五句虽然提到了软件,但是只是把软件和药品做类比,并没有提及是否无节制使用的问题,故选项[C]也应排除。

35. The author’s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is ______.

[A] ambiguous

[B] cautious

[C] appreciative

[D] contemptuous

对于医疗行业使用人工智能,作者的态度是______。

[A] 模糊的

[B] 谨慎的

[C] 欣赏的

[D] 轻蔑的

[答案定位] 根据题干提示和议论文的结构,作者的观点及态度会较常出现于文章的首尾部分。

[答案精析] 观点态度题。文章开篇第一句就指出,英国国民健康服务与人工智能公司深度思想之间的协定并不是恶意的,可见作者对人工智能应用于医疗行业并没有持反感态度;文章最后一段最后三句说到,在改革初期,任何微小的决定都可能产生重大后果,作者还指出德纳姆的裁决是好的开端,说明作者不反对医疗行业使用人工智能,但由于是改革初期,并且存在产生负面后果的可能,所以应该格外谨慎,可见选项[B]最能概括作者的态度,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 作者在文章开头和结尾部分都明确地表达了对这件事的看法和态度,所以选项[A]对作者态度的概括不准确,应排除;在文章结尾处,作者提出在改革初期微小的决定也可能产生重大后果,并认为德纳姆的态度是可取的,可见他不是无条件赞成人工智能在医疗保健行业的应用,故选项[C]也不符合原文,应排除;作者在文章中以英国国民健康服务与深度思想公司之间的合约为例,深入探讨了人工智能应用于医疗保健行业可能引发的问题,但是并没有表达出任何轻蔑和鄙视的态度,因此选项[D]也应排除。

词汇笔记

acknowledge / əkˈnɒlɪdʒ /v. 承认;答谢

aggregation / ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn /n. 聚合,聚集

algorithm /ˈælɡərɪðəm/n. 算法,运算法则

artificial / ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl /adj. 虚伪的;仿造的;人造的

blame / bleɪm /n. 责任;过失;责备

commissioner / kəˈmɪʃənə(r) /n. 理事;委员

consent to 同意;赞成

curb / kɜːb /v. 控制;勒住

feudalism / ˈfjuːdəlɪzəm /n. 封建主义;封建制度

gigantic / dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk /adj. 巨大的,庞大的

identifiable / aɪˌdentɪˈfaɪəbl /adj. 可辨认的;可认明的

maladapted / ˌmæləˈdæptɪd /adj. 不适应的

monopoly / məˈnɒpəli /n. 垄断;垄断者

scrutinise / ˈskruːtənaɪz /v. 细看;仔细观察/检查

surveillance / sɜːˈveɪləns /n. 监督;监视

verdict / ˈvɜːdɪkt /n. 结论;裁定

难句解读

(1) It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free Hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.

[句型分析] 本句为复合句。主句是一个强调句,强调的是介宾短语against that background,第一个which引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明先行词the NHS,而该从句中又包含一个限制性定语从句which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy,修饰限定先行词agreement。

[整句翻译] 正是考虑到防止这种状况的发生,英国信息官员伊丽莎白·德纳姆对国民健康服务旗下的皇家自由医院做出了有罪裁定,它于2015年根据一份含糊的协定将160万名患者的记录交托于深度思想,该协定严重忽视了患者的权益以及他们对隐私的期望。

(2) If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected tobehave as a big pharma has done.

[句型分析] 本句为多重复合句。第一重主从结构中的从句为if引导的条件状语从句,而其中又包含定语从句that drugs now can,修饰先行词scale;第一重主从结构中的主句为big data may be expected to behave,而其后是方式状语从句as a big pharm has done。

[整句翻译] 如果软件能像药品一样大规模拯救生命的话,大数据则有望发挥大药厂的作用。

结构译文

[31] [35] 要想公正地评估英国国民健康服务与深度思想公司之间的协定,必须首先意识到双方都是善意的。 深度思想是世界领先的人工智能公司之一。将人工智能应用于医疗行业的潜力巨大,但它也有可能导致科技巨头的势力进一步集中。正是考虑到防止这种状况的发生,英国信息官员伊丽莎白·德纳姆对国民健康服务旗下的皇家自由医院做出了有罪裁定,[31] 它于2015年根据一份含糊的协定将160万名患者的记录交托于深度思想,该协定严重忽视了患者的权益以及他们对隐私的期望。

第一段引出话题,由英国国民健康服务和深度思想公司之间的协定引出对病患隐私保护的思考,并进行总体陈述。

[32] 深度思想已经表示歉意。英国国民健康服务基金会已经改进了其工作方式。国民健康服务基金会和深度思想今后的安排——可能会非常多——将会受到严格审核,以确保在必要的时刻获得病患的准许并删除所有不必要的数据。 有关病患知情同意权,许多教训需要吸取。但是在此次事件中,个人隐私并不是唯一的角度,甚至不是最为重要的。[33] 德纳姆女士将主要责任归咎于英国国民健康服务基金会,因为在现行法律之下,它“掌控”数据,而深度思想则只是“处理”数据。但是这种区分遗漏了一点:令数据产生价值的是处理与整合,而不仅仅是占有。

第二段介绍该事件中各方的反应,深度思想公司和英国国民健康服务基金采取的相关举措,以及德纳姆的观点。

重要的问题在于,到底谁应该从公众的生活健康数据分析中受益。隐私法的概念建立在对个人身份可识别信息造成的危害之上。这忽略了监管经济运作的方式。个人数据只有在与无数人的数据相比较时,才能获得自身价值。

第三段在德纳姆分析的基础上,引出作者对其看法的批判性意见。

在这种情况下,用隐私法来遏制科技巨头略显力不从心。[34] 这种做法并未真正消除人们的担忧。现在还不能说深度思想所开发的算法将会令病患受益以及拯救生命。问题在于这些算法属于一个私人垄断企业,而它开发使用的是公共资源。 如果软件能像药品一样大规模拯救生命的话,大数据则有望发挥大药厂的作用。[35] 我们还处于改革的起步阶段,现在一个小小的选择以后都可能会产生重大的后果。若想要避免未来出现数字封建主义,还需要进行长期的努力。德纳姆女士的裁决是一个良好的开始。

第四段继续上段的分析,阐述这一事件背后的深层意义和影响,指出大数据时代改革的必要性,反映出作者对此事的谨慎态度。

本文选自2017年7月的The Guardian(《卫报》),原文题为The Guardian view on patient data: we need a better approach(《<卫报>对于患者数据的看法:我们需要更好的处理方法》)。

Text 4

考点解析

36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by ______.

[A] its unbalanced budget

[B] its rigid management

[C] the cost for technical upgrading

[D] the withdrawal of bank support

引起美国邮政服务经济问题的部分原因是______。

[A] 不平衡的收支

[B] 僵硬的管理方式

[C] 技术升级的开销

[D] 银行撤回其支持

[答案定位] 根据题干关键词financial problem和USPS定位于文章第一段第二句,该句中提到的net loss与题干关键词financial problem意义相同。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第一段第二句提到,美国邮政服务在2016年的净损失额达56个亿,并指出这是它连续第十个年头出现财政赤字了。随后的两句也说到了其巨额债务的主要构成。而第五句分析了这种现象出现的根本原因,就是社会科技的发展和其监管构架缺乏灵活性,其中第二点原因与选项[B]所说的“僵硬的管理方式”吻合,故选项[B]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 从原文可知,财政收支不平衡是经济问题的表现,并非其原因,因此选项[A]“不平衡的收支”不合题意,故排除;第一段第五句虽然提到了科技发展,但这是指社会整体的技术进步,而不是邮政系统自己的技术升级,选项[C]“技术升级的开销”不符合原文,应排除;选项[D]“银行撤回其支持”在文中并没有提及,故也可排除。

37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to ______.

[A] the interference from interest groups

[B] the inadequate funding from Congress

[C] the shrinking demand for postal service

[D] the incompetence of postal unions

根据第二段,美国邮政服务不能实现自身现代化的原因是______。

[A] 利益群体的干涉

[B] 国会资金不足

[C] 邮政服务需求的萎缩

[D] 邮政工会能力不足

[答案定位] 根据题干提示和关键词fails to modernize,分别定位至第二段第一句和第二句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第二段首句说到,相关的利益群体为了保障自己的既得利益不受改革的任何影响,一再向国会施压,而随后的第二句指出,这正是改革屡屡受挫的原因,导致美国邮政服务无法实现重要的现代化进程,可见选项[A]“利益群体的干涉”符合题意,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 文中虽然说到利益群体对国会施压,但是并没有说这是因为资金问题,因此选项[B]“国会资金不足”没有原文依据,应排除;选项[C]“邮政服务需求的萎缩”是作者在第一段对美国邮政服务面临困境的原因进行分析时提出的一个主要因素,但是这并不是美国邮政无法实现自身现代化的原因,因此选项[C]应排除;美国邮政工会的能力是否不足,原文没有提及,故选项[D]也应排除。

38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by ______.

[A] removing its burden of retiree health care

[B] making more investment in new vehicles

[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism

[D] attracting more first-class mail users

解决美国邮政服务及其工会的长期困扰的方式是______。

[A] 摆脱其退休人员医疗保健的负担

[B] 加大对新运输车辆的投资

[C] 引入一种上调资费的新机制

[D] 吸引更多的普通邮件客户

[答案定位] 根据题干关键词the long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions和 addressed可定位至第三段最后一句。

[答案精析] 细节理解题。第三段最后一句提到,后一措施将大幅度削减退休人员的医保融资的经济负担,因此也就解决了美国邮政及其工会的长期困扰。而根据原文的指代关系,所谓的后一措施,是指第三段第三句后半部分提到的将邮政退休人员移交至联邦医疗保险体系,这与选项[A]“摆脱其退休人员医疗保健的负担”相吻合,因此选项[A]为正确答案。

[错项排除] 选项[B]“加大对新运输车辆的投资”在第三段第二句中虽然提及,但它只是新提案为邮政服务节省的开支,可以用来进行的投资,故应排除;文中提到的每封邮件收费上调机制是邮政服务积累资金的一种方式,这与邮政和工会的长期困扰无关,故选项[C]“引入一种上调资费的新机制”不合题意;第一段说到普通邮件业务大幅减少,是科技进步的结果,在本段中并没有说要重新吸引这类用户,故选项[D]“吸引更多的普通邮件客户”在原文中没有依据,也应排除。

39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with ______.

[A] respect

[B] tolerance

[C] discontent

[D] gratitude

在最后一段中,作者对立法者的看法似乎是______。

[A] 尊重

[B] 容忍

[C] 不满

[D] 感激

[答案定位] 根据题干提示和关键词legislators可定位至最后一段的最后两句。

[答案精析] 观点态度题。定位句指出,这一法案只能说明美国邮政服务的崩溃状态让立法者们感到困窘,而并不能说明他们认真对待改革,以实现美国邮政系统的重生,可见作者对立法者们在此事上的态度并不认可,因此选项[C]“不满”与原文意思相符,为正确答案。

[错项排除] 文中结尾部分提到,改革举措在众议院没有获得通过,邮政服务体系的短期崩溃让立法者们在政治上很窘迫,但他们并没有严肃对待邮政服务的改革,这些言辞都流露出作者对立法者们的不满,因此选项[A] 、[B] 、[D]不符合文章的感情色彩,可排除。

40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days

[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese

[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure

[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid

以下哪一项可作为文章的最佳标题?

[A] 美国邮政服务开始怀念它过去的黄金岁月

[B] 邮政服务:别碰我的奶酪

[C] 美国邮政服务:慢性病需要快速救治

[D] 邮政服务需要的不仅仅是权宜之计

[答案定位] 本题要求考生判断文章的最佳标题,需结合全文的行文思路及主旨来解答。

[答案精析] 主旨大意题。本文开篇使用一系列数字,说明美国邮政服务现在所面临的严重经济问题,随后简要分析了这一经济问题的直接原因,即社会科技发展导致对普通邮件的需求减少及其僵硬的管理模式。第二段承接上文第二点原因,指出不符合现状的管理模式之所以难以改变,是因为受到相关利益群体的干涉,随后,作者指出各利益群体初步达成共识,并介绍了减轻经济负担、节约成本的措施。最后一段是作者对这个所谓的共识的分析和批判,他指出这个提案要想获得通过,或许困难重重。综合来看,这篇文章是围绕美国邮政服务的经济问题及其解决方法展开的,问题并不仅仅是权宜之计就可以解决的,需要从体制上进行改革,选项[D]的概括与文章大意相符,故为正确答案。

[错项排除] 文章没有提到美国邮政怀念昔日辉煌,选项[A]不符合原文,可排除;keep away from my cheese的意思是不得触碰其利益,而本文提到邮政服务行业现代化进程受阻的原因就是受到各利益团体的干涉,但它只是邮政服务业经济问题的原因之一,无法概括文章主题,故选项[B]排除;文章虽然谈到了美国邮政存在体制上的问题,并因此引发了经济问题,但是并没有提到这个弊病是否需要快速整治,因此选项[C]与原文不符,也可排除。

词汇笔记

adjust / əˈdʒʌst /v. 调整,校准;适应

bleed / bliːd /v. 流血;渗出

consensus / kənˈsensəs /n. 一致看法;共识

defer / dɪˈfɜː(r) /v. 推迟;延期

eliminate / ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt /v. 消除;排除

exceed / ɪkˈsiːd /v. 超过;胜过

fiscal / ˈfɪskl /a. 会计的;财政的

legislation / ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn /n. 立法;法律

minimum / ˈmɪnɪməm /n. 最小值;最低限度

omission / əˈmɪʃn /n. 疏忽,遗漏;省略

permanent / ˈpɜːmənənt /a. 永久的,永恒的;不变的

revenue / ˈrevənjuː /n. 总收入

squeeze / skwiːz /n. 压榨;紧握;拮据

ultimate / ˈʌltɪmət /a. 最终的;极限的

难句解读

(1) Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.

[句型分析] 本句主干是the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change...and a regulatory structure...,而介词结构between...and连接的两个名词短语之后均有一个定语从句,第一个从句是that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail,第二个从句是that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality。

[整句翻译] 从根本上讲,美国邮政服务受到了科技发展和其监管构架的双重历史性冲击:科技发展永久性地削减了人们对其支柱产品(即普通邮件)的需求,其监管构架使其经营缺乏灵活性,无法根据新的现状灵活调整运营方式。

(2) And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.

[句型分析] 本句为多重复合句。主句为interest groups...exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer,第一重从句是that引导的宾语从句,而其中又包含了一个条件状语从句whatever else happens to the Postal Service,在其后的分句中又包含一个省略了引导词的定语从句they depend on,修饰限定名词status quo。

[整句翻译] 而相关的利益群体,从邮政工会到贺卡厂商,都因自身利益而向美国邮政服务的终极监管者——国会——施压,坚持要求无论美国邮政服务出什么状况,他们所依赖现状的各个方面都要得到保护。

结构译文

美国邮政服务继续保持赤字。[36] 2016财政年底,其报告净损失额达到56亿美元,连续十年入不敷出。同时,它还背负着无资金准备的债务1200多亿美元,其中大部分是其员工医疗和养老方面的花费。有很多分支机构倒闭。从根本上讲,美国邮政服务受到了科技发展和其监管构架的双重历史性冲击:科技发展永久性地削减了人们对其支柱产品(即普通邮件)的需求,其监管构架使其经营缺乏灵活性,无法根据新的现状灵活调整运营方式。

第一段引出话题,使用一系列数字说明美国邮政服务现在所面临的严重的经济问题,并简单分析了问题的直接原因。

[37] 而相关的利益群体,从邮政工会到贺卡厂商,都因自身利益而向美国邮政服务的终极监管者——国会——施压,坚持要求无论美国邮政服务出什么状况,他们所依赖现状的各个方面都要得到保护。这就是近年来试图改革的法案屡次受挫的原因,它导致美国邮政服务无力偿付其债务,只能推迟至关重要的现代化进程。

第二段指出,美国邮政服务不符合现状的管理模式难以改变,是因为受到相关利益群体的干涉。

现在有消息称,相关各方——民主党、共和党、邮政服务、工会以及该体系最主要的客户——终于就修整这一系统的计划达成了共识。这份已递交众议院的法案预计在五年内将为美国邮政服务节约286亿美元的开支,而这笔资金可以花在购置新的车辆等一系列求生措施上。[38] 大部分资金可以通过将每封邮件的固定费用上调一美分以及将邮政退休人员移交至联邦医疗保险体系来实现。后一措施将大幅度削减每年给退休人员预付的医疗保健费用,因此解决了美国邮政服务及其工会的长期困扰。

第三段继续前文话题,指出各利益群体初步达成共识,即一致同意修复邮政体系。

此举措如果在众议院得以通过,也仍需获得参议院的批准——而参议院一定会有人指出这充其量也就是保持邮政业务运转的基本条件,而不是全面改革。这不仅对美国邮政服务的劳资谈判并无动摇,而且未能考虑到员工开销占该机构花销的80%这一事实。同时该举措也未对取消周六信件投递业务进行探讨。取消周六信件投递业务这项符合常理的变化获得了公众的广泛支持,并将每年为美国邮政服务节省20亿美元的开支。但是一些邮政系统的特殊利益群体似乎扼杀了这一条,至少是在众议院提案时否定了该提议。[39] 围绕这一法案渐趋一致的看法似乎表明,立法者们越来越担心美国邮政服务的短期崩溃让他们在政治上感到困窘。但这并不能说明他们正在认真对待改革这件事,来使邮政系统满足21世纪的要求。

第四段是作者对这个共识的分析和批判,作者对改革措施表现出不乐观的态度。

本文选自2017年2月的The Washington Post(《华盛顿邮报》),原文题为The Postal Service needs more than a Band-Aid(《邮政服务需要的不仅仅是权宜之计》)

Part B

试题分析

题型综述

2018年的阅读Part B新题型部分是一篇关于社会文化生活的文章,主要介绍了艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的建设历史。本题考查的形式是选择搭配之段落排序题,全文共有七个段落且顺序完全被打乱,其中两个段落的位置已经给出,要求考生将其余的五个段落按照逻辑关系重新排序,从而形成一篇条理清晰、表达流畅的文章。

解题思路

1. 快速浏览全文,把握文章大意,尤其关注已标出位置的段落在文章中的顺序,因为已标位置的段落是进行其他段落排序的切入点,可以先判断出这两个段落前后的选项。

2. 从分析已标位置的段落入手,重点关注其首尾句意义,找出段中的关键词,如代词、表示客观描述和主观评价的动词和形容词以及各类暗示逻辑关系的连接词。

3. 通过关键词和篇章连贯的逻辑线索,参照已给出位置的段落,选择其余段落排序。

4. 快速通读初步排序的文章,注意各段的首尾连接和语义的逻辑承递关系,及时调整表达不顺或者意义不连贯的段落顺序。

5. 通读全文,确定最终顺序。应以阅读正常文章的连贯思维来理解全文,这样才能做出正确的判断。

选项分析

全文共有七个段落,其中段落[C]和[F]的位置已经给出,需要选择排序的段落共有五个。对于各个段落分析如下:

选项[A]

[答题关键] 本段出现了两个日期,即In December of 1869和in June of 1871,其他段落中有些也出现了日期,可初步推想文章可能是按时间顺序排列的。另外,本段句首提到了“为新的办公楼选址、制定计划并估算成本(select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building)”,按照逻辑上文可能提及了旧的办公楼。

[段落大意] 美国国会委派了一个委员会来为艾森豪威尔行政办公楼选址、制定计划并估算成本,并选中了阿尔弗雷德·穆莱特的设计。

选项 [B]

[答题关键] 本段出现了三个日期:in 1875、in 1876和in 1879,对前后文有一定的提示作用。另外,本段提及了国务院大楼南翼的完工、投入使用等,前文应该提及了该办公楼的动工情况。

[段落大意] 国务院大楼南翼最先投入使用,海军部于1879年搬入大楼东翼,两个楼的部长办公室都装饰豪华。

选项 [C]

[答题关键] 本段的位置已经给出,因此对本段的分析和理解对于该段前后段落的选择至关重要。本段首句中的The State, War, and Navy Building与选项[E]中的the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments相互呼应。

[段落大意] 艾森豪威尔行政办公楼容纳了美国当时与外交政策的制定和实施最密切相关的三个行政部门,并见证了美国崛起成为世界大国。

选项 [D]

[答题关键] 本段首句是中心句,列举了一些曾在艾森豪威尔行政办公楼工作或参与了在大楼里发生的历史事件的著名历史人物。其中的historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls与[B]段结尾处的elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary中的wall(s)为原词复现。

[段落大意] 很多著名的历史人物曾在艾森豪威尔行政办公楼工作或参与了在大楼里发生的历史事件。

选项 [E]

[答题关键] 文章多个段落都出现了EEOB这一简称,而本段是唯一出现全称的段落——The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB),对其他简称的段落起统领作用。

[段落大意] 艾森豪威尔行政办公楼在美国历史上和建筑遗产中均占据独特的地位。它由美国财政部建筑师阿尔弗雷德·穆莱特设计,并被认为是美国法兰西第二帝国建筑风格的典范之一。

选项 [F]

[答题关键] 本段的位置已经给出,因此本段的分析和理解对于该段前后段落的选择至关重要。本段首句提到大楼历时17年完工,前文必然介绍了动工情况。另外本段提到大楼建设是逐翼展开(wing by wing)的,与[B]段的the State Department’s south wing和the east wing相互呼应。

[段落大意] 艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的建设历时17年完工,是当时华盛顿最大的办公楼。

选项 [G]

[答题关键] 本段首句提到了艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的历史(The history of the EEOB),对时间顺序的介绍应该起到统领的作用。另外,本段末尾提到了旧办公楼的拆除(the demolition of the State Department Building),正好与[A]段开头提到的新办公楼的选址、制定计划并估算成本承接。

[段落大意] 艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的历史远远早于其奠基的时间。由于火灾频发和人流拥挤,所以才建造了财政大楼。

确定选项位置

41. [ E ]。此段为文章首段,对后面的段落应该起到统领的作用。[D]段、[E]段和[G]段都提及了EEOB这个简称,但只有[E]段介绍了EEOB的全称,因此可排除[D]段和[G]段。[B]段介绍的是国务院大楼南翼和东翼完工的情况,不适合作为首段,可排除。由于文章的第二段已经给出,即[C]段,因此[C]段与本段必然有承接关系。仔细观察后不难发现,[C]段开头的The State, War, and Navy Building与[E]段最后一句的the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments正好相互呼应,由此可确定选项[E]是正确答案。

42. [ G ]。此段之前是文章已经给定位置的[C]段,文章前面两段简述了艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的历史地位和主要功能等,按照语篇逻辑,后面的段落应该介绍的是大楼的建造历史,[G]段首句的The history of the EEOB正好承接此功能。其他段落中多次出现了与时间年份相关的表达,也再次证明了后面的段落是按历史时间顺序排列的。[A]段句首提到了为新的办公楼选址等,正好与[G]段末尾提到的旧办公楼的拆除承接,因此可排除[A]段。而[B]段介绍的是国务院大楼南翼和东翼完工的情况,明显不适合,可排除。因此选项[G]是正确答案。

43. [ A ]。此段之前是已经确定的段落[G]段,后面是文章已经给定的[F]段,由上题的分析可知,[A]段句首提到了为新的办公楼选址,与[G]段末尾提到的旧办公楼的拆除承接,而且[A]段尾句提及的大楼的动工(construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871)与[F]段首句提到的“大楼历时17年完工(Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing)”是承接关系,因此可判定选项[A]是正确答案。

44. [ B ]。此处应该根据已给定位置的[F]段的内容来选择正确答案。[F]段首句介绍了大楼建设是逐翼展开的(wing by wing),而[B]段分别介绍了大楼南翼和东翼的相关情况,语意承接流畅,因此选项[B]是正确答案。

45. [ D ]。根据排除法可知此处应该选择[D]段,而且[D]段句首的historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls与[B]段结尾处的elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary中的wall(s)为原词复现。另外作为文章结尾,[D]段首句的historical events与文章第二段出现的has been the scene of many historic events也遥相呼应。

结构译文

[E]艾森豪威尔行政办公楼(EEOB)在美国历史上和建筑遗产中均占据独特的地位。它由美国财政部建筑师阿尔弗雷德·穆莱特设计,建于1871年至1888年,以容纳国务院、战争部和海军部不断增多的工作人员,并被认为是美国法兰西第二帝国建筑风格的典范之一。

第一段简要介绍了艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的历史地位、设计者及用途等。

[C] 19世纪最后25年至20世纪头25年之间,我们最初所知道的国务院、战争部和海军部大楼容纳了与制定和执行国家外交政策关系最为密切的三个行政部门。在此期间,美国成为一个世界大国。一些美国最重要的外交官和政治家曾在这座大楼里工作。它也曾是许多历史事件发生的地点。

第二段指出艾森豪威尔行政办公楼容纳了美国当时与外交政策的制定和执行关系最为密切的三个行政部门,并见证了美国崛起成为世界大国。

[G]艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的历史可以追溯到其奠基很久之前。第一批行政办公楼建于1799年至1820年之间。一系列的火灾(包括英国人在1814年制造的火灾)和过度拥挤的状况促成了现有的财政大楼的建设。1866年,为满足财政大楼北翼建设的需要,国务院大楼被拆除。

第三段介绍了艾森豪威尔行政办公楼奠基之前的简要情况。

[A] 1869年12月,国会委派了一个委员会来为新的国务院大楼选址、制定计划并估算成本。该委员会还得考虑战争部和海军部可能做出的安排。一些人希望在白宫的另一边建立一座希腊复兴风格的财政大楼,但令他们感到震惊的是,由阿尔弗雷德·穆莱特精心设计的法兰西第二帝国建筑风格的方案被选中,能容纳所有三个部门的大楼于1871年6月开始动工了。

第四段介绍了美国国会委派了一个委员会来为艾森豪威尔行政办公楼选址、制定计划并估算成本,并选中了阿尔弗雷德•穆莱特的设计方案。

[F]随着大楼逐翼地缓慢建成,整座大楼的建设历时17年。当艾森豪威尔行政办公楼完工后,它是华盛顿最大的办公楼,拥有近两英里长的黑白相间的瓷砖走廊。几乎所有的室内装饰都采用了铸铁或石膏;为了确保消防安全,木材的使用被降到了最低限度。八座巨大的花岗岩弧形楼梯由4000多个独立铸造的青铜栏杆支撑,顶部有四个天窗穹顶和两个彩色玻璃圆形屋顶。

第五段指出艾森豪威尔行政办公楼历时17年完工,是华盛顿最大的办公楼。

[B]国务院大楼的南翼于1875年建成,并第一个被投入使用,它拥有设计优雅的四层图书馆(1876年完工)、外交接待室,以及装饰着木雕工艺、东方地毯和镂花墙的部长办公室。海军部于1879年搬进了东翼楼,里面的部长办公室有着精心设计的墙壁、镂花式天花板和镶嵌式地板。

第六段简要介绍了最先投入使用的国务院南翼楼,以及南翼楼和东翼楼部长办公室的装修情况。

[D]许多最著名的国家人物都参与了在艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的花岗岩墙内发生的历史事件。西奥多和富兰克林·罗斯福、威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱、德怀特·艾森豪威尔、林登·约翰逊、杰拉尔德·福特和乔治·布什在就任总统之前都曾在这座大楼里办公。16位海军部长、21位战争部长和24位国务卿曾在这座大楼工作过。温斯顿·丘吉尔曾在廊道上行走,在珍珠港事件后,国务卿科德尔·赫尔在这里会见了日本使节。

第七段列举了一些曾在艾森豪威尔行政办公楼工作或参与在大楼里发生的历史事件的著名历史人物。

本文选自白宫官网https://www.whitehouse.gov,原文标题为Eisenhower Executive Office Building(《艾森豪威尔行政办公楼》),主要介绍了艾森豪威尔行政办公楼的一些基础数据及建造的历史背景。

Part C

试题分析

46. By the date of his birth // Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the

0.5分 1分

creation of new forms // under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.

0.5分

本句考查的知识点:并列成分

[结构分析]

By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and

时间状语 主语 谓语 宾语1 连词

the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.

宾语2 状语

本句主干为Europe was witnessing the passing and the creation。句首的by the date of his birth为时间状语,后面的and连接两个并列成分the passing of the religious drama和the creation of new forms,under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy为状语。

[译点精析]

(1) 第一个名词短语the passing of the religious drama是“A of B”结构,译为“B的A”,即“宗教戏剧的流逝”。

(2) 在第二个宾语the creation of new forms中,of new forms作定语修饰creation,后面的under the incentive...作状语修饰new forms,of classical tragedy and comedy又作定语修饰incentive,可采用前置翻译法,把定语放在所修饰的名词前,即“经典悲剧和喜剧的刺激下新形式的诞生”,但根据中文习惯,可以将incentive和creation译为动词,即“受到……的刺激”和“新形式诞生”,这样更为通顺。

(3) witness译为“见证,看到”,如:We were witnessing the most important scientific development of the century. 我们亲眼见到本世纪最重要的科学进步。

(4) passing译为“流逝,消逝”,如:the passing of time时间的流逝

[参考译文]

到莎士比亚出生的年代,欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡,在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下,新的戏剧形式产生了。

47. no boy who went to a grammar school // could be ignorant that the drama was a form

0.5分 0.5分

of literature // which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

1分

本句考查的知识点:定语从句,宾语从句

[结构分析]

no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature

主语 定语从句1 谓语 宾语从句

which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

定语从句2

本句的主干为:no boy could be ignorant that drama was a form of literature,可以翻译成:“人人都了解戏剧是文学的一种形式”。who went to a grammar school为定语从句,修饰no boy,可以前置翻译为:去文法学校的人都了解……。之后为that引导的宾语从句,宾语从句的主干为the drama was a form of literature,之后为which引导的定语从句,修饰a form of literature,定语从句中的might yet可翻译为“迟早会”。

[译点精析]

(1) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that...中的no和ignorant两个否定意义的词形成双重否定,表示肯定含义,可译为“所有人都知道……”。

(2) which gave glory...and might yet bring...England是定语从句,修饰a form of literature。从句较长,可放在名词之后独立成句来翻译,可将which译为“这种形式”。

[参考译文]

那些上过文法学校的人都知道,戏剧是文学的一种形式,这种形式已经给希腊和罗马带来了荣耀,也可能会给英国带来荣耀。

48. But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, // and university

0.5分 0.5分

men with literary ambitions // were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.

1分

本句考查的知识点:并列句

[结构分析]

But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men

连词 主语1 谓语 状语 连词 主语2

with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.

定语 系动词 表语 不定式作补足语 定语

本句为并列句。前半句the professional companies在本文中指的是专业剧团。permanent意为“永久的,固定的”,their permanent theaters可翻译为:固定的剧院。后半句with literary ambitions修饰university men,可断句翻译为:有文学抱负的大学生迅速投身这些剧院,将其视为谋生的手段。

[译点精析]

(1) 介词短语in their permanent theaters跟在谓语动词后作地点状语,修饰prospered,放在该动词之前翻译。

(2) 介词短语with literature ambitions作定语,修饰university men,放在该名词之前翻译。

(3) 介词短语as offering a means of livelihood作定语,修饰these theaters,即“提供一种谋生手段的剧院”,但考虑到主语是“大学生”,为了表达通顺,可译为“将它们视为一种谋生手段”。

[参考译文]

但是,专业剧团有了固定的剧院而繁荣发展起来,而且有文学抱负的大学生迅速投身这些剧院,将它们视为一种谋生手段。

49. A native literary drama had been created,// its alliance with the public playhouses established,//

0.5分 1分

and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

0.5分

本句考查的知识点:并列句

[结构分析]

A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established,

主语1 谓语1 伴随状语

and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

连词 主语2 谓语2

本句的主干是A native literary drama had been created...and...great traditions had been begun,由and连接两个分句。前半句在翻译时要注意其被动语态,根据中文习惯,这里的被动语态可以直接翻译为:产生。its alliance with the public playhouses established为独立主格结构作伴随状语。

[译点精析]

(1) its alliance with the public playhouses established是独立主格结构,在句子中作伴随状语,说明当地文学戏剧创造出来的结果。

(2) 根据中文习惯,句子中的被动语态had been created可译为“创造出来”;established译为“得以确立”。

(3) some of its great traditions had been begun直译应为“一些伟大传统得以开始”,但明显意义不完整,需要译为“初具雏形”。

[参考译文]

当地的文学戏剧艺术产生了,它与公众剧院的联盟关系也得以确立,至少,这种戏剧的一些伟大传统已经初具雏形。

50. To realize how great was the dramatic activity,// we must remember further that hosts of plays

0.5分 0.5分

have been lost,// and that probably there is no author of note // whose entire work has survived.

0.5分 0.5分

本句考查的知识点:宾语从句,定语从句

[结构分析]

To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays

目的状语 主语 谓语 状语 宾语从句1

have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

宾语从句2 限制性定语从句

主干结构为we must remember that...and that...,and连接两个并列的宾语从句;句首的不定式短语to realize how great was the dramatic activity充当目的状语;第二个宾语从句中的no表示完全否定;whose entire work has survived为定语从句,修饰限定author of note。

[译点精析]

(1) hosts of译为“许多”,如:Hosts of strange ideas came crowding on his mind. 许多奇怪的想法一起涌现在他的脑海里。

(2) no表示完全否定,可译为“不复存在”。

(3) of note译为“著名的”,如:He has published nothing of note in the last ten years. 他在过去的10年里没有发表过什么著名的作品。

(4) further为状语,修饰remember,可翻译为“进一步”。

(5) whose引导的定语从句修饰author of note,定语从句可用融合法翻译为:留有完整作品的著名剧作家也已经不存在了。

[参考译文]

要想了解戏剧艺术的伟大之处,我们必须要进一步知道,大量的戏剧作品已经不复存在,留有完整作品的著名剧作家可能也已经不存在了。

结构译文

莎士比亚的一生刚好赶上戏剧发展的一段非凡的活跃期和成就期。[46] 到莎士比亚出生的年代,欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡,在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下,新的戏剧形式产生了。 这些新的形式最初主要由学者创作,并且由业余爱好者表演出来,但是跟西欧的其他地方一样,一批职业演员在英国成长起来,预示着这种戏剧形式即将流行起来,无论是新形式还是旧形式,古典的还是中世纪的,文学的还是荒诞的。法院、学校、业余爱好者组织和巡回演员都竞相满足大众对戏剧娱乐的广泛需求;而且 [47] 那些上过文法学校的人都知道,戏剧是文学的一种形式,这种形式已经给希腊和罗马带来了荣耀,也可能会给英国带来荣耀。

第一段指出,莎士比亚出生时,新的戏剧形式在英国产生。

莎士比亚12岁时,第一个公共剧场在伦敦建立。人们对于这种公共舞台文学一度没有什么兴趣。旨在获得文学荣誉的戏剧是为学校或宫廷创作的,或者是为圣保罗教堂和皇家礼拜堂的唱诗班男孩们创作的,然而,唱诗班男孩们在公共场合以及在宫廷上都有演出。[48] 但是,专业剧团有了固定的剧院而繁荣发展起来,而且有文学抱负的大学生迅速投身这些剧院,将它们视为一种谋生手段。 到了莎士比亚25岁的时候,李利、皮尔和格林已经创作出既受欢迎又具有文学性的喜剧;基德写了一部备受欢迎的悲剧;马洛在大众舞台上将诗歌和天赋发挥得淋漓尽致——自从欧里庇得斯去世后,诗歌和天赋还没有过这样的地位。[49] 当地的文学戏剧艺术产生了,它与公众剧院的联盟关系也得以确立,至少,这种戏剧的一些伟大传统已经初具雏形。

第二段介绍了莎士比亚12岁及25岁这两个阶段英国戏剧的发展。

在接下来的25年里,伊丽莎白时期戏剧的发展特别能激发学习文学史的学生的兴趣,因为在这个短暂的时期里,我们可以追溯各种戏剧以及许多伟大事业的开始、成长、全盛和衰落。今天的我们不仅对当时创作的戏剧数量感到惊奇,而且为剧作家的数量所震撼,他们同时为伦敦的20万居民创作戏剧。[50] 要想了解戏剧艺术的伟大之处,我们必须要进一步知道,大量的戏剧作品已经不复存在,留有完整作品的著名剧作家可能也已经不存在了。

第三段指出,随后的25年里伊丽莎白时期戏剧的发展特点。

Section III Writing

Part A

谋篇布局

2018年的小作文要求考生写一封邀请信。

本文应从以下几方面着手:

1. 根据写作对象,确定适当的格式及语气

· 根据题目要求,给学校的外国专家写一封信邀请他们出席毕业典礼,称呼可以使用Dear Sir/Madam,作者的落款(根据题目要求)为Li Ming。

· 本题虽然是电子邮件形式,但收件人为学校的外国专家,写作时,语气要中肯,并尽量使用正式、礼貌的语言。

2. 根据话题和交际目的组织文章

题目要求中清楚地设定了写信的目的,即邀请学校的外国专家出席毕业典礼,并列举典礼的相关信息(如时间、地点、具体活动等)。文章的三个段落可以按照如下提纲展开:

第一段,开门见山地表达写信目的:邀请对方出席毕业典礼。

第二段,详细介绍毕业典礼的相关信息。

第三段,提供联系方式,表达自己的祝愿。

优秀范文

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am honored to inform you that you and other international experts of our university have been invited to the upcoming graduation ceremony for Class of 2017. [1]

The event is scheduled at 9:00 a.m. on Tuesday, July 1st, at the Multifunctional Hall in Teaching Building A. [2] Formal wear is required because of the photo-taking part afterwards. The ceremony will last for about two hours, and it is recommended that you be seated 10 minutes before it starts. [3] We are looking forward to your presence. [4]

If you need further information, please feel free to contact me at 12345678. [5] Best wishes!

Yours faithfully,
Li Ming

[1] 文章第一段开门见山,交代了写信目的是inform you that you and other international experts...have been invited to the upcoming graduation ceremony,一目了然。

[2] 本句具体描述事件发生的时间和地点;schedule在此没有取常用的“日程表”这一名词释义,而是用作动词,意思是“计划,安排”。

[3] 本句包含“it is V-ed that +从句”结构,其中从句用虚拟语气(should) + 动词原形。类似的动词还有suggest, order, demand, insist等。

[4] look forward to为固定搭配,意思是“期待”,常用于书信结尾,表达对收件人的某种期待。

[5] please feel free to contact me at...通常用于在信件的结尾提供自己的联系方式,可作为常用句型加以记忆。

参考译文

尊敬的先生/女士:

我非常荣幸地通知您及学校的其他外国专家被邀请参加即将举办的2017届毕业典礼。

典礼将于7月1日上午9点(周二)在教学楼A座的多功能厅举行。典礼结束后安排了照相留念环节,要求穿正装。典礼将持续约两个小时,建议您在仪式开始前10分钟入座。我们期待您的到来。

如果您需要进一步的信息,可以随时拨打12345678联系我。献上最美好的祝福!

您真诚的,
李明

通用模板

Dear 称呼 ,

I am honored to inform you that 写信目的 .

The event is scheduled at 活动时间 in 活动地点 . 出席活动的注意事项 . 活动 will last for 持续时间 , and it is recommended that 注意事项 . We are looking forward to 表示期待 .

If you need further information, please feel free to contact me at 联系方式 . Best wishes!

Yours faithfully,
署名

Part B

谋篇布局

一、审题构思

2018年的大作文部分沿袭了历年图画作文的命题形式。

图画中的男生面对选课系统陷入深思,不知道该选什么样的科目。图画标题明确标出“选课进行时”,这有利于考生了解图画的主旨。图画的主题涉及大学生选课问题,非常贴近考生的校园生活。面对越来越多的选修课,学生们在选课方面遇到了困难,是选难度低且给分高的科目,还是难度大、但具有创新性的科目,这似乎是个让学生头疼的问题。

二、文章结构

第一段,简要描述图画内容;

第二段,点出图画表达的主题,即选课时该选择难度大、重视创新的科目还是难度小、给分高的科目;

第三段,提出自身观点:大学生应该挑战自我,选择难度大、有创新的科目,并加以论证。

相关词汇

concerned adj. 焦虑的

browse v. 浏览

course selection system 选课系统

assignment n. 作业

tear v. 折磨

scarcely adv.几乎不

lay emphasis on 重视,强调

ultimate adj. 最终的

hone v. 磨砺

in an all-round way 全面地

resourceful adj. 足智多谋的

diploma n. 文凭,毕业证书

优秀范文

In this picture we can see a young man sitting in front of a laptop, looking very concerned. He is browsing the webpage of a course selection system, having trouble making a decision, for we can see two circles on either side of him, one that reads “new knowledge, innovation highly valued, and high difficulty” and the other one “high marks, easier to pass, and less assignments”. [1]

Clearly, this young man is a college student and he is torn between two options: Should he select courses that are easy to pass with high marks and do not cost him much time, because there will be scarcely any assignment? Or should he select those that are challenging, because they lay emphasis on new knowledge and innovation? [2]

In my opinion, college students should be brave enough to challenge themselves and choose the more difficult courses, because the ultimate significance of higher education lies in a correct attitude toward and proper methods of learning. [3] Difficult courses with innovation hone a student in an all-round way, making him tougher and more resourceful in face of difficulties. [4] These qualities are obviously much more important than a diploma printed on a piece of paper.

[1] 文章第一段描述图画中的场景。第一句使用In this picture we can see...来描述图画,类似的表达还有as is depicted/shown/illustrated in the picture, the cartoon describes...等。第二句使用动名词短语(having trouble making a decision)作伴随状语;for引导原因状语从句,其中还包含两个定语从句one that...和the other one...,具体描述图中男生面临的两种选择。

[2] 本段只有一个长句,直接指出图画想要表达的含义。冒号之后的两个疑问句包含定语从句、原因状语从句,可以展示考生的语言水平。lay emphasis on为固定搭配,意为“重视,强调”,同义表达还有attach importance to。

[3] in my opinion意为“在我看来”,常用于指出自己的观点,也可使文章前后衔接自然,逻辑通顺。because引导原因状语从句the ultimate significance of higher education lies in...,其中lie in意为“在于;位于”。

[4] 本句阐述难度大、有创新的科目对学生的好处,以论证自身观点。本句中的动名词短语making him tougher and more resourceful...作伴随状语。in an all-round way意为“全面地”,in face of意为“面对”。

参考译文

在这幅图中,我们可以看到一个年轻人坐在电脑前,看起来很焦虑。他在浏览选课系统的网页,很难做出选择,我们可以看到他的两边分别有一个圆圈,一个圆圈中的内容显示“知识新,重创新,有难度”,另一个显示“给分高,易通过,作业少”。

很明显,图中的男生是一名大学生,而他面对两种选择焦头烂额:他应该选择容易通过、给分高且由于作业很少不会花费他太多时间的科目,还是选择重视新知识和创新且有难度的科目呢?

在我看来,大学生应该鼓起勇气挑战自我,选择难度更大的科目,因为高等教育的终极意义是培养正确的学习态度和恰当的学习方法。难度大、有创新的科目能够全方位地磨砺一个人,让他在面临困难时更加坚强,更加足智多谋。这些品质很明显都比印在纸上的学位证书更加重要。

答案速查

Section I Use of English

得分 /10

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. B

5. D

6. B

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. A

11. B

12. B

13. A

14. C

15. D

16. A

17. C

18. B

19. A

20. C

Section II Reading Comprehension

得分 /60

Part A

21. D

22. C

23. A

24. D

25. B

26. D

27. A

28. B

29. C

30. A

31. B

32. C

33. D

34. D

35. B

36. B

37. A

38. A

39. C

40. D

Part B

41. E

42. G

43. A

44. B

45. D

Part C

46. 到莎士比亚出生的年代,欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡,在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下,新的戏剧形式产生了。

47. 那些上过文法学校的人都知道,戏剧是文学的一种形式,这种形式已经给希腊和罗马带来了荣耀,也可能会给英国带来荣耀。

48. 但是,专业剧团有了固定的剧院而繁荣发展起来,而且有文学抱负的大学生迅速投身这些剧院,将它们视为一种谋生手段。

49. 当地的文学戏剧艺术创造出来了,它与公众剧院的联盟关系也得以确立,至少,这种戏剧的一些伟大传统已经初具雏形。

50. 要想了解戏剧艺术的伟大之处,我们必须要进一步知道,大量的戏剧作品已经不复存在,留有完整作品的著名剧作家可能也已经不存在了。

Section III Writing

得分 /30

见前参考范文 dF5WK2Ju4aqsboBdHnLlqA7xAW9YdasgDFH5sTpc76P3dWOxsBaCcn4OHxdF/g+i

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