动名词的基本形式是“动词原形+ing”(与现在分词形式相同),其否定式为“not+动名词”。动名词兼具动词和名词的性质,既保留了动词的意义和搭配关系(可以带上宾语、状语等构成动名词短语),又在句中发挥相当于名词的作用,例如:I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
考点51:动名词作主语的基本用法
非谓语动词中的动名词和不定式均可作主语,两者常可换用,例如:Cleaning the playground (=To clean the playground)is her fulltime job. 打扫操场的卫生是她的专职工作。这时要注意前后一致的原则:表语采用不定式或者动名词的形式要跟主语一致,例如:To see her is to love her. 谁看见她都会喜欢她。// Saving is having. 节约即是收入。
通常作主语的动名词侧重表示抽象、一般性的动作,作主语的不定式侧重表示具体、一次性的动作,例如:Taking a walk after supper will do good to your health.晚饭后散散步对你的身体有好处。// To take a walk after supper this evening is a good idea. 今天傍晚晚餐之后去散步是一个好主意。
注意:系动词be后接fun, no use, no good等词汇时习惯上用动名词作后置主语,用it作形式主语。例如:It is fun running in snow. 在雪中奔跑很好玩。// It's no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。// It is no good learning theory without practice. 缺乏实践地学理论是不好的。
[例] It's no use ____ without taking action.
A. complain
B. complaining
C. being complained
D. to be complained
[答案] B
[解析] “It's no use ... ”后面习惯接动名词,用来作全句真正的主语,而且根据句意“不采取任何行动、只是抱怨”是主动进行的而非被动的动作,由此排除其他选项而选出B。
考点52:动名词作宾语的基本用法
可以作宾语的非谓语动词包括动名词和不定式,在这里通过辨析动名词和不定式作宾语的不同用法来介绍动名词作宾语的情况。
1.常考的只能用动名词作宾语的动词/动词短语有:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit, deny, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk, appreciate, feel like(注意:在would like后面则只能跟不定式作宾语), can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, succeed in, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。例如:Would you mind showing me the way? 劳驾你给我指一下路,好吗?// When she heard the story, she couldn't help laughing. 她听到这个故事时禁不住大笑。
作宾语的动名词后面接有宾补成分时,常用形式宾语it来指代动名词,并将动名词后置,例如:We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
2.动名词既可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语,除了but,except等个别介词后可接不定式作宾语外,介词后的非谓语动词通常是动名词形式。例如:We got the job finished by working sixteen hours a day. 我们通过一天干十六个小时完成了工作。
注意:在下列的句子结构中,动名词前的介词in可以省略:She is busy (in)correcting her exercises. 她忙于改正她做的练习。// He spent two hours (in)reading book. 他花了两小时读书。// There is no use (in)talking with him now. 现在跟他谈话没用。
3.有的动词既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语。个别动词之后跟动名词或者不定式作宾语在意义上差别不大,可以互换使用,例如:We continued doing (=to do)the experiment. 我们继续做实验。但是大多数情况下,同一动词后作宾语的动名词和不定式存在含义上的差异,现将高考中常见的情况总结如下:
(1)表示喜好的like, love, prefer, hate, dislike等词汇后接动名词作宾语时侧重表示抽象的、经常性的动作,接不定式作宾语时侧重表示具体的、临时性的动作。例如:I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today. 我喜欢游泳,但是我今天不想去游泳。
(2)begin, start后接动名词通常表示有意识地开始某动作,后接不定式通常指动作自动或者突然开始。例如:He began talking about his plan for the summer holiday. 他开始讲述他的暑假计划。// Suddenly it began to rain. 突然下起雨来。
(3)forget,remember后接动名词表示已做过的事(动作已经完成),后接不定式表示未做的事(动作尚未发生)。例如:Can't you remember telling me the story last night? =You told me the story last night. Can't you remember it? 你不记得你昨天晚上给我讲了这个故事吗?// You must remember to tell him all that. =You must tell him all that. Don't forget it. 你一定要记住把这一切都告诉他。// John forgot telling Mary about it. 约翰忘记了告诉过玛丽那件事。// John forgot to tell Mary about it. 约翰忘了告诉玛丽那件事。
(4)regret 后接动名词指“懊恼或后悔做了某事”(事情已发生),后接不定式表示“遗憾要做某事”(不定式中通常是“tell, say, inform”等动词)。例如:I regret telling you that you have failed the exam. 我真后悔将你考试不及格的事告诉了你。// I regret to tell you that you have failed the exam. 我要很遗憾地告诉你,你考试不及格。
(5)stop后接动名词表示停止正在做的事,后接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做别的事(stop后接不定式时,该不定式实际上起的是目的状语的作用)。go on与此类似,后接动名词表示继续正在做的事,后接不定式表示继续做别的事。例如:The students stopped talking when the teacher came in. 老师走进来时,学生们停止了说话。// I stopped to ask the way. 我停下来问路。
(6)try后接动名词表示“试着做某事”,后接不定式表示“设法做成某事”(不一定成功)。例如:If you want to improve the taste, try adding some sugar.如果你想味道更好一些,不妨加点糖试试看。// He tried to answer each question by himself. 他努力自己回答每一个问题。
(7)mean后接动名词表示“意味着”,后接不定式表示“企图,打算”。例如:Missing the train means waiting for an hour. 错过这趟火车意味着要等一个小时。// I didn't mean to make you angry. 我不是有意要惹你生气。
(8)动词allow, permit, advise, forbid之后如果没有明确地指出允许、建议或禁止谁做什么事情时其后跟动名词(动名词在这里充当宾语),假如说明了允许、建议或禁止谁做什么事情时其后跟不定式(不定式在这里充当宾补)。例如:Sorry, we don't allow smoking in the meeting room. 对不起,在会议室不准抽烟。// His doctor doesn't allow him to smoke.他的医生不准他抽烟。
[例1] Lydia doesn't feel like ____ abroad. Her parents are old.
A. study
B. studying
C. studied
D. to study
[答案] B
[解析] “feel like doing”为固定短语,表示“想要/喜欢做某事”,该结构中要用动名词作宾语,由此排除其他选项而选B。题干的句意为:莉迪娅不想出国留学,(因为)她的父母年事已高。
[例2] One learns a language by making mistakes and ____ them.
A. corrects
B. correct
C. to correct
D. correcting
[答案] D
[解析] 题干句意为:人通过犯错和改正错误来学习一门语言。and连接并列的成分充当by的宾语,下划线处应填入动名词的形式与making mistakes对应。
考点53:动名词作表语和定语的基本用法
动名词作表语和定语的用法在近年全国卷和北京卷的单选题中还没有专门考查过,但是在高考卷的其他题型中时有出现,所以不应忽略。
1.动名词和不定式均可作表语,解释或说明主语的具体内容,两者常可换用,但需要注意主语与表语的一致性。例如:My work is looking after (=to look after)the children.我的工作是照看这些孩子。// To live is to do something worthwhile. (=Living is doing something worthwhile.)活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
在有些情况下,动名词侧重表示主语本身的性质和状态,不定式侧重表示将来的情况。例如:Our task is learning science and technology well. 我们的任务是学好科学技术。// Her job is to clean the rooms in future. 她的工作就是打扫房间。
2.动名词作定语表示被其修饰的名词或代词的性质或者用途。例如:sleeping car, swimming pool, washing machine, sleeping pills。
考点54:动名词的时态和语态问题
动名词有一般式和完成式两种形式,其中及物动词又分主动式和被动式,下表以动词do为例进行介绍:
把握高考中动名词的时态和语态问题需要注意以下几点:
1.动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或者在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。例如:He put off making a decision till he had more information.他推迟做决定直到他掌握了更多的情况。// Tom suggested going there by bike. 汤姆建议骑车去那儿。
注意:在动词forget, remember等之后作宾语时,动名词一般式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,属于特殊情况。例如:She forgot telling her mother about it. 她忘了告诉过她妈妈这件事。// I remember meeting him a year ago. 我记得一年前见过他。
2.动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生于谓语动词之前。例如:He denied having seen these cameras before. 他否认以前看见过这些照相机。// I have no idea of their having done such a thing. 我不知道他们干过这样的事情。// No one had any doubt of his having studied the case carefully before. 没有人怀疑他曾认真研究过这个案子。
3.及物动词的动名词形式有主动式和被动式之分,表示主动进行的动作用动名词的主动式,表示被动承受的动作用动名词的被动式。例如:She went to the party without being invited. 她没有得到邀请还是去参加了晚会。// I can't stand being kept waiting. 我不能忍受等人。// The safe showed no sign of having been touched. 那个保险箱看不出被人动过的痕迹。
[例1] Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it ____ live is quite another.
A. perform
B. performing
C. to perform
D. being performed
[答案] D
[解析] 题干的句意为:在家里听音乐是一回事,到现场去听又绝对是另一回事。空白处的非谓语动词表示正在进行的被动动作,故选D。
[例2] I still remember ____ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
A. to take
B. to be taken
C. taking
D. being taken
[答案] D
[解析] remember之后既可以接动名词,也可以接不定式,但含义不同。remember doing sth.意为“记得曾做过某事”,remember to do sth. 意为“记得要去做某事”。根据题干中and what I saw there的提示,下划线处应表示过去曾被带去法门寺,下划线处应填入动名词的被动语态形式。
考点55:动名词的复合结构的用法
动名词在句子中可以带上逻辑主语,这种动名词称为动名词的复合结构。在动名词的复合结构中,动名词的逻辑主语通常用“名词's”的所有格形式或物主代词表示。例如: John's coming here will get us out of trouble. 约翰的到来将会使我们脱离困境。// His smoking caused the fire in the forest. 他抽烟引起了这场森林火灾。// Do you mind my smoking? 我抽烟你介意吗?// He left the city without our knowing it. 他离开这座城市我们大家都不知道 。
如果不是在句子开头,动名词的逻辑主语可以由名词的普通格、人称代词的宾格形式表示(在口语、非正式用语中这种形式更为常见)。例如: He insisted on Jack/Jack's giving him an answer. 他坚持要杰克给他一个回答。// The doctor does not mind me/my eating a little meat occasionally. 医生并不反对我偶尔吃一点肉 。
本章补充强化训练题
1. It's no good ____ cold water.
A. drinking
B. to drink
C. having
D. to be having
2.— Would you mind ____ a word in here?
— Mind your own ____.
A. me adding; business
B. my adding; matter
C. adding; affairs
D. if add; duty
3.— Have you locked the door?
— Yes. I remember ____.
A. to lock it
B. have locked it
C. having been locked
D. having locked it
4. It was not until she had arrived home ____ remembered ____ the key in her office.
A. when she; to leave
B. and she; leaving
C. that she; leaving
D. she; to leave
5. Everyone dislikes ____ at before others.
A. to laugh
B. laughed
C. laughing
D. being laughed
6. The old lady devoted her lifetime ____ the homeless children.
A. to help
B. to helping
C. helping
D. for help
7. He insisted on his ____ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.
A. called
B. calling
C. being called
D. been called
本章补充强化训练题参考答案
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C