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第九章

非谓语动词的第一种形式
——动词不定式

非谓语动词指在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,有动词不定式、动名词、分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)三种形式。有一种较流行的分类方式,主张把现在分词和动名词统称为-ing分词,过去分词则对应地称为-ed动词,这样处理非谓语动词的体系,表面上是进行了简化,但事实上却因为现在分词和动名词在句法功能上存在很大差异而增加了学习的难度。笔者认为现在分词与过去分词在用法上更为接近,传统语法把它们统归作分词是合理的,因此本书将按照传统语法中非谓语动词的体系进行介绍。

本章介绍的是非谓语动词的第一种形式——动词不定式(简称不定式),它是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成(在有些情况下to可以省略),不定式的否定形式是在不定式的标志to前边加not。

不定式在句子中具有不同的用法,在充当不同的句子成分时往往表达不同的含义。为便于备考、应考,考生应把握不定式充当不同句子成分时的具体含义。

考点43:不定式作主语的基本用法

不定式和动名词都可以作主语,并常可换用,二者体现的差异在侧重点上:

不定式作主语侧重表示某一次具体的行为,而动名词作主语侧重表示经常性、一般性的动作。较短的不定式作主语时一般直接放在句子主语的位置上,例如: To know the theory is one thing; to put it into practice is another. 懂得理论是一回事,将它付诸实践又是一回事

在很多情况下(尤其是作主语的不定式短语过长时),作主语的不定式需要后置,用形式主语it代替放于句首,以使整个句子显得平衡。例如: It is hard to translate this sentence into English. 把这个句子译成英语很难。// It is a pleasure to be with you. 跟你在一起很高兴

用作主语的不定式,它的逻辑主语可由介词for或of引出,形成如下高考中常见的结构:

(1)It is(或者look, appear等其他系动词)+形容词+for sb. to do sth.

使用这一句型只表明不定式行为的特点,而不表明sb. 本身的特点。常见的此类形容词有 easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, expensive, impossible等。例如:It is impossible for him to go alone. 他不可能一个人去。// It is not easy for us to master a foreign language. 对我们来说,掌握一门外语是不容易的

(2)It is(或者look, appear等其他系动词)+形容词+of sb. to do sth.

使用这一句型意在对sb. 及其所做的行为本身进行评价。此类形容词有good, kind, nice, wise, wrong, clever, stupid, brave, honest等。例如: It is kind of you to say so. 你这样说太好了。// It is stupid of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误是愚蠢的

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例] No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better ____ silent.

A. remain

B. be remaining

C. having remained

D. to remain

[答案] D

[解析] 根据常见句型“it is+形容词/名词+to do/that ...”,下划线处应采用不定式的形式。题干中it作时间状语从句中的形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式to remain silent。

考点44:不定式作表语的基本用法

不定式可以作表语表示某种结果,尤其是表示“同意,命令,决定,劝告”等意。例如: The important thing is to save lives. 救人要紧。// You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow. 你们必须明天交练习。// My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately. 我的建议是马上执行计划

考点45:不定式作宾语的基本用法

不定式可以作宾语,即作另一动作的对象。常考的只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有:afford, agree, arrange, beg, cause, care, choose, decide, desire, detemine, demand, expect, fail, happen, hope, learn, long, manage, order, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。例如: I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话

还有一些动词后既可以跟不定式作宾语也可以跟动名词作宾语,两者之间的差异将在本书第10章中进行讲述,详见“动名词作宾语的基本用法”。

注意:如果作宾语的不定式后面接有宾语补足语,则通常以it作形式宾语,将作宾语的不定式放在宾语补足语之后,例如: She considers it important to make friends with them. 她认为跟他们交朋友很重要。// I don't think it necessary to argue with them on this problem. 我认为跟他们争论这个问题没什么必要

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例1] We've had a good start, but next, more work needs ____ to achieve the final success.

A. being done

B. do

C. to be done

D. to do

[答案] C

[解析] need作实义动词后接动名词或不定式作宾语时,need doing意为“主语需要被做”(相当于need to be done),need to do则表示“主语需要(主动)去做”。题干中表达的是“更多的工作需要被完成以取得最后的成功”,下划线处应采用to be done或doing的形式。

[例2] I remembered ____ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.

A. locking

B. to lock

C. having locked

D. to have locked

[答案] B

[解析] remember后面的宾语既可以是不定式也可以是动名词,如果选A,与后面的“forgot to turn off the lights”不一致,而且没有必要采用选项C 和D 的完成形式表示比主句动词发生的时间更早,下划线处只能选B。

考点46:不定式作宾语补足语的基本用法

有些动词在宾语之后再带上不定式,构成不定式的复合结构。在这种结构中宾语是不定式的逻辑主语,而不定式充当宾语补足语。在高考中不定式作宾补的基本用法分两种情况:

1.带to的不定式在ask, allow, warn, get, tell, invite, force, beg, wish, want, like, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, permit, request, order, cause, know等动词后作宾补。例如: Many parents allow their children to make their own decisions. 很多父母让他们的子女自己作决定

2.不带to的不定式在主动语态下的感官动词(如see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel等)和使役动词(如make, let, have等)后作宾补。例如: I saw her enter the library. 我看见她进了图书馆。// I can't make the horse go. 我无法使这匹马走动

注意:在转变为被动语态,即不定式转为充当主语补足语的情况下,不定式符号to必须保留。例如:She was seen to enter the library. 她被看见进了图书馆。

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例1] Having finished her project, she was invited by the school ____ to the new students.

A. speaking

B. having spoken

C. to speak

D. to have spoken

[答案] C

[解析] 根据invite的常见搭配“invite sb. to do sth.”,下划线处应采用不定式的形式,又由于被邀请时并没有完成演讲这一动作,下划线处应采用不定式的一般式而不是完成式,应选C。

[例2] Passengers are permitted ____ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.

A. to carry

B. carrying

C. to be carried

D. being carried

[答案] A

[解析] 题干的句意为:乘客只被允许携带一件手提行李上飞机。“乘客”和“携带”之间是主动关系,不需要被动语态,排除C、D;但是由于充当被动语态形式permitted的补足语,下划线处的不定式要保留to。

考点47:不定式作定语的基本用法

不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作时,必须作后置定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。例如:The building to be built is a laboratory.将要建的楼是个实验室。// Is that the best way to solve the problem? 那是解决这个问题的最好办法吗?// Have you got any questions to ask? 你有问题要问吗?// I have many things to do today. 我今天有很多事情要做。

不定式作定语在高考中存在以下四种具体情况:

1.被不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式所表示的动作的宾语,两者之间是动宾关系,例如:

I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要去参加。// I have some clothes to wash tonight.我今晚有些衣服要洗

注意:如果在不定式中to后面的动词是不及物动词,而不定式与其修饰的名词或代词之间有动宾关系,在这个不定式中就必须包含必要的介词。例如:There is no person to agree with. 根本没有可以去赞同的人。

2.被不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式所表示的动作的发出者,两者之间是主谓关系。例如:I need someone to type the letters for me. 我需要有个人为我录入这些信件。

3.不定式说明其所修饰的名词或代词本身的内容。例如:We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们已经制订了一个关于完成这项工作的计划。

4.在一些固定句型中习惯上使用不定式作定语。例如:

It's your turn to speak now. 现在轮到你发言了。// It's time to go to school. 是去上学的时间了

在高考中最为常见的是第一种情况,即被不定式所修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间是动宾关系,在这一情况下尤需注意不定式以主动语态表被动含义的用法——不定式与其修饰的名词或代词存在动宾关系,理应用被动语态形式表示被动关系时,如果句子中的另一名词或代词可以充当不定式的逻辑主语(不定式所表示的动作的发出者),与该不定式存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,则此时不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。注意比较:

(1)I'll go shopping this weekend because I have many things to buy.我这周末要去购物,因为我有许多要买的东西。(主语“I”可以充当“buy”这一动作的发出者,是不定式to buy的逻辑主语,所以things的定语to buy用主动形式表示被动含义)

(2) — Do you have anything to be bought? I'll go shopping. 你有要(我替你)买的东西吗?我要去买东西

No, thanks anyway. 不了,但是无论如何要谢谢你的好意

(根据本句语境,作定语的“to be bought”所表示的动作是由说话人而不是对方做出,在“Do you have anything to be bought? ”中找不到做出购买这一动作的逻辑主语“I”,因此在这里不能以主动语态形式表示被动含义,只能用“to be bought”的形式作定语修饰anything)

又如:

(1)Have you a letter to send? 你有信要寄吗?

to send所表示的动作与其修饰的a letter之间是动宾关系,定语“to send”的主动语态形式意味着主语you是不定式动作的逻辑主语,本句话意味着信由对方自己寄。

(2)Have you a letter to be sent? 你有信要我去寄吗?

to send所表示的动作与其修饰的a letter之间是动宾关系,定语“to be sent”的被动语态的形式意味着该句中没有出现寄信这一动作的逻辑主语,寄信的动作不是句中的“you”做出,本句话意味着信由说话人代寄。

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例1] The ability ____ an idea is as important as the idea itself.

A. expressing

B. expressed

C. to express

D. to be expressed

[答案] C

[解析] express an idea对ability进行限定,两者构成逻辑上的主动关系而非被动关系,首先要排除选项B、D;ability作为一个抽象名词,通常使用动词不定式作定语,由此进一步排除选项A而选C。

[例2] I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term.

A. completing

B. to complete

C. completed

D. being completed

[答案] B

[解析] 下划线处填入的内容充当前面readings的定语,根据题干句意:期末前我们有很多书要读,这一定语应采用不定式形式表示将来,由此直接排除其他选项而选出B。

[例3] I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ____.

A. to be breathed

B. to breathe

C. breathing

D. being breathed

[答案] B

[解析] 题干中后一句可看做是“The morning air is so good for me to breathe.”作状语的动词不定式前后的breathe和air之间虽然是动宾关系,但good后省略了for me、其逻辑主语是I,习惯上采用主动形式。题干的句意为:我喜欢夏天早起。呼吸早晨的空气很有益处。

考点48:不定式作状语的基本用法

在高考中不定式作状语的基本用法有以下三种:

1.在高考中,作状语的不定式大多表示目的,例如: We should get together and take some action to end it. 我们应该联合起来采取行动结束此事。// I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是为了向你告别

注意:作状语表目的的不定式有时以so as to, in order to的形式出现,例如: I got up early so as to be in time for the morning exercises. 我起床很早,以便及时做早操。// He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。// Tom kept quiet about the accident in order not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作

2.不定式有时引导结果状语,在句末表示事先没有预料到的结果,前面常用only表示强调。例如: He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜查了这个房间,但没有发现什么东西。// I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,但发现他出门了

注意:作状语表结果的不定式有时以so as to的形式出现,例如: He got to the station so as to find the train gone. 他赶到了车站,但是发现火车已经开走了

3.不定式可以作表语的状语表示原因或者程度。例如: I'm glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。// The room is large enough to have meetings in. 这屋子开会用足够大了。// The luggage is too heavy to carry. 这行李太重了,搬不动

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例1] People have learnt the importance of keeping a balanced diet ____ their nutritional needs.

A. satisfy

B. satisfied

C. to satisfy

D. having satisfied

[答案] C

[解析] 题干句意为: 人们已经知道平衡饮食以满足他们营养需要的重要性 。下划线处引导目的状语,不定式形式最为适合。

[例2] ____ the project as planned, we'll have to work two more hours a day.

A. Completing

B. Complete

C. Completed

D. To complete

[答案] D

[解析] 题干中“we'll have to work two more hours a day”已经包含一个可以单独构成陈述句的主谓结构,由此推知前面表目的的成分只能是非谓语动词,下划线处选用不定式to complete充当目的状语最为适合。

[例3] My English teacher's humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.

A. so as to

B. such as to

C. such that

D. so that

[答案] B

[解析] 下划线处应该包括主句的表语并引导后面的目的状语,填入such as to最为适合。注意:“such as to”结构也可以用来表示“so ... as to”、“so as to/in order to”等词组的含义,“such as to”当中“such”通常充当句子中的表语、“as to”引导目的状语,“so ... as to”当中“so”通常修饰句子当中的表语、“as to”引导目的状语,连在一起的“so as to”以及in order to在引导目的状语时都属于状语部分、不充当表语或表语的一部分。

考点49:不定式的时态和语态问题

不定式有一般时、进行时、完成时、完成进行时四种形式,及物动词的一般式和完成式还分为主动和被动两种形式,下表以动词do为例进行说明:

把握高考中不定式的时态和语态问题需要注意以下几点:

1.不定式的一般式所表示的动作有时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。例如: I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. 我不是有意要伤你的感情。// The doctor decided to operate on her mother at once. 医生决定马上给她妈妈做手术。// I hope to see you again. =I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你

2.不定式的进行时强调谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行,或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。例如: He pretended to be studying when his mother went into his room.//他妈妈走进他房间时,他假装在学习。// We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没想到你在这儿等我们

3.不定式的完成式所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生。例如: He was ashamed to have failed. 他因为失败而羞愧。// He is said to have written another book about computer. 据说他又写了一本关于计算机方面的书

4.不定式的完成进行时所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,刚刚结束或还将继续下去。例如: He seems to have been sitting there all day. 看来,他在那里坐了一整天。// The professor is said to have been teaching here for forty years. 据说这位教授在这儿教书已经四十年了

5.不定式符号to后为及物动词时,该不定式的一般式和完成式又有主动式和被动式之分。例如: He doesn't like to be treated like a guest. 他不喜欢别人把他当客人对待。// These books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.这些书不能带出阅览室。// Nothing seems to have been forgotten. 似乎没有什么被遗忘

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例] We're having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ____ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

A. to be made

B. being made

C. made

D. having been made

[答案] A

[解析] 题干句意为:我们半小时后要开一次会议,会议上即将作出的那个决定将会影响我们公司的未来。四个选项都含有被动含义,根据题干中提示的“我们半小时后要开一次会议”可以推知决定现在并没有作出,而是将要作出,下划线处填入有将来含义的to be made最为适合。

考点50:“疑问词+不定式”结构的基本用法

不定式的前面还可以加疑问代词或疑问副词(why除外),例如:How to describe people is today's topic. 如何描述人物是今天的话题。// Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 选择吃什么已经不像以前那么简单了。

如果疑问词充当不定式所表示动作的宾语,不定式符号to后的动词应是及物动词或者带上介词的不及物动词。例如:I wonder if you could tell me who to agree with. 不知您能否告诉我要同意谁。

“疑问词+不定式”在高考中的具体用法请参见下表的总结:

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

[例1] Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ____ to read fast.

A. what

B. who

C. how

D. why

[答案] C

[解析] what, who, how, why分别表示内容、人、方式和原因。read fast表示的是方式,因此选择how。

[例2] — It's no use having ideas only.

— Don't worry. Peter can show you ____ to turn an idea into an act.

A. how

B. who

C. what

D. where

[答案] A

[解析] 题干中第二个说话人表达的应是“不用担心,彼得可以教你如何把主意转变为行动”,由此看出填入的成分应该表示方式,四个选项中只有how(如何、怎样)符合要求。

本章补充强化训练题

1. ____ shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rule never to be broken.

A. Go

B. To go

C. Went

D. Gone

2. It's very kind ____ the warm-hearted woman ____ us out when we were in trouble.

A. of; to help

B. of; to have helped

C. for; to help

D. for; to have helped

3. He ____ for miles ____ for the news.

A. prefers to walk; rather than wait

B. prefers walking; prefer to wait

C. prefers walking; rather than wait

D. prefers to walk; rather than waiting

4. The Smiths ____ their son ____ a doctor.

A. hope; to be

B. want; be

C. want; to be

D. think; like

5.— Harry is sick and can't go to the meeting.

— ____, instead.

A. Has Tom go

B. Have Tom go

C. Why not having Tom go

D. Have Tom going

6. The man ____ to the next conference is a famous scientist.

A. is invited

B. to be invited

C. inviting

D. will be invited

7. I'll go to America next week. Have you anything ____ to your parents?

A. to buy

B. to bought

C. to take

D. to be taken

8.“Do you have any clothes to ____, Tom?” mother asked.

A. wash

B. washing

C. be washed

D. washed

9. Henry can't attend the party ____ at Tom's house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party ____ at Marie's house tomorrow.

A. held; being held

B. to be held; to be held

C. to be held; held

D. being held; to be held

10. We sought ____ her mind but she refused.

A. changing

B. change

C. changed

D. to change

11. What makes the atoms ____ all the different things?

A. stick together to forming

B. stick together to form

C. to stick together form

D. to stick together forming

12. ____, I don't like the way you did the work.

A. Telling the truth

B. Tell the truth

C. To tell the truth

D. Truth to tell

13. Bob hurried to schools only ____ no one in the classroom.

A. found

B. finding

C. to find

D. have found

14. He ____ the world record.

A. failed to break

B. failed to breaking

C. failed breaking

D. failed broken

15. How pleased the detective was ____ what his customer told him!

A. hearing

B. heard

C. to hearing

D. to hear

16. He is not a man easy ____.

A. to deal

B. to deal him

C. to deal with

D. to deal with him

本章补充强化训练题参考答案

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. C ruGuhAuSOKyGZM8ny2dKG272NYPe9FSf6Fwhe3PRLton+K8M7dcqIyCKNQqn7nAL

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