第七章

谓语动词的第二种功能
——语态

语态是指主语与谓语间的关系。英语上的语态分主动语态与被动语态两种：当主语是谓语动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态形式；当主语是谓语动作的承受者时，动词则用被动语态形式。

考点38：被动语态的标准形式

大量使用被动句式是英语的显著特点之一。被动语态的构成形式是：“系动词be+动词的过去分词”，其后常带上by引导的介宾短语来说明该动作的执行者。be后面的动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，同时要注意助动词be在人称、数、时态上的变化。在高考中经常结合时态、主谓一致等其他考点考查被动语态。

采用被动语态结构的原因主要有以下几个：

1.只知道动作的承受者，不知道动作的执行者。例如： An apple was passed up to the child. 苹果传给了那个孩子 。

2.没有必要指出动作的执行者。例如： This problem must be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决 。

3.有必要突出或强调动作的承受者。例如： This kind of refrigerator has been sold out. 这种型号的电冰箱已经卖完 。

4.由于使用习惯。例如： He was born in 1960. 他出生于1960年 。

下表介绍高考中八大重点时态下被动语态的具体形式：

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

［例1］ All visitors to this village ____ with kindness.

A. treat

B. are treated

C. are treating

D. had been treated

［答案］ B

［解析］ treat与visitors之间是动宾关系，下划线处应采用被动语态，由此排除选项A、C；因为题干中没有明确的过去时间点，不宜采用过去完成时，由此进一步排除选项D，故选B。

［例2］ — Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?

— Sorry. ____.

A. It'repaired

B. It has been repaired

C. It's being repaired

D. It had been repaired

［答案］ C

［解析］ 根据题意，答语意为：对不起，电脑正在修理中。电脑“被修理”这个动作应该是正在进行中，因此应采用被动语态的现在进行时。

考点39：主动语态与被动语态的转换方法总结

主动句转换成被动句，需要区分不同的情况：

1.单个宾语的主动句变为被动句

首先将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，再将主动句的谓语动词变为被动语态形式，最后再将主动句中的主语用介词by引出，置于被动句句末（若不需指出动作执行者则可省略）。例如：

The police have arrested these three men. 警方逮捕了这三人 。

→These three men have been arrested （by the police）. 这三人已被警方逮捕 。

注意：某些动词如believe, consider, expect, fear, feel, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand等后跟that引导的宾语从句时，主动句变被动句有如下两种方法：

（1）It（形式主语）+原句谓语动词的被动式+原句中的宾语从句。例如：

They say that Henry eats 1,000 oranges a day. 他们说亨利一天吃一千个橙子 。

→It is said that Henry eats 1,000 oranges a day. 据说亨利一天吃一千个橙子 。

（2）原句中宾语从句的主语+原句谓语动词的被动式+原句宾语从句中谓语动词的不定式。例如：

They say that Henry eats 1,000 oranges a day. 他们说亨利一天吃一千个橙子 。

→Henry is said to eat 1,000 oranges a day. 据说亨利一天吃一千个橙子 。

2.双宾语的主动句转换成被动句，一般有两种方法：

（1）将原句中的间接宾语（通常指人）转化成主语，原句中的直接宾语仍作宾语。例如：

I gave him a book. 我给了他一本书 。

→ He was given a book. 有人给了他一本书 。

（2）将原句中的直接宾语（通常指物）转化成主语，原句中的间接宾语仍作宾语，并在该间接宾语前加上适当的介词。例如：

I gave him a book. 我给了他一本书 。

→A book was given to him by me. 一本书被我给了他 。

注意：

（1）主动句的直接宾语为从句时，通常采用第一种方法。例如：

They told me that everything had been ready. 他们告诉我一切都准备好了 。

I was told that everything had been ready. 我被告知，一切都准备好了 。

（2）主动句为“主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+介词+直接宾语”（如：convince of, apply with, rob of, congratulate on, remind of 等常见搭配）的结构时，变化为被动句时必须采用第一种方法。例如：

He mistook me for my sister. 他把我错当成为我的姐姐（妹妹）了 。

→I was mistaken for my sister. 我被错当成我的姐姐（妹妹）了 。

3.复合宾语（也就是包含宾补成分）的主动句转换成被动句时，把主动句的宾语变为被动语句的主语，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。

例如：Everybody called him Little John. 大家都叫他小约翰 。

→He was called Little John by everybody. 他被大家称作小约翰 。

注意：主动句中，若谓语动词为make，let等使役动词或see，hear，watch等感官动词，并且后面的宾补为不带to的不定式时，在变为被动句后要加上不定式符号to（这一用法将在专门分析“不定式”的第9章中具体介绍）。

考点40：用主动形式表示被动意义的情况

高考中主动形式表示被动意义的情况主要包括以下三方面：

1.有些常见的及物动词如sell, wash, write, wear, open, shut, lock, close, start, begin, read等用作不及物动词表示主语的内在特征、性质或所处状态（常与easily, quickly, well等副词连用），而并非强调动作本身时，习惯上用主动形式表示被动的含义。

例如：用英语表达“这扇门容易锁上”，应该说 “The door locks easily.”，而不宜说“The door is easily locked.”。又如：The pen writes well. 这笔很好写。// The table can't move. 这桌子移不动。// His novel doesn't sell. 他的小说卖不出去。// The article reads smoothly. 这篇文章读起来很流畅 。

2.在形容词worth和动词need, want, require等后面的动名词必须以主动语态形式表被动的含义。

例如： The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。// Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了 。

注意：动词need, want, require等之后的动名词可以换成被动语态形式的不定式，意思上没有差别。例如：

The house needs repairing.

=The house needs to be repaired. 这房子需要修理 。

3.某些系动词如feel, smell, sound, taste, prove等，也习惯以主动语态形式表示被动的意义。

例如： Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。// The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香。// As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct. 随着时间的推移，爱因斯坦的相对论被证明是正确的 。

注意：上述动词不用作系动词时，则不能如此使用。例如： His heart was felt still beating. 他感觉心脏仍在跳动。// Pepper can be tasted in the soap. 汤里有胡椒粉的味道 。

■语法考点运用实例·典型单选题

［例1］ This machine is very easy ____. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.

A. operating

B. to be operating

C. operated

D. to operate

［答案］ D

［解析］ 在句型“主语＋be＋adj.＋to do”中，若主语是动词do的逻辑宾语，用主动形式表被动的动作，四个选项中D最为符合语境。

［例2］ In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant ____.

A. to deal with

B. dealing with

C. to be dealt with

D. dealt with

［答案］ A

［解析］ 题干的句意为：很多人认为，虽然那家公司规模较小，但与之合作比较愉快。由于be pleasant后面习惯与不定式连用，可以先排除选项B、D；不定式修饰前面的表语形容词时，通常用主动形式来表示被动的意义，由此进一步排除选项C而选出A。

本章补充强化训练题

1. Mary realized she ____.

A. was playing a joke about

B. was making fun

C. was being made fun of

D. was made fun

2. The battle lasted for a few hours and at last the enemy ____.

A. was defeated

B. were beat

C. were won

D. defeated

3. We're all looking forward ____.

A. to be written to

B. to write

C. to being written to

D. to writing

4. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ____.

A. was booked

B. had been booked

C. were booked

D. have been booked

5. The window is believed ____ by Jack.

A. broken

B. to be broken

C. to break

D. to have been broken

6.— You could have asked Mr. Richards for help. He is kind-hearted.

— Yes. A whole day ____.

A. was wasted

B. had wasted

C. will waste

D. would be wasted

7. The sick child ____ good care of.

A. has had to take

B. has to be taken

C. has to take

D. will have to take

8. We ____ not to go that way because the bridge ____.

A. told; was repairing

B. were told; was being repaired

C. had told; was repaired

D. were told; was going to repair

9. I ____ ten minutes to decide whether I should take the offer.

A. gave

B. had given

C. was giving

D. was given

10. The notice ____ from hand to hand until all of us ____ it.

A. was passed; had read

B. passed; had read

C. was passed; read

D. passed; read

11. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but ____.

A. I'm not invited

B. I have not been invited

C. I was not invited

D. I had not been invited

12. Growing vegetables needs ____.

A. constant water

B. constant watering

C. constantly water

D. constantly watering

本章补充强化训练题参考答案

1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. D afDz3Cknc45MoC7eyVuuAuGeehErjKSL0is5HEbcUSo4JZGTyBBxp0ghmBYsEDtn