下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
1 Many prehistorians believe【主句】that farming may have emerged independently in severalx different areas of the world【宾语从句】 when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.【时间状语从句】
佳句妙译 许多史前学者认为，随着人口的增长和食物资源的减少，为了保障自身的生存，人们开始以小型群落为单位在地里播下种子，自此，世界的几个不同地区便开始各自形成了耕种文化。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句+时间状语从句，如下：
主句：Many prehistorians believe
宾语从句：that farming may have emerged independently in several different areas of the world
时间状语从句：when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival。这个时间状语的结构较为复杂，其中包含一个过去分词作定语的结构，即driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources，修饰communities；还包含一个介词短语作目的状语的结构，即in an effort to guarantee their survival；因此，这个时间状语从句的主干结构为：when small communities began to plant seeds in the ground。
短语搭配 in an effort to 为了
例 Changes were made in operating methods in an effort to increase profitability. 为了提高利润，经营方式发生了改变。
2 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population,【主句】 while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.【时间状语从句】
佳句妙译 在这些地区，食物增产带动了人口的大量增长；与此同时，人们努力控制水流，以实现农耕区灌溉水源的最大化，保护当地居民免受外部敌对势力的侵扰，从而推动了人类向大规模合作活动踏出第一步。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+时间状语从句，如下：
主句：The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population
时间状语从句：while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale。在这个时间状语从句中，to control the flow of water...outside the community是不定式短语作定语，修饰efforts，而to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas和to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community是不定式短语作目的状语，二者为并列关系，说明efforts to control the flow of water的目的。因此，这个时间状语从句的主干结构为：while efforts provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale。
adj. 重要的；有意义的；大量的
例 These views are held by a significant proportion of the population. 人群中有相当一部分人都支持这些观点。
派 significance （n. 重要性；意义）
v. 使…达到最大程度；使…最大化；充分利用
例 Maximize the window to full screen. 扩大窗口至全屏。
派 maximization（n. 最大化）
反 minimize
n. 灌溉
例 Irrigation has increased the area of cultivable land. 灌溉增加了可耕作土地的面积。
派 irrigate（v. 灌溉；冲洗）
n. 居民；栖息动物
例 Every inhabitant here has an obligation to pay taxes. 这儿的每个居民都应履行纳税义务。
adj. 不友善的，有敌意的；不利的；反对的
例 She was openly hostile towards her parents. 她毫不掩饰自己对父母的敌意。
派 hostility（n. 不友善，敌意；反对）
v. 激怒；挑衅；引起
例 His new book has provoked a great deal of controversy. 他的新书引起了很大的争议。
派 provocation（n. 挑衅）
短语搭配 lead to sth. 导致，引起
例 Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems. 吃太多甜食会引起诸多健康问题。
同 result in sth.
protect sb. / sth. from sth. 保护…不受…的伤害
例 They huddled together to protect themselves from the heavy wind. 他们挤在一起，以保护自己不受大风的侵袭。
on a large scale 大规模地
例 They entertain on a large scale. 他们举办了一场大型盛宴。
3 How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain,【并列主句1】but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered【并列主句2】 that one common stage in the process is the emergence of【宾语从句1】 what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.【宾语从句2】
佳句妙译 关于这些地方最初的政府是如何形成的这一点，还尚不为人所知，但那些致力于研究世界各地人类群体演变过程的人类学家发现，在这些早期政府的形成过程中会经历一个共同阶段，即在某个群落或某些群落中，诞生出一些所谓的“大人物”。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并列主句2 +宾语从句1 +宾语从句2，如下：
并列主句1：How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain。该主句中的主语是一个由how引导的名词性从句。
并列主句2：but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered...该主句中，studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰主语anthropologists。
宾语从句1：that one common stage in the process is the emergence
宾语从句2：of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages。这里，what引导的从句是介词of的宾语。
n. 人类学家
例 To my surprise, the anthropologist was accused of murder. 令我吃惊的是，那位人类学家竟然被指控谋杀。
派 anthropology（n. 人类学）
短语搭配 take shape 形成，成形；变得有条理
例 A new song began to take shape in her mind. 一首新歌逐渐在她脑海中成形。
4 With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority【伴随状语】came【谓语】 the mergence of the cities【主语】.
佳句妙译 随着人口的增长和集权制的发展，多个城市渐渐融合在一起。
句法精析 这是一个将伴随状语置于句首的倒装句，整个句子的结构是伴随状语+谓语+主语，如下：
伴随状语：With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority
谓语：came
主语：the mergence of cities
知识拓展 倒装句
倒装是一种语法手段，用以表示一定的句子结构和强调某一句子成分。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种固定的语序加以颠倒。这里将重点讨论强调句子成分的倒装。
1. 谓语置于句首
Go I can’t. 我不能去。（强调主要动词go）
2. 表语置于句首
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. 他们能够对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。（强调过去分词gone，同时也是由于主语较长）
3. 宾语置于句首
“Yes,” said the youth shortly. “是的，”那个小伙子简短地说道。
4. 状语置于句首
By his side sat his faithful dog. 在他旁边蹲着他的忠犬。（介词短语表地点）
5 It was not until the Cambrian period【强调句】, beginning about 600 million years ago【现在分词短语作定语】, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 直至6亿年前的寒武纪时期开始，宏观物种才开始在地球上大量繁衍，而后变作了化石，也正是通过这些化石，我们才能追踪了解到生物多样性的兴衰历程。
句法精析 这是一个“It is...that...”的强调句型。整个句子的结构是强调句 + 现在分词短语作定语 + 定语从句，如下：
强调句：It was not until the Cambrian period...that a great proliferation of macroscopic species...
现在分词短语作定语：beginning about 600 million years ago
定语从句：that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity
将此强调句型还原，则是：A great proliferation of macroscopic species did not occur on Earth and produce a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago. 其中，beginning about 600 million years ago是现在分词短语作定语，修饰the Cambrian period；定语从句修饰a fossil record。
知识拓展 “It is / was...that...”强调句型
强调就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。英语表达中，要强调句子的某一成分，一般可用强调句型“It is / was (who) + 被强调部分+ that +句子其余部分”。使用强调句时，应注意以下几点：
1. 去掉强调结构“It is / was...that (who)...”后，剩下的部分仍能组成一个完整的句子。这是判断句子是否为强调句的关键。如：
It is you who should clean the house today. 今天应该是你清理屋子。
去掉句中的it is和who，句子变为：You should clean the house today.仍是一个完整的句子，因而这是一个强调句。
2. 强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使是在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，也是如此。如：
It was in US that he and she first met. 他和她第一次相遇是在美国。
3. 注意强调句的否定句和疑问句形式。如：
It was not until she got home that Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. 直到回到家，Jennifer才发现钥匙丢了。
还原成普通句型：Jennifer didn’t realize she had lost her keys until she got home.
n. 扩散；激增
例 The medical organizations attempt to prevent cancer cell proliferation. 医疗机构试图抑制癌细胞的扩散。
adj. 宏观的；肉眼可见的
例 Then, it explains the macroscopic and microscopic effects of assets reorganization. 随后对资产重组的宏观和微观效应进行说明。
反 microscopic
n. 生物多样性
例 The mining project threatens one of the world’s richest areas of biodiversity. 此采矿工程对世界上这个生物最具多样性的地方之一造成了威胁。
短语搭配 rise and fall 起伏；兴亡；盛衰荣辱
例 The documentary records the rise and fall of the ancient Roman Empire. 这部纪录片记录了古罗马帝国的盛衰荣辱。
6 However, no Group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely【并列主句1】, andwhen, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago,【时间状语从句】mammals began to flourish,【并列主句2】 evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species,【分词短语作状语】including bats and whales,【插入语】 that we know today【定语从句】.
佳句妙译 但是，没有哪个群体或物种能一直保持其统治地位不变；过了2亿余年，直至6500万年前左右，恐龙时代突然终结，这时哺乳动物兴盛起来，从最初的几种小型陆地动物发展到现今我们所知道的各种各样的物种，如蝙蝠和鲸鱼。
句法精析 这是一个并列复合句，整个句子的结构是：并列主句1 +时间状语从句+并列主句2 +状语+插入语+定语从句，如下：
并列主句1：However, no Group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely
并列主句2：and...mammals began to flourish...
并列从句2又包括以下结构：时间状语从句、现在分词短语作状语、插入语、定语从句，如下：
时间状语从句：when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago
现在分词短语作状语：evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species
插入语：including bats and whales
定语从句：that we know today。这里应注意定语从句的先行词不是离that最近的词whales，而是the myriad of diverse species。including bats and whales是插入语，可以完全忽略，它的存在与否不会影响句子的整体结构，即删去插入语后，定语从句仍然存在，因此可以判定该定语从句不是修饰此插入语的。
并列主句2的主干结构是：mammals began to flourish
n. 控制，支配
搭 political dominance 政治支配地位
派 dominant（adj. 支配的；高耸的；首要的）
adv. 无限期地
例 The trial was postponed indefinitely. 这个案件一直在拖延。
adj. 戏剧（性）的；激动人心的；突发的
例 Students will study various plays and dramatic texts. 学生们会研究各种戏剧以及戏剧文本。
派 dramatically（adv. 戏剧地）
v. 兴旺，繁荣；茂盛；处于全盛时期
例 Corruption flourishes when everyone is badly paid. 当大家收入都很微薄时，腐败就猖獗了。
adj. 地球上的；地面上的；陆生的
搭 a terrestrial habitat 陆生环境
n. 无数
例 Designs are available in a myriad of colors. 有各种各样不同颜色的设计。
短语搭配 come to an end 结束，终止；终结；期满
例 The meeting came to an end. 会议结束了。
7 Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980【主句】when a Group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed【定语从句 】 that 65 million years ago Earth was struck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite【宾语从句】 traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour.【分词短语作后置定语】
佳句妙译 1980年，以Luis Alvarez为代表的一群物理学家提出，6500万年前，地球曾被一个宽10公里、以每小时9万公里的速度移动的陨石撞击，自此，人们对K-T大灭绝的解释发生了颠覆性的变化。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句+宾语从句+分词短语作后置定语，如下：
主句：Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980
定语从句：when a Group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed...
宾语从句：that 65 million years ago Earth was struck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite
分词短语作后置定语：traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour，修饰meteorite。
词汇拓展 K-T extinction： K-T灭绝指的是地球上五次物种大灭绝之一的、发生在白垩纪和第三纪之间的大灭绝。这段期间，恐龙和其他的动物族群都遭受了灭绝的命运。
v. 使发生革命性剧变
例 Computers have revolutionized banking and publishing industry. 计算机使银行业和出版业发生了革命性的改变。
n. 陨石；流星
例 A meteorite streaked across the sky. 一颗流星划过天空。
8 Most scientists came to accept the meteorite theory【主句】after evidence came to light【时间状语从句】 that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.【同位语从句】
佳句妙译 尤卡坦半岛北海岸中心有一个直径为180千米的环形构造，有证据显示这是6500万年前陨石撞击地球时留下的，此后，许多科学家便接受了陨星大碰撞理论。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句 + 时间状语从句 + 同位语从句，如下：
主句：Most scientists came to accept the meteorite theory
时间状语从句：after evidence came to light
同位语从句：that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago该同位语从句中，180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula是修饰circular formation的定语成分，因而宾语从句的主干是：that a circular formation was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago。
adj. 圆的，环形的
例 The lamp stands on a circular base. 这盏台灯是装在圆形底座上的。
n. 半岛
例 Dalian is in the south of the Liaodong Peninsula. 大连位于辽东半岛南部。
派 peninsular（adj. 半岛的）
短语搭配 come to light 显露，为大家所周知；东窗事发
例 New evidence has recently come to light. 最近又有了新证据。
9 As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars,【伴随状语从句】 engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure【主句】.
佳句妙译 随着芯片的制造时间和费用分别降低到了几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被（代价）昂贵的失败所惩罚。
句法精析 这句话是主从复合句，整个句子的结构是伴随状语从句+主句，如下：
主句：engineers may soon be free...by expensive failure
伴随状语从句：As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars
v. 翱翔；高飞；猛增；高涨；高耸
例 Food prices soar during the cold weather. 这个寒冷的冬季食品价格猛涨。
派 soaring（adj. 猛增的；剧增的）
同 fly, glide
v. 处罚；使不利
例 People who drive when they are drunk should be heavily penalized. 对醉驾者应予重罚。
派 penalization（n. 处罚）
同 punish, fine
短语搭配 be free to 随意，任意；不受拘束
例 If we offer you the job, when will you be free to join us? 如果我们给你这个工作，你什么时候可以到任？
10 He called for proof of the protectionist view:【主句】that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants【同位语从句1】 and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present.【同位语从句2】
佳句妙译 保护主义观点认为：蚂蚁的出现是对植物的一种保护，而且，相较于有昆虫造访的植物，没有昆虫造访的植物消亡或是不能开花结果的数量更多。对于这种观点，他要求提供证据证明。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+同位语从句1 +同位语从句2，如下：
主句：He called for proof of the protectionist view
同位语从句1：that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants
同位语从句2：that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present
两个同位语从句都是view的同位语。
知识拓展 同位语从句
同位语从句在形式上与定语从句相似。二者之前都有先行词，但与先行词的关系不同：同位语从句与先行词同位或等同，定语从句则与先行词是修饰关系。
1. 同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, view, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很担心。
2. 引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that, whether）、连接代词（what, who）、连接副词（how, when, where）等，如：（注：if不能引导同位语从句）
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 我们还没想好去哪儿过暑假。
3. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开，如：
The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule be adopted. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。
adj. 保护主义的
例 This could lead to a trade protectionist backlash. 这会导致贸易保护主义抬头。
派 protectionism （n. 保护主义）
n. 视察，访问；探望；探视权
例 They had another visitation from Essex police. 埃塞克斯的警察再次拜访了他们。
v. 授予；赋予；商量，协商
例 An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2009. 2009年牛津大学授予他荣誉学位。
v. 死亡；腐烂
例 We shall do it or perish in the attempt. 我们将拼死一试。
短语搭配 call for 需要；要求
例 The situation calls for immediate action. 当前的情况需要立即采取行动。
confer sth. on / upon sb. 授予（奖项、学位、荣誉或权利）
例 The job confers respectability on the holder. 这个职业使得从事它的人受到尊敬。
in the absence of… 当…不存在时；当缺乏/缺少…时
例 The case was dismissed in the absence of any definite proof. 由于证据不足，这个案件被驳回。
11 Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma,【主句】which receives the pollen grains【定语从句1】 and on which the pollen germinates.【定语从句2】
佳句妙译 花粉粒落在植物的花冠或柱头上，并在其上发芽，而以花为食的蚱蜢却能破坏这些花冠或柱头，间接阻碍植物授粉和结果。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句1 +定语从句2，如下：
主句：Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma
定语从句1：which receives the pollen grains
定语从句2：on which the pollen germinates
主句中，feeding on flowers是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰grasshoppers；by destroying the corolla or the stigma是介词短语作方式状语，表示grasshoppers是通过何种方式阻碍授粉和结果的。另外，两个定语从句是并列关系，共同修饰the corolla or the stigma。
n. 蚱蜢
例 In some regions, grasshoppers are edible for people living there. 有些地方的人吃蚱蜢。
n. 授粉，传粉
例 Planting trees in Groups rather than long thin lines helps pollination. 把树木栽成片比栽成狭长的一列更有利于传粉。
派 pollinate（v. 传授花粉）
v. 发芽；形成，产生
例 The possibility of organizing a fact-finding mission was germinating in his mind. 组织实地调查团的可能性正在他脑中酝酿。
短语搭配 feed on 以…为食
例 Sheep feed mostly on grass. 羊主要以草为食。
12 The steam engine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance【主句】 that gave people, at least for a while, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 瓦特和他的同事们共同发明的蒸汽机代表了技术的进步，至少在一定时期内给人们带来了无尽的能量，也促进了各式能量驱动装备的出现和使用。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是：主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：The steam engine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance
定语从句：that gave people, at least for a while, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment。其中，at least for a while为插入语。
adj. 技术上的，与技术有关的
搭 a major technological breakthrough 一项重大技术突破
13 The steam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as other industries during the 1780s,【主句】 contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization.【分词短语作结果状语】
佳句妙译 18世纪80年代间，棉纺厂和其他产业开始使用蒸汽发电以替代水力发电，这显著推动了工业化的崛起。
句法精析 这是一个简单句，最后的现在分词短语contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization在句中作结果状语，说明蒸汽发电代替水力发电的结果。
知识拓展 现在分词短语作状语分为以下几种情况，但无论是何种情况，分词短语的逻辑主语均为句中的主语。
1. 现在分词短语作时间状语，有以下三种情况：
分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生。如：
Seeing these pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到这些照片，她就想到了她的童年。
谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，用when / while引导的现在分词短语作时间状语。如：You should be very careful while driving. 你开车时需格外小心。
分词所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动作才发生。如：Having finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV. 完成作业后，男孩才被允许看电视。
2. 现在分词短语作原因状语。如：
Having no idea about how to deal with this situation, he asked his friends for help. 因为不知道该如何处理这种情形，他便向他的朋友们寻求帮助。
3. 现在分词短语作方式状语，用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。如：
She lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 她躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
4. 现在分词短语作结果状语。这时，分词短语通常位于句末，中间用逗号隔开。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲去世了，留给他许多钱。
5. 现在分词短语作条件状语。如：
Working hard, you will pass the exam. 如果你努力一点，就会通过考试。
6. 现在分词短语作让步状语。如：
Knowing the truth, they still made me apologize. 尽管知道了事实真相，他们仍然要我道歉。
adj. 显著的；惊人的；杰出的；现象的
例 The rent shot up a phenomenal 80 percent. 租金猛涨了80%。
n. 工业化
例 Industrialization inevitably led to the expansion of the urban working class. 工业化不可避免地导致了城市工人阶级人数的增多。
短语搭配 as well as 也，和
例 Electric energy can be changed into light energy as well as into sound energy. 电能既可以被转变成光能，也可以被转变成声能。
contribute to sth. 有助于，促成；是…的部分原因
例 Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases. 空气污染会引起呼吸道疾病。
14 First, and most obvious, the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state’s administrative center,【主句】standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country.【分词短语作后置定语】
佳句妙译 首先，最显而易见的是，尼罗河三角洲的顶点位置介于上下埃及的连接位，贯通两个区域，在政治上是定都最合适的位置。
句法精析 这是一个简单句，现在分词短语standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country在句中作后置定语，修饰the apex of the Nile River delta。
n. 顶点，顶峰
例 At 37, she’d reached the apex of her career. 她37岁时，事业达到了巅峰。
adj. 恰当的；适宜的；适时的
例 The offer could not have come at a more opportune moment. 那个建议提得正是时候。
adj. 行政的
例 He found an administrative job. 他找了份行政类的工作。
15 The region of Memphis【主语】 must have also served as【谓语】 an important node for transport and communications,【宾语】 even before the unification of Egypt.【时间状语】
佳句妙译 同时，在埃及王朝统一之前，孟菲斯区域还是交通和通讯的重要地理节点。
句法精析 这是一个简单句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语+时间状语，如下：
主语：The region of Memphis
谓语：must have also served as
宾语：an important node for transport and communications
时间状语：even before the unification of Egypt
知识拓展 “情态动词+ have +过去分词”的用法：
1. must have +过去分词
用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。如：It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下过雨了，因为地面是湿的。
2. should (ought to) have +过去分词
表示“过去本应该做而实际没有做的事情”，含有责备或遗憾的语气。如：You should have been in class at 7:30, but you were late. 你本应在7点半到教室，但是你却迟到了。
3. needn’t have +过去分词
表示“过去没有必要做某事，但实际却做了”。如：I needn’t have bought so much wine —only five people came. 我本没有必要买这么多酒，只来了5个人。
4. may / might have +过去分词
对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“可能已经，或许已经”。如：She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。
5. could have +过去分词
表示“过去本可以做某事，却没做”；否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”。较少使用到“can have +过去分词”。如：He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心了。
6. would have +过去分词
虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，“本来会做”。如：I would have told you all about the boy’s story if you asked me. 如果你问了我的话，我本打算将这个小男孩的故事全告诉你的。
n. 统一
例 Chancellor Helmut Kohl was the leading cheerleader for German unification. 赫尔穆特•科尔总理是德国统一的主要支持者。
短语搭配 serve as 供职；服役；充当，担任
例 He served as a captain in the army. 他在军队里担任上尉。
16 In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm,【主句】an essential requirement for a state-directed economy【同位语】 that depended on the movement of goods.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 因此，简单来说，孟菲斯的所在地为统一王朝的早期统治者们提供了绝佳位置，以便对内贸进行管控，对于一个以易货贸易为主导经济的国家来说，这点十分关键。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+同位语+定语从句，如下：
主句：In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm
同位语：an essential requirement for a state-directed economy，充当an ideal location的同位语
定语从句：that depended on the movement of goods，修饰先行词economy
n. 王国；领域
例 At the end of the speech he seemed to be moving into the realms of fantasy. 演讲最后，他似乎表现得有点不切实际。
adj. 必要的；本质的
例 Even in small companies, computers are an essential tool. 即使在小公司，电脑也是必不可少的工具。
短语搭配 in short 简而言之
例 His novels belong to a great but vanished age. They are, in short, old-fashioned. 他的小说属于一个伟大却已消失的时代。简而言之，它们过时了。
17 As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab【定语从句】, the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land (land suitable for growing crops) was a particularly attractive one for early settlement;【并列主句1】 this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.【并列主句2】
佳句妙译 与Hierakonpolis和Elkab情况一致，同片区域里沙漠草场和可耕种冲击地的结合吸引着早期的人们在此驻扎；这种结合无疑促进了前王朝统治早期孟菲斯地区的繁荣与兴盛。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是定语从句+并列主句1 +并列主句2，如下：
定语从句：As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab
并列主句1：the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land (land suitable for growing crops) was a particularly attractive one for early settlement
并列主句2：this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times
n. 牧场
例 This fence contravenes our common right to pasturage. 这道栅栏侵害了我们对牧场的共有权。
adj. 冲积的，冲积层的
搭 alluvial soil / plains 冲击土/冲积平原
adj. 可耕的
搭 arable land 耕地
n. 繁荣，富裕
例 Our future prosperity depends on economic growth. 我们未来的繁荣取决于经济发展。
同 affluence
adj. 王朝统治以前的（尤指公元前3100年古埃及的）
搭 predynastic time 王朝统治以前的时代
短语搭配 as is / was the case with… 同…一样
例 Peter often goes to school by bike, as is the case with John. 彼得经常骑单车去上学，约翰也是。
no doubt 无疑地；很可能
例 No doubt she’ll call us when she gets there. 她到那儿后，应该会给我们打电话。
18 Because of industrialization,【原因状语1】 but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output without【原因状语2】 which industrialization would have been impossible,【定语从句】Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer, healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples.【主句】
佳句妙译 由于工业化以及促进工业化发展的要素——农产值的巨大增长，19世纪后半叶，西欧人民的生活水平较之世界其他地方人民的生活水平更高，寿命更长，生活方式也更健康。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是原因状语1 +原因状语2 +定语从句+主句，如下：
原因状语1：Because of industrialization
原因状语2：but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output
定语从句：without which industrialization would have been impossible
主句：Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer, healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples
adj. 大量的；巨大的；辽阔的
例 At dusk bats appear in vast numbers. 到黄昏时，大量蝙蝠就开始出来活动。
19 Improvements in the food supply continued trends【主句】that had started in the late seventeenth century.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 改善食物供应这一方面仍保持着始于17世纪末期的趋势。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：Improvements in the food supply continued trends
定语从句：that had started in the late seventeenth century
20 Led by German universities,【分词短语作定语】 increasing research was devoted to improving seeds, developing chemical fertilizers, and advancing livestock.【主句】
佳句妙译 许多德国大学更多地致力于种子、化肥和家畜的研发与改善。
句法精析 这是一个简单句，整个句子的结构是过去分词短语作定语+主句，如下：
过去分词短语作定语：Led by German universities，修饰主句主语increasing research
主句：increasing research was devoted to improving seeds, developing chemical fertilizers, and advancing livestock，为被动语态
知识拓展 分词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表示一个正在进行的动作或经常性的动作或状态，相当于一个含有一般时态或进行时态主动语态的定语从句；过去分词作定语表示一个发生在谓语动词动作前的动作或状态，相当于一个含有完成时态或一般时被动语态的定语从句。如：
The matter being discussed (=that was being discussed) is of great importance. 正在讨论的事情意义十分重大。
I only drink water boiled (=which has been boiled) at least ten minutes. 我只喝至少煮了10分钟以上的水。
n. 肥料
例 The organic fertilizer shall keep the soil in good heart. 这种有机肥将会使土壤保持肥沃。
n. 家畜，牲畜
例 Farmers were encouraged to keep their livestock in pens rather than letting them roam freely. 鼓励农民们把家畜关进栏圈，而不是任由它们到处乱跑。
短语搭配 devote to 致力于…，献身于…；把…专用于，完全用于（某事或做某事）
例 Faculty members devote most of their time to scholarly research. 全院教师大部分时间都用来从事学术研究。
______________________________________________________