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1 Once known【状语1】, it spread rapidly【主句】, driving out water clocks but not solar dials【状语2】,which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 一旦被人们所知，它就传播得非常快；人们逐渐舍弃水钟表，但仍保留着日晷，这个方法还被用来核对新的计时仪器较之前计时法的准确度。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语1 + 主句 + 状语2 + 定语从句，如下：
状语1：Once known
主句：it spread rapidly
状语2：driving out water clocks but not solar dials
定语从句：which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort
adj.基础的；基本的
例 They were only given rudimentary training in the job.他们仅仅受到过基本的职业训练。
2 Evolutionary biologists【主语】 believe【谓语】that speciation【宾语从句】, the formation of a new species, often begins【同位语】 when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations.【状语从句】
佳句妙译 进化生物学家认为物种形成（也就是新物种的产生）通常从某种物理障碍（地理隔离）的出现开始，这种隔离会把一个单一物种分为隔离的亚种群。
句法精析 这句话是复合句。整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语从句+同位语+状语从句，如下：
主语：Evolutionary biologists
谓语：believe
宾语从句：that speciation often begins
同位语：the formation of a new species
状语从句：when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations
adj.进化的，演变的
搭 evolutionary theory 进化论
3 Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species【主句】because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations.【原因状语从句】
佳句妙译 隔离亚种群会促进新物种的产生，因为一旦一个亚种群中的成员无法与其他亚种群中的成员交配，那么亚种群之间就无法交换任意种群中的变种基因。
句法精析 这句话是复合句。整个句子的结构是主句+状语从句，如下：
主句：Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species
状语从句：because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations，其中还包含由once引导的条件状语从句
v. （动物间）交配
例 Do foxes ever mate with dogs?狐狸会和狗交配吗？
搭 mate with 和…交配
4 Because Graves’ study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive,【原因状语从句】divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.【主句】
佳句妙译 因为Graves关于地峡鱼类地域隔离的种群研究为中性或适应性的变异逐渐积累的初期过程提供了一些线索，这里的差异可能会给正在形成的异域性物种提供证据。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如下：
原因状语从句：Because Graves’ study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive
主句：divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process
n. 积累
例 She has a large accumulation of famous paintings. 她收集了很多名画。
n. 分歧
例 They have a wide divergence of opinion concerning this topic. 在这个问题上他们的意见有严重分歧。
5 Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically【状语从句】,Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a Group.【主句】
佳句妙译 中国的父母都认为上学前班可以帮孩子们打开学术的大门，而日本父母则把学前班看作一个让孩子融入集体的机会。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如下：
状语从句：Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically
主句：Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a Group
adv. 学术上地
例 You have to do well academically to get into medical school. 你得学习成绩优良才能进入医学院。
adv. 主要地；根本地
例 The problem is not primarily a financial one.这个问题基本上不是财政问题。
6 While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors,【状语从句】 some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers forthe formal instruction【主句】they will experience【定语从句】 when they start kindergarten.【时间状语从句】
佳句妙译 许多为学龄前儿童设计的课程项目将重点集中在社交和情感方面，而有些主要旨在提升学龄前孩子的认知能力，并为他们接受幼儿园正规指导做好准备。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如下：
状语从句：While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors
主句：some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten，包含一个省略了先行词的定语从句they will experience以及时间状语从句when they start kindergarten
adj.认知的；感知的
搭 cognitive psychology 认知心理学
7 In addition【状语】, results from other types of preschool readiness programs【主语】 indicate【谓语】that those who participate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program.【宾语从句】
佳句妙译 此外，从其他类型的学龄前预备项目的结果来看，那些参加过学前项目并且毕业的孩子很少复读；比起预备项目，他们更愿意完成学校课程。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+宾语从句，如下：
状语：In addition
主语：results from other types of preschool readiness programs
谓语：indicate
宾语从句：that those who participate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program
v. 表明；暗示；显示
例 Records profits in the retail market indicate a boom in the economy. 零售市场上有史以来的最高利润显示出经济的突飞猛进。
8 The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs【主语】 suggests【谓语】 that, taken as a Group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits【宾语从句1】, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs.【宾语从句2】
佳句妙译 关于早期介入项目的最新综合评估表明，总体来说，学前项目可以带来巨大的收益，政府在学龄早期投入的资金最终会减少未来的花销。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语从句1+宾语从句2，如下：
主语：The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs
谓语：suggests
宾语从句1：that, taken as a Group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits
宾语从句2：and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs
adj. 全部的；综合性的
例 Comprehensive education is designed for students of all abilities in the same school. 综合性教学是为全校所有的学生设计的。
n. 介入；干扰
例 He calls for government intervention to save the steel industry.他呼吁政府出面挽救钢铁业。
9 For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs【状语】,participants in various programs【主语】 showed【谓语】 gains in emotional or cognitive development【宾语1】,better educational outcomes【宾语2】, increased economic self-sufficiency【宾语3】, reduced levels of criminal activity【宾语4】,and improved health-related behaviors【宾语5】.
佳句妙译 比如说，与没有参与早期介入项目的孩子相比，参加了多样化学前项目的孩子提高了情感和认知能力，取得了更好的教育成果，提高了经济上的自足能力，降低了犯罪行为发生的频率，并改进了健康相关行为。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语 + 主语 + 谓语+ 宾语1 + 宾语2 + 宾语3 + 宾语4 + 宾语5，如下：
状语：compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs，其中含有由who引导的定语从句
主语：participants in various programs
谓语：showed
宾语1：gains in emotional or cognitive development
宾语2：better educational outcomes
宾语3：increased economic self-sufficiency
宾语4：reduced levels of criminal activity
宾语5：and improved health-related behaviors
10 In short【状语】, children【主语】 require【谓语】 development of appropriate educational practice【宾语】, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 总之，孩子们需要得到适当的教育实践，即基于孩子的典型发展和独特个性的教育。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+宾语+定语从句，如下：
状语：In short
主语：children
谓语：require
宾语：development of appropriate educational practice
定语从句：which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child，其中还包含一个由that引导的定语从句
n. 实践；做法；习惯
例 She is determined to put her new ideas into practice. 她决心要把自己的新想法付诸实践。
adj. 典型的；一贯的
例 This is a typical example of Roman pottery.这是一件典型的罗马陶器。
同 representative
反 atypical, untypical
11 The rate【主语】at which a site is colonized by plants【定语从句1】depends on【谓语动词短语】 both the rate【宾语1】at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site【定语从句2】and their success at becoming established and surviving.【宾语2】
佳句妙译 植物在某一地点大批生长的速度取决于以下两个因素：生物体（种子、孢子、不成熟或成熟的个体）抵达这个区域的速度，以及它们能在此处立足和生存的成功率。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 定语从句1 + 谓语动词短语 + 宾语1 + 定语从句2 + 宾语2，如下：
主语：The rate
定语从句1：at which a site is colonized by plants，修饰先行词the rate
谓语动词短语：depends on
宾语1：the rate
定语从句2：at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site，修饰先行词the rate
宾语2：their success at becoming established and surviving
句子的主干是：The rate depends on both the rate and their success at becoming established and surviving.
知识拓展 在该句的两个定语从句中，关系代词which均充当介词at的宾语，固定搭配为at the rate。此种情况下，介词既可以置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末，但以置于从句之首较为正式。如：This is the room in which he used to live. / This is the room which he used to live in. 在以上例句中，live in the room是固定搭配；the room被提前，作为定语从句的先行词，剩下live in这一部分与关系代词构成从句部分，这时，介词in既可以置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末，如例句所示。两者意义并无差别。
v. （植物）在…大批生长；（动物）在…聚居；将…建成殖民地，（使）殖民化
例 The slopes are colonized by flowering plants. 斜坡上长满了开花植物。
派 colonization（n. 殖民化）
n. 有机体，生物体
例 The amoeba is a very simple organism. 变形虫是一种很简单的生物体。
短语搭配 depend on 依靠，依赖；取决于
例 The temperature varies depending on the season. 气温随季节变化。
12 Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization【主句】—a safe site【同位语】 where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at【定语从句1】 which the invading species can become established.【定语从句2】
佳句妙译 植物能够大量生长在很大程度上取决于有一个非常适合繁衍的场所——这是一个安全的场所，因为在这里，火灾或林木砍伐所造成的混乱，要么赶走了竞争物种，要么减少了竞争程度和其他负面活动，使得入侵物种可在此立足。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句1+定语从句2，如下：
主句：Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization
同位语：a safe site
定语从句1：where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level
定语从句2：at which the invading species can become established
该句破折号后面的内容是对主句中a site的补充说明。主句中包含一个插入语to a great extent，删除后对主句的含义不造成影响。
知识拓展 there being和there to be的用法区别：
1. there being的用法
作介词后的复合宾语，通常表示“已经存在”的事物。如：
I’ve never dreamed of there being a grand swimming pool in the house. 我从未想过房子里会有个大游泳池。
作状语用的独立结构。如：
There being nothing else to be discussed, the manager dismissed the meeting quickly. 因为没有什么要讨论的了，经理很快解散了会议。
2. there to be的用法
用作动词的复合宾语。如：
I didn’t expect there to be a supermarket in a country village like this. 我没想到在这样的乡村里会有超市。
用在介词for之后。如：
It is impossible for there to be any chance to win the match. 没有机会赢得比赛了。
注意：there being 也可用作动词宾语，而究竟使用哪种结构取决于动词的常用搭配。若动词后常跟动名词，则使用there being，如deny, appreciate, mind等；若动词后常跟不定式，则使用there to be，如expect, want, like等。
介词后要接动名词，因此通常都会使用there being结构，但在介词for后，应使用there to be结构。
n. 骚乱；打扰；弄乱
例 He was charged with causing a disturbance after the game. 他被指控在赛后引起骚乱。
派 disturb （v. 打扰；使不安；弄乱，搅乱）
v. 侵略；大量涌入；侵扰
例 Troops invaded on August 9th that year. 那年8月9日，军队入侵。
短语搭配 to a great extent 很大程度上
例 To a great extent what she argues is true. 她的辩护在很大程度上是真的。
either…or… 要么…要么…，或者…或者…
例 You either love him or hate him. 你不是爱他就是恨他。
13 A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds【并列主句1】, whereas a neighboring construction site【并列主句2】 from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,【定语从句】 infertile parent materialmay remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years【并列主句2】despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.【介词短语作让步状语】
佳句妙译 一片犁过的肥沃土地很快会滋生大量的野草，而邻近的建筑区，就算播种下同翻耕区一样的种子，因其土壤经过压实或移除，裸露在外的母质层过于粗糙且不肥沃，因此数月或数年里几乎都不可能被植被覆盖。
句法精析 这是一个并列复合句，整个句子的结构是：并列主句1 +并列主句2 +定语从句+让步状语，如下：
并列主句1：A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds
并列主句2：whereas a neighboring construction site...may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years
定语从句：from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material
让步状语：despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field
conj. 然而；鉴于
例 We thought she was arrogant, whereas in fact she was just very shy. 我们原以为她很傲慢，但其实她只是比较害羞而已。
v. 压实；压缩
例 The road is covered by a thick layer of compacted snow. 道路被一层厚实的雪覆盖住了。
n. 植被；无所事事
例 Desert areas have little vegetation. 沙漠地区罕有植被。
14 Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants【主句】, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds【定语从句1】 that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals【定语从句2】 or those that produce long-lived seeds.【定语从句3】
佳句妙译 一些植物发展出了其他可行的办法，例如，有的植物长出少量却形态较大的种子，通过鸟或小型哺乳动物将种子传播到合适的栖息地；有的植物则生长出寿命较长的种子。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句。整个句子的结构是：主句+定语从句1 +定语从句2 +定语从句3，如下：
主句：Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants
定语从句1：that produce fewer but larger seeds
定语从句2：that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals
定语从句3：that produce long-lived seeds
在这个句子中，定语从句1和3为并列关系，由or连接，两者均修饰先行词those，指代plants；定语从句1和定语从句2则为包含关系，后者修饰前者的宾语seeds。
adj. 可供替代的，备选的；非传统的
例 Do you have an alternative solution? 你有其他解决办法吗？
v. 散去，消散；传播
例 The crowd dispersed quickly. 人群很快散去了。
同 scatter
15 This is particularly important for species【主句】 that colonize an environment【定语从句1】 where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes【定语从句2】 and in which there may be great climatic diversity.【定语从句3】
佳句妙译 对于要迁居到没有植被去改善极端气候条件且气候极具多样性的地方的物种来说，这点尤其重要。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句1 +定语从句2 +定语从句3，如下：
主句：This is particularly important for species
定语从句1：that colonize an environment
定语从句2：where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes
定语从句3：in which there may be great climatic diversity
这句话中，定语从句2和3为并列关系，共用一个先行词an environment，其中，in which可用where替代。
知识拓展 引导定语从句的关系副词：
引导定语从句的关联词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等，常见的关系代词有who, whom, that, which等；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语，常见的有when, where, why等。
1. when
when在从句中用作时间状语，其先行词须是表时间的名词。如：
There is a saying prevalent in the university campus that for lovers, the day when they graduate is also the day when they part. 在大学校园里流传着这样一句话：对情侣而言，毕业日即分手日。
2. where
where在从句中用作地点状语，其先行词须是表地点的名词。如：
When Jane felt sad, she would go and stay in the attic where nobody could find her and disturb her. Jane感到伤心时，就会跑到阁楼待着，不让人找到她、烦她。
注意：作关系副词时，where往往可以用“介词+ which”代替。这里的介词取决于与作为先行词的地点名词搭配使用的介词。如上个例句中，与先行词搭配的介词为in，则此句中的where = in which。
3. why
why在从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有reason。如：
The film was so boring and that’s the reason why I left the cinema so early. 电影太没意思了，所以我早早地离开了影院。
v. 提高；改善
例 Steps have been taken to ameliorate the situation. 已采取措施改善这种状况。
派 amelioration （n. 改善；提高）
adj. 气候的
搭 climatic changes / conditions / factors 气候变化/条件/因素
16 Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with pheromones【主句】,chemical substances【同位语】 secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their species.【分词汇短语作后置定语】
佳句妙译 显然，具有攻击性的物种更喜欢用信息素去标记那些可能的巢穴地点，这种信息素是一些动物为了与同物种间的其他成员进行交流而分泌的一种化学物质。
句法精析 这是一个简单句，但其中包含一个起解释或说明作用的同位语成分。整个句子的结构是：主句+同位语+后置定语，如下：
主句：Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with pheromones
同位语：chemical substances，解释说明pheromones为何物
后置定语：secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their species，修饰同位语
adj. 好斗的，挑衅的
例 He gets aggressive when he’s drunk. 他喝醉后极具攻击性。
adj. 预期的；潜在的
例 She introduced him as her prospective son-in-law. 她把他当作准女婿来介绍。
同 potential
v. 分泌；藏匿
例 Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. 胰岛素由胰腺分泌。
17 Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in【让步状语从句】 how bee behavior might affect colony distributions【宾语从句1】, they recognized【主句】 that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions【宾语从句2】.
佳句妙译 尽管Hubbell和Johnson 对蜜蜂的行为如何影响群体的分布十分感兴趣，但他们也意识到，蜜蜂是否能找到适合筑巢的地方这一点也同样影响群体的分布。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是让步状语从句+宾语从句1 +主句+宾语从句2，如下：
让步状语从句：Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in...distributions
宾语从句1：how bee behavior might affect colony distributions
主句：they recognized
宾语从句2：that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions
n. 殖民地；【生物】群体
搭 a colony of ants 蚁群
18 The species【主语】that are first to colonize a site【定语从句1】are those【系表结构】that produce abundant seed【定语从句2】 that is distributed successfully to new sites.【定语从句3】
佳句妙译 率先占领一个地方的物种往往能产出大量种子，并且能将种子顺利分散到其他新地点。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 定语从句1 + 系表结构 + 定语从句2 + 定语从句3，如下：
主语：The species
定语从句1：that are first to colonize a site，修饰先行词the species
系表结构：are those that produce abundant...sites
定语从句2：that produce abundant seed，修饰先行词those
定语从句3：that is distributed successfully to new sites，修饰先行词seed
句子的主干是：The species are those...
adj. 大量的；丰富的
例 We have abundant evidence to prove his guilt. 我们持有大量证据可证明他有罪。
派 abundance（n. 丰富；大量）
同 plentiful
v. 分配；散布，分散
例 The organization distributed food to earthquake victims. 该组织把食物分发给了地震灾区的灾民。
派 distribution（n. 分配；分布，散布）
19 While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious mortality【让步状语从句】,fights over occupied nests sometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a single battle.【主句】
佳句妙译 虽然为争夺一个未被占领的巢穴而发起的斗争不会造成多大伤亡，但在那些已被占领的巢穴抢夺战中，往往一场战争就能导致1000只蜜蜂的死亡。
句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是让步状语从句+主句，如下：
让步状语从句：While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious mortality
主句：fights over occupied nest sometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a single battle
知识拓展 while引导的状语从句：
1. while 表达“当…时、在…期间”的意思时，可引导时间状语从句，相当于when。如：
Her parents died while she was still at school. 她还在上学时，父母就去世了。
2. while表达“尽管、虽然”的意思时，可引导让步状语从句，相当于although。如：
While I’m willing to help, I do not have much time available. 虽然我很想帮忙，但我没有太多时间。
adj. 未被占用的；空闲的；未沦陷的
例 I sat down at the nearest unoccupied table. 我在最近的空桌旁坐了下来。
反 occupied
v. 引起，激起，造成
例 The drug produces a feeling of excitement. 这种药使人亢奋。
同 bring about
n. 死亡；死亡率
例 The study also demonstrated a direct link between obesity and mortality. 该研究还表明，死亡率与肥胖症有直接关系。
20 Evidence suggests【主句】that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture【宾语从句】, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities【定语从句1】 that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.【定语从句2】
佳句妙译 有证据表明，促使早期文明兴起的一个很重要的因素就是定居农业的发展，该发展使得人类群落的组织结构发生了一系列变化，进而带来古代大国的崛起。
句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句+（非限制性）定语从句1 +定语从句2，如下：
主句：Evidence suggests
宾语从句：that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilization was the development of settled agriculture
定语从句1：which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities
定语从句2：that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires
n. 刺激
例 The new tax laws should act as a stimulus to exports. 新的税务法应促进出口业务。
v. 解除…的束缚；宣泄；发动
例 The government’s proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the press. 政府议案在媒体中引起了一股抗议热潮。
v. 以…告终；达到高潮
例 Months of hard work culminated in success. 数月的辛苦工作终于收获了成功。