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1 The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer【主语】 was documented【谓语】 by a study of captive adult male deer【方式状语】a few decades ago【时间状语】, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached【定语从句】.
佳句妙译 气味交流（用气味沟通）在鹿群生活中的重要性在几十年前就已被一个与被捕获成年雄鹿有关的学术研究证实；研究指出，雄鹿会用前额摩擦树杈和树枝，在秋天临近的时候尤甚。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+方式状语+时间状语+定语从句+宾语从句+状语从句，如下：
主语：The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer
谓语：was documented
方式状语：by a study of captive adult male deer
时间状语：a few decades ago
定语从句：which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached，其中又包含了that引导的宾语从句和as引导的状语从句
v. 接近；建议；处理
例 As you approach the town, you’ll see the college on the left. 快到市镇时就可以看见左边的学院。
2 Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground;【并列主句1】after making the scrape【时间状语】,the deer typically urinates in the depression【并列主句2】.
佳句妙译 刮擦（动作）包括清空地面（大概是以0.5米为直径的范围），并将地面上的叶子推到旁边弄出一个浅坑；之后，鹿一般会在坑处小便。
句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +时间状语+并列主句2，如下：
并列主句1：Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground
状语：after making the scrape
并列主句2：the deer typically urinates in the depression
n. 刮擦；刮伤
例 She emerged from the overturned car with only a few scrapes and bruises. 她从翻了的车里钻出来，只擦破了一点皮，碰了几块淤青。
v.排尿
派 urination（n. 排尿；小便）
3 It【主语】 is generally made【谓语】 with carefully selected and purified clay【状语】, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish【过去分词结构作定语】.
佳句妙译 一般这种陶器是由精心挑选的提纯黏土制成，将黏土在快速转轮上做成薄壁的标准化形状，之后再在窑（陶器烤炉）中烧制成形。
句法精析 这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+状语+定语，如下：
主语：It
谓语：is generally made
状语：with carefully selected and purified clay
过去分词结构作定语修饰clay：worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish
v.净化；洗涤；精炼
例 One tablet will purify a liter of water. 一片即可净化一升水。
adj. 一致的；连续的，连贯的
例 He has been Milan’s most consistent player this season.他是米兰队本赛季状态最稳定的球员。
反 inconsistent
4 These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile)【并列主句1】, they are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and smooth)【并列主句2】, and, with their hard and sometimes glossy (smooth and shiny) surfaces【条件状语】,they hold liquids well and are easy to wash【并列主句3】.
佳句妙译 这些容器都很坚硬（易碎，但不脆弱），它们看上去赏心悦目并且易于拿握（轻且光滑），而且它们还拥有坚硬时而平滑光亮的表面，使得它们适于承载液体，并且容易清洗。
句法精析 这句话是并列句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并列主句2 +状语+并列主句3，如下，
并列主句1：These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile)
并列主句2：they are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and smooth)
条件状语：and, with their hard and sometimes glossy(smooth and shiny) surfaces
并列主句3：they hold liquids well and are easy to wash
adj. 坚硬的；实心的；可信赖的；纯质的
例 They were drilling through solid rock.他们正在把实心岩钻通。
5 When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in particular, are allowed to handle it【条件状语从句】, they often comment on how modern it looks and feels【并列主句1】, and they need to be convinced of its true age.【并列主句2】
佳句妙译 今天当人们看到一个普通的罗马壶，尤其是可以用手拿的时候，他们通常会评论说这个壶的外观和感觉非常现代，而且需要别人说服他们相信这个壶真实的出产年份。
句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是条件状语从句+并列主句1 +并列主句2，如下：
条件状语：When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in particular, are allowed to handle it
并列主句1：they often comment on how modern it looks and feels
并列主句2：and they need to be convinced of its true age
v. 评论；表达意见
例 I don’t feel I can comment on their decision.我觉得我无法对他们的决定做出评论。
搭 comment on sth./sb. 对某人/某事做出评论
v. 说服；使确信
例 You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm. 你要使他们相信你的热情。
搭 convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
6 Unfortunately【条件状语】,it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence【强调句】,which is almost invariable only a sample of what once existed【定语从句】,that such figures will always be elusive.
佳句妙译 不幸的是，考古学证据的自然特性决定了每一个存在过的物种都无一例外的只有一份样本，因此这样的数据也常常让人难以捉摸。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+强调句+定语从句，如下：
条件状语：Unfortunately
强调句：it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence that such figures will always be elusive，其中which is almost invariable only a sample of what once existed为定语从句，修饰evidence
adj. 始终如一的；永无变化的
例 Her routine was invariable.她的日常生活总是千篇一律。
同 unchanging
adj. 难以理解的
例 A solution to the problem of toxic waste is proving elusive. 针对有毒废料的解决方案让人难以理解。
7 This abundance【主语】 is【系动词】 notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites)【表语】 where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 这种繁盛在罗马居住区，尤其是在城市地区尤其显著；在这些地方，考古人员必须将陶瓷碎片进行清洗和分类，这些工作在挖掘初期占据了很大的工作比重。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语+定语从句，如下：
主语：This abundance
系语：is
表语：notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites)
定语从句：where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation，其中还包含由that引导的定语从句
adj. 最初的，开始的
例 My initial reaction was to decline the offer. 我最初的反应是婉言谢绝这个提议。
n. 发掘，挖掘
例 The excavation of the buried city took a long time. 发掘埋在地下的城市花了很长时间。
8 However【状语】, there is one exceptional dump【there be 句型】,which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption【定语从句1】 and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced.【定语从句2】
佳句妙译 但是，有一个废墟例外，它代表了该遗址一直以来绝大部分的陶器消耗量，通过消耗量就可以估计产量。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+ there be句型+定语从句1 +定语从句2，如下：
状语：However
There be句型：there is one exceptional dump
定语从句1：which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption
定语从句2：and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced
adj. 例外的；异常的
例 At the age of five he showed exceptional talent as a musician.他五岁时就表现出非凡的音乐才华。
同 outstanding
反 unexceptional
n. 消耗量；消费
例 Gas and oil consumption always increases in cold weather. 燃气和燃油的消耗量在天冷的时候总会增加。
9 It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae,【主句】in which around 6,000 million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 据估计，Monte Testaccio山上大约有5300万件两耳细颈油罐的碎片，由此可知这个城市从海外进口了60亿公升的油。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae
定语从句：in which around 6,000 million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas
10 The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated【主句】when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition【状语从句1】, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene【状语从句2】, when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 当在一个生态系统中所有的动植物都进入了竞争状态时，这种竞争的影响就会被生动地展现出来。正如200万年前的上新世末年，南北美洲被巴拿马地峡连接时发生的情况那样。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+状语从句1 +状语从句2 +定语从句，如下：
主句：The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated
状语从句1：when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition
状语从句2：as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene
定语从句：when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama
adv. 以书画（或图表）形式；生动地
例 The murders are graphically described in the article. 这篇文章对几起凶杀案做了生动的描述。
11 The result【主语】 was【系动词】 the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals【表语】,which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American【定语从句】 species—although added predation was also an important factor.【让步状语从句】
佳句妙译 结果导致了大批南美洲哺乳动物的灭绝，很明显，它们没能经得住北美入侵物种的竞争——虽然捕食者增加也是一个重要因素。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语+定语从句+让步状语从句，如下：
主语：The result
系动词：was
表语：the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals
定语从句：which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species
让步状语从句：although added predation was also an important factor
n. 灭绝；毁灭
例 The following is a list of ants extermination techniques using simple tools. 下面列出了一系列使用简单工具灭蚁的方法。
v. 承受；抵住；经受住
例 The materials used have to be able to withstand high temperature. 所有使用的材料必须能够耐高温。
同 resist, stand up to
12 On the basis of these experiments and of field observations【状语】,the so-called law of competitive exclusion【主语】was formulated【谓语】, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche【定语从句】.
佳句妙译 在这些实验和实地观察的基础上，建立了所谓的竞争排外法则；根据这个法则，两个物种不可能同时占有同一个生态位。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+定语从句，如下：
状语：On the basis of these experiments and of field observations
主语：the so-called law of competitive exclusion
谓语：was formulated
定语从句：according to which no two species can occupy the same niche
n. 商机；生态位；舒心的工作
例 They spotted a niche in the market, with no serious competition. 他们看到市场上一个竞争不激烈的商机。
13 No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented【并列主句1（主语+谓语+宾语从句）】, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago【并列主句2（主语+谓语+状语）】,and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria,【并列主句3（形式主语+系动词+表语+主语从句）】 a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars.【同位语】
佳句妙译 没有人知道水车具体是在什么时候被发明的，但是灌溉系统至少在5000年前就已存在，而且最早的水利设备很可能是戽水车——一种使连接水缸中的水位上升的灌溉设施。
句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并列主句2 +并列主句3 +同位语，如英文句下标注所示。
n. 灌溉
14 The earliest waterpower mills【主语】 were【系动词】 probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn【表语】, known as Norse or Greek mills【分词短语作定语】, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia.【定语从句】
佳句妙译 最早的水力研磨机可能是用于研磨谷物的纵轴研磨机，它们被称作挪威研磨机或者希腊研磨机，似乎出现于公元前一或二世纪期间的中东，几个世纪之后又出现在斯堪的纳维亚。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语+定语+定语从句，如下：
主语：The earliest waterpower mills
系动词：were
表语：probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn
定语：known as Norse or Greek mills
定语从句：which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia
v. 研磨；磨利
例 The flour is ground using traditional methods. 这面粉用传统方式研磨而成。
15 One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play【主语】 is【系动词】that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting.【表语从句】
佳句妙译 定义“玩耍”的难点之一就是，玩耍过程中常常会包含一些如统治、捕食、竞争和搏斗等情况下也会发生的相似行为。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语从句，如下：
主语：One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play
系动词：is
表语从句：that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting
n. 支配；统治
例 In this situation one gene has dominance over the other gene. 在这种情况下，一种基因比另一种基因更占优势。
16 One Group developed in an “enriched” environment【并列主句1】, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training;【定语从句】the other Group lived in an “impoverished” environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation【并列主句2】.
佳句妙译 第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，在这样的环境中老鼠可以相互接触，玩玩具，并接受迷宫训练。另一组生活在“穷困”的环境中，它们被养在独立的笼子里，只有微弱的光照和极少的刺激。
句法精析 这句话是并列复合句。整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +定语从句+并列主句2，如下：
并列主句1：One Group developed in an “enriched” environment
定语从句：which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training
并列主句2：the other Group lived in an “impoverished” environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation
adj. 赤贫的，贫乏的
例 They live in the impoverished areas of the city. 他们住在这个城市的贫民区。
17 Learning appropriate social behaviors【主语】 is【系动词】 especially important【表语】 for species【补语】that live in Groups,【定语从句 1】 like young monkeys【后置定语】 that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social Groups【定语从句2】.
佳句妙译 学习恰当的社交行为对于群居动物尤为重要，比如青年猴子需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性，并学着了解社会群体中的迁就。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语+补语+定语从句1 +后置定语+定语从句2，如下：
主语：Learning appropriate social behaviors
系动词：is
表语：especially important
补语：for species
定语从句1：that live in Groups
后置定语：like young monkeys
定语从句2：that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social Groups
n. 妥协
18 Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations【并列主句1】, and, it is argued【插入语】,they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record.【并列主句2】
佳句妙译 这种改变到处都是，但是运用现代观察法短时间内是无法发现的，而且有人认为，它们通常被掩盖于有瑕疵的化石纪录的无数缺口中。
句法精析 这句话是并列句。整个句子的结构是并列主句1+连接词+并列主句2，如英文句下标注所示。
v. 掩盖；使难理解
例 Trees obscured his vision; he couldn’t see much of the Square’s southern half. 树木遮挡了他的视线，南半广场的一大部分他都无法看清。
adj. 多得数不清的，很多的
例 Innumerable books have been written on the subject. 已经有无数书籍写过这个主题。
同 countless
19 In 1972【时间状语】 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge【主语】 challenged【谓语】 conventional wisdom【宾语】with an opposing viewpoint【状语】,the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis【同位语】, which posits【定语从句】 that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.【宾语从句】
佳句妙译 1972年古生物学者Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge用相反的论点——断点平衡假说——挑战了世俗认知，该理论提出物种演变为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，并非通过长时间的过渡期。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+宾语+状语+同位语+定语从句，如下：
时间状语：In 1972
主语：paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge
谓语：challenged
宾语：conventional wisdom
状语：with an opposing viewpoint
同位语：the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis
定语从句：which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period，其中包含由that引导的宾语从句
短语搭配 conventional wisdom 世俗认知
give rise to 引起；导致
20 A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors【主语】—each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe【插入语】—seemed to provide【谓语】 strong support【宾语】 for Darwin’s contention【状语】 that species evolve gradually.【同位语从句】
佳句妙译 一个5000万年间的现代马祖先的进化模型序列更具有说服力，每一代都比之前稍大一些，牙齿更复杂一些，脸更长一些，中间的脚趾也更突出。这一切似乎都为达尔文认为物种是逐步进化的观点提供了强有力的支持。
句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+插入语+谓语+宾语+状语+同位语从句，如下：
主语：A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors
插入语：each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe
谓语：seemed to provide
宾语：strong support
状语：for Darwin’s contention that species evolve gradually，其中包含由that引导的同位语从句
adj. 杰出的；显眼的，突出的
例 He played a prominent part in the campaign.他在这次运动中发挥了重要作用。
同 noticeable