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六、关系代词

1. 关系代词的作用

关系代词有以下这些: who whom whose that which

关系代词用来引导定语从句,在句中将从句和它所修饰的词连接起来。同时,关系代词又在从句中担任一个成分,如:

The girl who spoke is my best friend. 讲话的姑娘是我最好的朋友。( who 引导定语从句,修饰 the girl, who = the girl ,在从句中作主语。)

A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased. 精神病人是脑子有疾病 的人。( whose 引导定语从句,修饰 one ,在从句中, whose 作定语,修饰 mind。)

把它们称作关系代词是因为它们有关联作用。它们在句中引导的从句称作关系从句( relative clauses )。由于关系从句修饰名词或代词,故也称作定语从句( attributive clauses )。

2. who、whom和whose的用法

(1) who 代表人,在从句中作主语( who 是主格); whom 也代表人,在从句中作宾语( whom who 的宾格),在口语中常可用 who 代替,但如跟介词,则不能用 who 代替:

He is a good physician who cures himself. 能给自己看病的是好医生。

(谚语)

Then I telephoned the doctor whom Charles had recommended. 于是我给查尔斯推荐的医生打了电话。

I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找一个能和我谈音乐的人。

2 )当在定语从句中作宾语时, whom 常会省略:

I’ve just met a lady (whom) I saw last week. 我刚才碰到一位我上星期见到过的女士。

The people( whom )you were talking to are Swedes. 刚才和你谈话的是瑞典人。

3 whose 表示“(某人)的”(是所有格,必须带名词,其本身有限定词的功能); whose 也可指动物或无生命的东西:

The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 那个雨伞被你拿走的女人对此很生气。

The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. 那个窗户破了的房子没人住。

It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛,名字我忘了。

3. that和which的用法

(1) that 可代表人或物,在从句中做主语或宾语,指人时相当于 who whom ,作宾语时 that 常可省略; which 只能代表东西或动物,在从句中做主语、宾语或定语,当 which 在从句中作宾语时,常常可以省略:

Is he the man that /who sells dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗?

They live in a house that /which was built 200 years ago. 他们住在一座两百年前盖的房子里。

Those books (that/which) you lent me were very useful. 你借给我的那些书很有用。

He lives in the house which /that is opposite ours. 他住在我们对面的那栋房子里。

That is the house (which/that) we built. 这就是我们盖的房子。

My father may have to go into hospital, in which case he won’t be going on

holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院,如果那样他就不去度假了。

2 which 还可在从句中作介词的宾语,在这种从句中,只有 which 可以紧跟介词, that 则不可以。

This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。

3 )在非限制性定语从句中, which 可以代表主句的一部分甚至全部,而不仅限于一个名词或代词, which 引导的从句用于修饰整个主句:

They rely on themselves, which is much better. 他们依靠自己,这就好多了。

He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。

(4) which 还可和不定式一起用:

She must have time in which to grow calm. 她需要有时间冷静下来。

He also had a revolver with which to defend himself. 他还有一支左轮手枪防身。 yRiIl1ZJmlRG18wmYj0Fj7K1z8TX1kt130T1EuIdtY9zQmKot6UcKX8RY76gEXuY

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