购买
下载掌阅APP,畅读海量书库
立即打开
畅读海量书库
扫码下载掌阅APP

第九节
语境与中医术语翻译

中医学术语在英译上可以有标准,但是在具体翻译时,还需要注意术语在不同使用语境下的真实意义,使用语境变了,术语的概念意义就变化了。现就略举几例原文说明在不同的语境中,“阴阳”术语的不同意思。

原文1: 上古之人,其知道者,法于阴阳,和于术数……(《素问·上古天真论》)

白话文: 上古时代的人,那些懂得养生之道的,能够取法于天地阴阳自然变化之理而加以适应,调和养生的办法。

原文2: 丈夫八岁,肾气实,发长齿更。二八,肾气盛,天癸至,精气溢泻,阴阳和,故有子。(《素问·上古天真论》)

白话文: 男子到了八九岁,肾气充实起来,头发开始茂盛,乳齿也更换了。十六岁时,肾气旺盛,天癸产生,精气充满而能外泄,两性交合,就能生育子女。

原文3: 阴阳者,天地之道也,万物之纲纪……故积阳为天,积阴为地。(《素问·阴阳应象大论》)

白话文: 阴阳是宇宙的一般规律,是一切事物的纲纪,万物变化的始源……所以清阳之气聚于上,而成为天,浊阴之气积于下,而成为地。

根据郭霭春的校注语译本,原文1中“阴阳”是“天地自然变化之规律”,属于中医哲学意义上的阴阳概念。原文2中的“阴阳”是指男女交合。原文3中的“阴阳者”指自然界万物生长规律;“积阴”和“积阳”中的阴阳则指“阴气”和“阳气”。

可见,在英译这些阴阳术语时,必须结合具体语境,正确表达术语意义,不可通篇都以“yin”或“yang”简单翻译,那样就不能正确表达原文的医学意义。下面对比两位不同译者对以上“阴阳”术语概念的英译。

译文1(李照国): The sages in ancient times who knew the Dao(the tenets for cultivating health) followed(the rules of) Yin and Yang and adjusted Shushu(the ways to cultivate health)…

译文1(Veith): In ancient times those people who understood Tao(the way of self cultivation)patterned themselves upon the Yin and the Yang(the two principles in nature) and they live in harmony with the arts of divination…

译文2(李照国): For a man,at the age of eight,his Shenqi(kidney-Qi)becomes prosperous and his teeth begin to change.At the age of sixteen,as Shenqi(Kidney-Qi) is abundant and Tiangui occurs,he begins to experience spermatic emission.If he has copulated with a women at this period,he can have a baby.

译文2(Veith): When a boy is eight years old the emanations of his testes(kidneys肾) are fully developed; his hair grows longer and he begins to change his teeth.When he is sixteen years of age the emanations of his testicles become abundant and he begins to secrete semen.He has an abundance of semen which he seeks to dispel; and if at this point the male and the female element unite in harmony,a child can be conceived.

译文3(李照国): Yin and Yang serve as the Dao(law) of the heavens and the earth,the fundamental principle of all things,… The(lucid) Yang(rises and) accumulates to form the heavens and the(turbid) Yin(descends and)accumulates to constitute the earth.

译文3(Veith): The principle of Yin and Yang(the male and female elements in nature) is the basic principle of the entire universe.It is the principle of everything in creation.… Heaven was created by an accumulation of Yang,the element of light; Earth was created by an accumulation of Yin,the element of darkness.

原文1中“阴阳”,Veith(1949)译成the Yin and the Yang 并增加说明:the two principles in nature(自然界两种规则);李照国(2005)直接译成Yin and Yang,没有增加文字解释。

原文2中“阴阳和”,Veith译成if at this point the male and female element unite,表示两种元素;李照国则译成If he has copulated with a woman at this period,表示“男人和女人”。两个英译本在理解和表达“阴阳”这个概念是有差别的。

原文3中,Veith把“阴阳者……”译成The principle of Yin and Yang(the male and female elements in nature)。这表明“阴阳”是自然界两种元素;李照国译成 Yin and Yang,依然是没有解释。关于“积阴”和“积阳”,Veith 把“阳”译成Yang,the element of light(光明的元素),把“阴”译成Yin,the element of darkness(黑暗的元素);李照国把“阳”译成The lucid(清明的)Yang,把“阴”译成the turbid(浑浊的)Yin,用两个不同的形容词修饰来区分具体的Yang 和Yin。

中医学术语是中医概念和文化的浓缩,汉语本身就是注重意合的语言,中医学术语与语境关系十分密切,在翻译中医术语时一定要结合语境正确理解术语的概念意义。四字格术语“真虚假实”,字面上是四个形容词的组合,然而在中医学中“真虚”和“假实”是两个概念,表示“虚证反见实的假象”,属于并列词组,英译标准是true deficiency with false excess。“劳则气耗”字面上是偏正词组,“劳”和“气耗”表示因果关系,ISN的标准是overexertion leading to qi consumption。《黄帝内经》原文中大量出现四字结构,这当中出现许多省略和添加的情况,以达到形式对称的效果,这是古汉语遗风,在英译时要正确断句。英语结构不同于汉语结构,英语表达时切不可受汉语文风影响。 yFE1eudxt6ia64HacGrqZTyJ+cZoPSpVqHoAKqx7ZSo57OfGYyDd8q7U9OpUp+ne

点击中间区域
呼出菜单
上一章
目录
下一章
×