27 In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions

In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

文勇五问：

（1）哪些领域更注重积累？哪些领域更注重创新？哪些领域两者兼备？你能分别罗列一些例子吗？例如：文学创作领域可能更注重知识阅历的积累，信息技术领域可能更注重创新，而教育领域则需要两者兼备。

（2）初学者有什么特点？请你想想看，为什么有人认为初学者更容易有突破性的创新？例如：初学者对新事物有很强烈的新鲜感，更乐于探索和钻研，相比一些专家更具有探索精神。

（3）领域内的专家有什么特点？请想想看，为什么有人认为专家更容易取得突破性的进展？例如：与初学者相比，专家积累的经验比较丰富，专业技能更扎实，预估风险、应对突发情况的能力更强。

（4）社会的进步，人类知识的积累，是否会对你判断原命题产生影响？请具体罗列几个方面。例如：社会日新月异，如果不能顺应潮流、高瞻远瞩，而是故步自封，创新也就无从谈起。随着人类的探索，已开拓的领域越来越多，未知领域已经越来越少，对这些已开拓的领域能否再次进行开拓呢？

（5）你认为原命题采用什么样的观点才会放之四海而皆准？是否应该区分不同领域的情况？是否需要考虑不同的初学者和专家类型的差异？

翻译练习：

比如，尽管他们在生物领域研究的时间不长，Watson和Crick发现DNA是一个双螺旋结构，这是很多其他资深研究人员都没能发现的一个事实。

参考答案：

For example, despite their short time research in the biological field, Watson and Crick found DNA to be a double helix structure, a fact many other senior researchers failed to discover.

翻译练习：

有些人宣称，新手因为没有受到过去经验的束缚，因此更有可能打破思维定式，比专家更有可能取得突破。虽然看似合理，这一说法并不是在每一个领域都站得住脚。比如，在法律领域，一个高级律师比一个初级律师更有可能赢得案子。

参考答案：

Some people claim that beginners, not constrained by past experience and hence more likely to break the mindset, are more likely to make breakthroughs than experts. Plausible as it is, this claim doesn’t hold true in each and every field. In the legal area, for example, a senior lawyer is more likely to win the case than a junior associate.

翻译练习：

在很多领域，常年积累下来的丰富经验在引领一个人走向成功的过程中起着关键的作用。这就是为什么我们身边很多有成就的人都是他们领域的资深专家而非新手：尽管后者有更多活力和更强烈的好奇心，他们通常在经验等级中排名最低。

参考答案：

In many fields, rich experience accumulated through years plays an essential role in leading one to success. That is why many accomplished people around us are senior experts in their fields rather than new starters: although the latter boast more vitality and curiosity, they generally rank lowest on the scale of experience.

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