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第三章
代词

代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语或句子的词。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词九类。

03-1 人称代词

1. 人称代词的概念与形式

人称代词是表示“你”、“我”、“他、她、它”及其复数概念的代词,有人称、数及主格与宾格之分,第二人称单数和复数、主格和宾格同形,都是you;第三人称单数it的主格和宾格同形,都是it。

2. 人称代词使用6注意

(1)人称代词作主语时用主格,作宾语时用宾格,切不可张冠李戴。

He plays table tennis every day.他每天都打乒乓球。(“他”在句中作主语,用主格he。)

The teachers all like her.老师们都喜欢她。(“她”在句中作宾语,用宾格her。)

注意:

①动词后的人称代词要用宾格形式,作动词的宾语。如:

My mother bought me a present.我妈妈给我买了一件礼物。

②介词后的人称代词要用宾格形式,作介词宾语。如:

You can go shopping with her .你可以和她一起去购物。

(2)人称代词作表语,口语中通常用宾格而不用主格。如:

— Who's it?谁呀?— It's me.是我。

(3)人称代词单独使用或作问句的简略回答时通常用宾格而不用主格。如:

— I like dancing.我喜欢跳舞。

— Me,too.我也是。

— Who broke the window?是谁打破了窗子?

— Me./Not me.是我。/不是我。

(4)比较状语从句than,as后的代词,在口语中通常用宾格,特别是与all连用时,但当代词后有动词时要用主格。如:She studies better than me./She studies better than I do.她学习比我好。

The boy is as tall as her./The boy is as tall as she is.那个男孩和她一样高。

He is taller than us all.他比我们都高。

(5)指代动物时通常用代词it或they,而指代宠物时通常用he或she表示亲切感或一定的感情色彩;指代自己所爱的车、船或国家,含有感情色彩时一般用she而不用it。如:Give the dog some food.She is hungry.给狗狗些吃的吧,她饿了。

(6)两个或两个以上人称代词并列使用时,它们的先后排列顺序有讲究。一般情况下,单数代词的人称顺序为2—3—1(即:你—他—我),复数代词的人称顺序为1—2—3(即:我们—你们—他们)。如:

You,Lucy and I are good friends.你、露西和我是好朋友。

Lucy and I go to school five days a week.我和露西一星期上五天课。

You and Lily must come over to my house and see.你和莉莉一定要到我家来看看。

We,you and they have been to the Great Wall.我们,你们和他们都去过长城。

注意:

在承认错误或承担责任时,第一人称需放在前面。如:It was I and Tom who broke the Window.是我和汤姆打破了窗子。

[歌诀巧记]

多个代词并列时先后顺序:

单数并列231,复数并列123;要是承担错误时,第一人称要当先;身份比较很重要,人总排在动物前。

【中考速递】

1. [上海中考考题] The retired couple have decided to go to college.It's time for _____ to begin a new life.

A.they B.them C.their D.theirs

2. [吉林中考考题] The teachers are very patient when we ask _____ for help.

A.they B.them C.their

3. [山东临沂中考考题] Good books are like wise friends,because _____ support you to walk forward and help you understand the world.

A.they B.their C.them D.themselves

【答案点拨】

1. 答案:B 句意:这对退休的夫妇决定去上大学,对于他们来说,是时候开始新生活了。由空前的介词for可知,介词后的代词用宾格形式,故选B。

2. 答案:B 句意:当我们寻求帮助时老师们非常地耐心。从句中谓语动词ask后应使用人称代词宾格作宾语,故选B。

3. 答案:A 句意:好书就像聪明的朋友,因为 它们 支持你前行,帮助你了解世界。because后跟从句,缺少句子的主语,所以这里需要人称代词的主格形式,故选A。

03-2 物主代词

1. 物主代词的概念与形式

物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,即“你的”、“我的”、“他的、她的、它的”及其复数“我们的”、“你们的”、“他们的”;物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种形式。第二人称单数和复数同形,都是your和yours;第三人称单数his,its的形容词性和名词性同形,都是his,its。

2. 物主代词的用法5注意

(1)形容词性物主代词只能放在名词的前面作定语。即形容词性物主代词的后面须有一个名词。如:This is my bike.这是我的自行车。

Our school are having a sports meeting.我们学校正在举行运动会。

(2)名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语,其后不能再加名词。如:

The bag looks like yours.那个书包看上去像你的。

Mine is blue.我的是蓝色的。

That book isn't mine.那本书不是我的。

(3)名词性物主代词不能作定语,但“of+名词性物主代词”常用来作后置定语,如:

She is a friend of mine.她是我的一个朋友。

(4)汉语中“我父亲、他妈妈、我们学校”等中的代词实际上是英语中的形容词性物主代词,千万不要把上面的短语译成“I father,he mother,we school”,而应译成“my father,his mother,our school”。

(5)在表示“打、抓、拉”某人的某个部位时,虽然汉语中有“我的、你的或他的”之意,但英语中却不用物主代词而使用冠词。如:hit sb.in the face打某人的脸;catch sb.by the arm抓住某人的胳膊;take sb.by the hand拉某人的手;hit sb.on the head打某人的头。

[歌诀巧记]

物主代词用法歌诀:

物主代词分形、名,形、名分别有特征。

形容词性修饰名,名词性的独立用;

形容词性后有名;名词性后不见名。

【中考速递】

1. [福建福州中考考题] — I can't find my eraser.May I use _____?

— Of course.

A.you B.your C.yours

2. [湖北随州中考考题] — Bad luck!I lost _____ new pen yesterday.

— Don't worry.I'll lend _____ to you.

A.my;me B.mine;my

C.mine;mine D.my;mine

3. [甘肃兰州中考考题] Tony has a new bike.It is different from _____.

A.my B.mine C.myself D.me

【答案点拨】

1. 答案:C 句意:“我找不到我的橡皮擦了。我可以用你的吗?”“当然。”根据句意可知此空应用名词性物主代词yours,相当于your eraser。故选C。

2. 答案:D 句意:“运气太差了!昨天我丢了新钢笔。”“不用着急。我借给你我的钢笔(用)。” new pen是名词词组,前面用形容词性的物主代词作定语;“我的钢笔”用my pen或mine(名词性物主代词)。故选D。

3. 答案:B 句意:托尼有一辆新自行车。它与我的不同。根据空格后没有名词可知用名词性物主代词。故选B。

03-3 反身代词

1. 反身代词的概念与形式

表示“我自己,你自己,他(她、它)自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己”的代词称为反身代词。第一、二人称是在形容词性物主代词后加self或selves构成,第三人称是在人称代词宾格后加self或selves构成。

2. 反身代词用法4注意

(1)反身代词作动词宾语,经常用在下列动词后构成固定词组。enjoy oneself玩得开心,过得愉快;teach oneself自学;hurt oneself伤着自己;introduce oneself to sb.向某人作自我介绍;dress oneself给自己穿衣服。反身代词还可以用在to,for,by,of,like等介词后作介词的宾语。如:

He is talking to himself.他在自言自语。

You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必须照顾好自己,保持健康。

She taught herself English.她自学英语。

(2)反身代词作主语或宾语的同位语,起强调主语或宾语的作用,译为“本身、本人、亲自”等。如:

Did you make the cake yourself?这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself作主语you的同位语)

He himself was a doctor.他本人是个医生。(himself作主语he的同位语)

The work itself isn't difficult.那项工作本身并不难。(itself做主语work的同位语)

(3)反身代词用在be,feel,look,seem等连系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如:I'm not myself today.我今天感觉不舒服。

He is feeling himself again.他觉得自己健康如初。

(4)反身代词还用于一些固定词组或简短会话中。如:

Help yourself to some meat.请随便吃些肉吧。

Make yourself at home.别客气。

注意:

反身代词在句子中要与句子的人称和数保持一致,切不可随意使用。如:He didn't often go to look for food himself.他自己不经常去寻找食物。

【中考速递】

1. [吉林中考考题] Last month,I went to the computer museum with my parents.We enjoyed _____ and learned a lot.

A.us B.ourselves C.our

2. [四川达州中考考题] — Would you please come to play soccer with me?

— Sorry!My 5-year-old brother can't look after _____.

A.him B.himself C.his D.he

3. [四川成都中考考题] It's true that we are not born for _____.

A.us B.ours C.ourselves

4. [四川成都中考考题] — Liu Mei can speak Japanese so well!Who taught her?

— Nobody.She taught _____.

A.her B.hers C.herself

【答案点拨】

1. 答案:B 句意:“上个月,我和父母一起去了计算机博物馆,我们玩得很开心还学到了许多。”enjoy oneself意为“玩得开心;过得愉快”,故选B。

2. 答案:B 句意:“你能来和我一起踢足球吗?”“很抱歉!我五岁的弟弟不能照顾自己。”主语My 5-year-old brother与介词after后的宾语为同一人,用反身代词himself表示“他自己”。故选B。

3. 答案:C 句意:我们不是为自己而生,这是真的。强调某人自己,用反身代词。故选C。

4. 答案:C 句意:“刘梅日语说得这么好,谁教的她啊?”“没人,她自学的。”teach oneself是固定短语,意为“自学”,故选C。

03-4 指示代词

1. 指示代词的概念与形式

指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个、那个、这些、那些”。常用的指示代词有this,that,these和those。this和that指代或修饰单数名词,these和those指代或修饰复数名词。

2. 指示代词使用6注意

(1)指示代词作主语时,既可以指物,也可以指人,但在作宾语或表语时只用来指物,不能指人。如:This is my teacher.这是我老师。(this在这里作主语,指人)

Do you know this?你知道这个情况吗?(this在这里作宾语,只能理解为事物,不能理解为人)

What's this?这是什么?(this在这里也是指物,不能理解为人)

(2)指示代词作定语,this和that后跟单数名词或不可数名词,these和those后跟复数名词。

This bike isn't mine.这辆自行车不是我的。

This water is dirty.这些水是脏的。

Those photos were taken on the Great Wall.那些照片是在长城上拍的。

(3)that和those可以替代前面出现的名词以避免重复。代替单数名词或不可数名词用that,代替复数名词用those,而this和these不能。如:

The weather in Beijing is different from that in Sanya.北京的天气与三亚的不同。

The books here are more interesting than those on the desk.这儿的这些书比课桌上的那些更有趣。

(4)this和these在时间或空间上指代较近的人或事物,可以与here连用;that和those在时间和空间上指代较远的人或事物,可以与there连用。

(5)指上文提到的事物一般用that,有时也用this;指下文的事物只能用this。如:

I don't know how to deal with this/that problem.我不知道怎样处理这个/那个问题。

When she reached home,she had a short rest and a glass of water.After that she helped her parents.她到家后稍稍休息了一会,喝了一杯水,之后她帮父母干活。

She likes them to ask questions like this:Excuse me,what does this word mean?她希望他们这样问问题:请问这个单词是什么意思?

(6)打电话时,用this来介绍自己,用that来问对方是谁,不用I或you。如:

— Who's that?你是谁?

— This is Wang Tao speaking.我是王涛。

【中考速递】

1. [湖北鄂州中考考题] — The population of China is larger than _____ of India.

— Yes,but India's population is increasing rapidly.

A.it B.one C.that D.this

2. [四川眉山中考考题] — Who is that speaking?

— _____ Mike speaking.

A.I'm B.My name is C.That is D.This is

【答案点拨】

1. 答案:C 句意:“中国的人口比印度多。”“是的,但印度的人口增长很快。”代替前面提到的事物用that,故选C。

2. 答案:D 句意:“你是哪位?”“我是迈克。”在电话用语中,表示“我是……”应用“This is ...speaking.”。故选D。

03-5 不定代词

1. 不定代词的概念与形式

不定代词是指不明确指代某个人、某些人、某个事物或某些事物的代词,它用来修饰或代替任何一定数量及不确定范围的人或事物,表示不同的数量概念。不定代词可分为普通不定代词、个体不定代词和数量不定代词。

2.8组常考易混不定代词的用法

(1)some,any,something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody,some one,any one,no one用法7注意

①some,something,some one用于肯定句,any,anything,any one用于疑问句和否定句,但在表示客气的请求、劝告、建议,并期望对方能给予一个肯定回答的疑问句中用some,something,some one而不用any,anything,any one。如:

He gave me some good advice.他给我提了些好的建议。(some用于肯定句)

Did he gave you any good advice.他给你提些好的建议了吗?(any用于疑问句)

I have something to tell you.我有些事情要告诉你。(something用于肯定句)

Do you have anything to tell me?你有事情要告诉我吗?(anything用于疑问句)

I don't have anything to tell you.我没有什么事情要告诉你。(anything用于否定句)

Some one has stolen my dictionary.有人偷走了我的字典。(some one用于肯定句)

Did any one steal your dictionary?有人偷了你的字典吗?(any one用于疑问句)

Will you please give me some advice?请给我提些建议好吗?(some用于疑问句,表示请求)

Would you like some tea?来些茶好吗?(some在句中表示有礼貌的客气的建议)

Would you like something to drink?你想要些喝的吗?(something用于疑问句表示建议)

②any,anything,anybody,any one有时也用于肯定句,但它表示“任何的、任何东西、任何人”的意思。如:

Any person can succeed through hard work.任何人通过努力工作都可以成功。

You can choose any one as your assistant.你可以选择任何人做你的助手。

③在条件状语从句中用any,anything,anybody,any one而不用some,something,somebody,some one。如:

If any beast comes at you,I'll come and help you.如果有野兽向你扑来,我就会过来帮助你。

Please ask me if you have any questions.如果你有问题就请问我。

注意:

anyone与any one都表示“任何人”。

①anyone用作代词,只能指人,意思是“任何人,有人”,等于anybody,不能与of短语连用。如:Is there anyone at home?家里有人吗?

John is more diligent than anyone else in his class.约翰比班上其他的同学用功。

②any one是一个词组,既可以指人,也可指物,意思是“任何一个人或任何一个物”,强调只限一个,可以和of短语连用,表示多数当中的任何一个。如:

You may choose any one of these.你可以从这些当中选择任何一个。

You can tell any one of us.你可以告诉我们当中的任何一个人。

④形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody等时,形容词要放在这些不定代词的后面。如:

I have something important to tell you.我有些重要的事情要告诉你。

Is there anything new in today's newspaper?今天的报纸上有什么新的东西吗?

Nothing serious,I hope.我希望没什么要紧的。

⑤something,anything,nothing以及somebody,anybody,nobody等作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:

Something is wrong with my bike.我的自行车出毛病了。

Nothing is difficult in the world if you work hard at it.

只要你肯努力,世上没什么事情是困难的。

[歌诀巧记]

不定代词用法巧记:

不定代词不一般,修饰成分在后面,要是用来作主语,谓语动词是单三。

⑥nothing=not anything;nobody=not anybody。在进行同义句转换时常常考查这种形式。如:

There is nothing in the room.(改为同义句)

There isn't anything in the room.房间里什么也没有。

There is nobody listening to the music in the classroom.(改为同意句)

There isn't anybody listening to the music in the classroom.教室里没有人在听音乐。

⑦none和no one都表示“没有一个”但用法有三点不同。

第一,none既可以指人,也可以指物,而no one只用来指人。如:

English is the first language in none of these countries.这些国家都不把英语作为第一语言(none表物,指“没有一个国家”,不能用no one)。

第二,none既可以表可数的人或事物,也可以表不可数的事物,表可数时,既可为单数概念,也可为复数概念,因此none作主语时,谓语动词既可以是单数形式也可以是复数形式,而no one只表单数可数概念,作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:

But none of them were the right size.但没有一双尺寸合适。

No one has arrived yet.一个人都没有到。

第三,on one是泛指,其后不能与of短语连用;none是特指,有一定的范围,可以与of引起的短语连用。如:

No one knows what they fought about.没有人知道他们为什么打仗。

None of them knew this.他们中没有人知道这件事。

注意:

none与数量有关,可以用来回答how many,表示“一个也没有”,而no one表示“什么人也没有”,可用来回答who。如:

— How many people went there?多少人去了那里?

— None.一个人也没有。

— Who was late today?今天谁迟到了?

— No one.谁也没有迟到。

(2)few,a few,little,a little用法4注意

①few,a few用来修饰可数名词,其后的名词一定是可数名词。如:

John is a new student.So he has few friends here.约翰是个新来的学生,所以他在这儿几乎没有朋友。

I'm going to buy a few apples.我要去买些苹果。

②little,a little用来修饰不可数名词,其后的名词一定是不可数的。如:

There's little ink in the pen.钢笔里几乎没有墨水了。

I had a little meat for lunch.我午饭吃了些肉。

③few和little是否定用法,意为“很少,几乎没有”,以little和few所构成的句子被视为否定句,因此在含有little和few的句子中,其反意疑问句的反意疑问词部分要用肯定式。如:

There is little ink in the bottle,is there?瓶子里几乎没墨水了,是不是?

He has few friends here,does he?他这里几乎没朋友,是不是?

④a few和a little是肯定用法,表示“一些、少量”,指数量不是很多或有几个。如:

There are a few people in the room.有几个人在房间里。

Don't worry.There is a little time left.别急,还有一些剩余的时间。

(3)表示数量的不定代词many和much用法3不同

①many和much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。如:

Many people think it a good idea.许多人都认为这是个好主意。

I have much housework to do.我有许多家务活要干。

②many和much后都可以加of短语,作主语时,many of ...后的谓语用复数,much of ...后的主语用第三人称单数。如:

Many of my classmates want to go abroad.我的许多同学都想出国。

Much of what he says is wrong.他所说的许多话都是错误的。

③many后加a或an再加单数可数名词,表示“许多”,作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数,而much没有这个用法。如:

Many a visitor was happy with the trip.许多游客对这次旅行感到满意。

注意:

①既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词的词有:some,any,a lot of,lots of,plenty of等。

②只用来修饰可数名词的词有:few,a few,quite a few,many,a number of,several等。

③只修饰不可数名词的有:little,a little,much,a great deal of等。

(4)another,the other,others,the others用法有区别

①another表示“另一个,又一个”,指三者或三者以上不定数目中的另一个人或物。如:

I don't like the color of this jacket.Please show me another.我不喜欢这件夹克的颜色,给我拿一件别的(颜色的)看看。

②other表示“别的、其他的”,指不确定的其他的或别的人或物。不可单独使用,后面需加名词。如:Other people went to the supermarket.其余的人去了超市。

③the other表示“另一个”,指两者或两部分之中的另一个(除掉已经拿走的一个,特指剩下的那一个)。常与one ...,the other ...搭配,意为“一个……,另一个……” 如:

He has two sisters.One is a doctor,the other is a teacher.他有两个姐姐。一个是医生,另一个是教师。

④others表示“其他的、别的、其余的”,指在无明确范围情况下所剩余的人或事物。常与some ...,others ...搭配,意为“一些……,(另一些)其余的……”。如:

There are lots of people in the park,some are boating,some are dancing,and others are playing chess.公园里有许多人,一些在划船,一些在跳舞,其余的在下棋。

⑤the others意为“其余的、剩余的人或事物”,指在明确的(固定的)范围中,除掉已经拿走的部分,特指在一个整体中剩下的那部分人或事物。如:There are ten cars here:six (of them)are red;the others are black.这儿有10辆汽车,6辆是红色的,其余的是黑色的。

注意:

the other 后面还可以加上数词或名词复数,此时可以与the others互换使用。如:the other two boys;the other boys 等。

(5)all,both用法4注意

①all用作代词,意思是“全体、所有人或物、都”,只能用来指三者或三者以上的人或物,其反义词是none(没有人、没有任何东西)。如:

All of the students took part in the game.所有学生都参加了这场比赛。

②both用作代词,意思是“俩、两人、双方”,只能用来指两个人或两个事物,其反义词是neither(两个都不)。如:

Both of the cars are good.这两辆车都很好。

Both of my hands are dirty.我的两只手都是脏的。

③all 指事物的整体或抽象概念时当作单数,指人时当作复数。如:

All is going perfectly.一切进展顺利。

All are here.So let's get started.所有人都到齐了,咱们开始吧。

④all,both作主语的同位语时应位于实义动词之前,连系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。如:Both my parents like coffee very much.我父母都喜欢咖啡。

My brothers and I are all at school.我和我的兄弟都在上学。

You should all hand in your homework by tomorrow.明天你们必须都把作业交上来。

⑤在简略答语中,all和both置于句尾。

— Were all the poems written by Li Bai?这些诗都是李白写的吗?

— Yes,they all were.是的,都是。

注意:

all 后可直接跟可数名词复数或不可数名词,也可以在all与名词之间加the,my,your,this,that,these,those等;both后只能跟可数名词复数,或在both与可数名词复数之间加the,my,your等。

both students 两个学生(都)   both the students 这两个学生(都)

both my books 我的两本书     all people 所有的人

all the people 所有的人      all of the people 所有的人

all money 所有的钱        all the money 所有的钱

all of the money 所有的钱

(6)everyone与every one貌似相同,用法各异

①everyone用作不定代词意思是“每个人、人人”,表示整体意义,且只用来指人,等于everybody,不能和of短语连用,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如:

Everyone is here.大家都在这儿。

Everyone likes to be free.人人都喜欢自由。

②every one单独使用时指人,意思是“每个人、人人”,等于everyone;与of连用时既可以指人,也可以指物,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如:

Every one put on his hat.每个人都戴上了帽子。

Our teacher has checked every one of the computers before class.上课前老师把每台电脑都检查过了。

注意:

everyone后不能与of连用构成短语,但everyone后可以接“in+集体名词”短语。作主语时谓语动词依然用单数形式。如:Everyone in our class likes playing football.我们班人人喜欢踢足球。

(7)none与neither的用法有区别

①none意为“没有人;没有东西”,作为否定词是指三者或三者以上当中一个也没有,既可以是人,也可以是物。none作主语时谓语动词可以用第三人称单数形式,也可以用复数形式;与of连用时,其后可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,若of后是不可数名词,谓语只能用单数;其反义词是all。如:

I wanted to buy some cakes for my mother,but there was none left in the shop that day.我想给妈妈买些蛋糕,可是那天商店里一个也没剩下。

②neither也是一个否定词,只表示“两者都不”,强调仅限于两者的否定,既可以是人,也可以是物。既可以单独使用,也可以与of组成短语使用;neither作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;其反义词是both。如:

— Can you come here on Friday or Saturday?你星期五或星期六能来这里吗?

— I'm afraid neither day is possible.恐怕这两天都不可能。

Neither of us has been to Mount Huang.我们俩都没去过黄山。

[歌诀巧记] 意思相近,三两不同

each,neither,用来表两者,both和between,还有the other;any,every,三者以上的,none和among,还有another。

说明:初中英语中有六对意思相同或相近,但含义和用法不同的单词,它们分别指两者和三者或三者以上的人和事物,使用时容易混淆。

(8)表示“每一”的each与every用法4不同

①each强调个别,而every则用来概括全体,相当于all,因此,与almost,nearly连用时,可以用every,但不能与each连用。如:

Each student in our class gave a different answer.我们班每个学生都给出了一个不同的答案。

Every student/all the students in our class passed the exam.我们班所有的学生考试都及格了。

②each指两者或两者以上的“每一”,而every指三者或三者以上的“每一”。因此,each可以指两者之一,而every则不能。如:

There are a lot of trees on each side of the river.河的两边有许多树。

③each除放在名词前作定语外,还可以作主语或单独使用,而every只能用于名词前作定语。如:Each of the girls has got an umbrella.每个女孩都有一把雨伞。

④every可与表示数量的词连用,表示时间或空间的间隔,而each没有这个用法。如:

Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.每四年,来自世界各地的运动员参加奥林匹克运动会。

There's a bus stop every two miles.每两英里有个车站。

注意:

①every后可接few,但不能接a few,因every一词已包含了a之意,另外every后也不能接some,several,many等词。every后接序数词时,则修饰单数可数名词,如:

They looked up and gave a smile to each other every few minutes.每隔几分钟他们抬起头相互笑笑。

I usually go to my uncle's every three days (=every third day).我通常每三天(每隔两天)去我叔叔家一次。

②every 可与other+单数可数名词连用,表示“每隔一……”。如:

Please write on every other line.请隔行写。(请隔一行写一行。)

They planted a tree every other metre along the road.他们在马路边每隔一米栽一棵树。

The doctor comes to see my mother every other day.医生每隔一天来看我妈妈一次。

【中考速递】

1. [上海中考考题] The light went out suddenly.It was very dark and _____ could be seen clearly.

A.anything B.something

C.nothing D.everything

2. [安徽中考考题] Helen has got two brothers._____ of them likes chocolate,but she loves it.

A.Neither B.None C.Each D.Any

3. [江苏淮安中考考题] There is _____ juice in the fridge.Let's go and buy some.

A.few B.a few C.little D.a little

4. [广西来宾中考考题] Dear classmates,may I have your attention,please?I have _____ to tell you.

A.important something B.important anything

C.something important D.anything important

【答案点拨】

1. 答案:C 句意:突然灯灭了,天很黑,什么也看不到。由句意“什么也看不到”可知用nothing,故选C。

2. 答案:A 句意:“海伦有两个哥哥,他们_____喜欢巧克力,但是她喜欢。” 由but可知两哥哥都不喜欢,表示“两个都不”用neither,故选A。

3. 答案:C 句意:冰箱里几乎没有果汁。让我们去买一些吧。juice是不可数名词,用little或a little修饰;由下句“让我们去买一些吧”可知上句为“几乎没有”了,故选C。

4. 答案:C 句意:句意:亲爱的同学们,请注意。我有重要的事情告诉你。形容词修饰不定代词时要后置;在肯定句中,不能用anything。故选 C。

03-6 相互代词

1. 相互代词的概念与形式

表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词。相互代词有each other和one another两个,都表示“互相、相互”的意思。

2. 相互代词使用3注意

(1)一般来说,each other指两者之间“互相”,one another指三者或三者以上之间的“相互、互相”,但在实际运用中有时二者可以互换,没有什么区别。如:

We should help each other and learn from each other.=We should help one another and learn from one another.我们应当互相帮助,互相学习。

(2)相互代词作定语时,要使用所有格形式,即在each other和one another后加“'”。如:We should point out each other's/one another's shortcoming.我们应当相互之间指出对方的缺点。

(3)相互代词只能作动词或介词的宾语,不能作句子的主语,因此以相互代词作宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。如我们可以说We have received each other's e-mails.我们已经收到了对方的电子邮件。但不能说:Each other's e-mails have been received.

03-7 疑问代词

1. 疑问代词的概念与形式

疑问代词是指用来构成特殊疑问句的代词。疑问代词有who谁,whom谁,whose谁的,what什么,which哪个、哪些。疑问代词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语等。

2. 疑问代词8项注意

(1)疑问代词构成特殊疑问句,而且总位于特殊疑问句的句首。疑问代词作主语时,语序与陈述句相同;疑问代词作表语、宾语或定语时,句子用倒装语序,即疑问代词后跟助动词或连系动词。如:Who took away my pen?谁拿走了我的钢笔?(who作主语)

Who are those boys?那些男孩是谁?(who作表语)

What makes you think I'm a teacher?什么使你认为我是个老师?(what作主语)

What did you do yesterday?昨天你干什么了?(what作宾语)

Whose is better?谁的更好些?(whose作主语)

Whose basketball is this?这是谁的篮球?(whose作定语)

Whose are these?这些是谁的?(whose作表语)

(2)who和whom都表示“谁”,whom是宾格,who是主格。作主语时要用主格who,作宾语时用宾格whom,但在日常口语中常常用who代替whom,但在正式场合仍然使用whom。如:Who/Whom do you like best?你最喜欢谁?

Whom/Who are you talking about?你们在谈论谁?

注意:

在书面语中,“谁”紧跟在介词的后面时,用whom而不能用who代替。如:

With whom did you go?你是和谁一起去的?

(3)whose是who的所有格形式,表示“谁的”,既可以指单数,也可以指复数,在句子中常作定语,也可以作主语、宾语和表语。如:

Whose car is newer?谁的车更新些?(whose作定语)

The twins have the same clothes,but whose is this?

这对双胞胎有同样的衣服,可这是谁的呀?(whose作表语)

Whose did you buy?你买的谁的?(whose作宾语)

(4)what表示“什么”,一般指事物,既可指单数名词或复数名词,也可指不可数名词或抽象名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等。如:

What happened?发生了什么事情?(what作主语)

What did you say?你说的什么?(what作宾语)

What sport do you like?你喜欢什么运动?(what作定语)

注意:

what作表语,常用来询问某人的职业或身份。如:

What's your father?你父亲做什么工作?

(5)which表示“哪个”,既可以指人,也可以指物,既可以指单数名词,也可以指复数名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如:

Which is taller,a horse or a giraffe?哪个更高,马还是长颈鹿?(which作主语)

Which did you choose?你选择了哪一个?(which作宾语)

Which film does she like best?她最喜欢哪部电影?(which作定语)

(6)疑问代词全部属于第三人称,一般为单数,有时也表示复数。

(7)疑问代词在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式,要根据它们代表的数决定。如果数的概念不清,则谓语动词通常用第三人称单数形式。如:

What is in the box?盒子里有什么?(说话人和听话人不知道盒子里装的是什么或有意询问,回答可以根据实际情况确定单复数)如:

There are some books in the box.盒子里有一些书。

(8)Who与which指人时,who的疑问对象没有范围限制,回答既可以是一个人,也可以是几个人,而which的疑问对象只限制为一人。如:

Who comes from America?谁来自美国。(对人数未加限制)

Which of you comes from America?你们当中谁来自美国?(对人数有限制)

【中考速递】

1. [北京中考考题] — _____ T-shirt is this?

— I think it's Tom's.

A.Whose B.Which C.What D.Who

2. [山东东营中考考题] — _____ is your father?

— He's an engineer in a big factory.

A.Who B.What C.Which D.Where

3. [黑龙江绥化中考考题] — _____ did you write to last night?

— A pen pal.

A.What B.When C.Whom

【答案点拨】

1. 答案:A 句意:“这是谁的T恤衫?”“我想是汤姆的。”由答语可知问句是问“谁的”用whose,故选A。

2. 答案:B 由答语“他是一个大工厂的工程师。” 可知问句为“你父亲是做什么的?”就职业提问用what,故选B。

3. 答案:C 句意:“昨晚上你给谁写信了?”“一个笔友”,表示“谁”用疑问代词who或whom,故选C。

03-8 连接代词

1. 连接代词的概念与形式

连接代词是用来引导名词性从句的代词。连接代词有who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever等。

2. 连接代词的用法

连接代词除起连接作用外,它们还在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。详细用法见主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。

03-9 关系代词

1. 关系代词的概念与形式

关系代词就是用来引导定语从句的代词。常见的关系代词有:who,whom,that,which,whose。

2. 关系代词的用法

关系代词用来引导定语从句,同时在句子中充当一定成分,并把主句和从句连接起来。详细用法见后面的定语从句。

【语法专练 体验中考】

1. [辽宁丹东] — I want to call my mother.But I can't find my mobile phone.

— Don't worry.My sister's phone is here.You can use _____.

A.my B.mine C.hers D.her

2. [辽宁大连] It is Sunday.Let's just relax and enjoy _____.

A.myself B.yourself C.ourselves D.himself

3. [云南考题] — Which city would you like to live in,Beijing or Shanghai?

— _____.I'd like to choose Kunming.

A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.None

4. [吉林长春] In 2022,Beijing will host the Winter Olympics._____ my brother and I want to watch it.

A.Neither B.All C.Either D.Both

5. [江苏常州] Though Kongfu Panda Ⅲ is popular with teenagers,it won't be liked by _____.

A.nobody B.somebody C.everybody D.anybody

6. [辽宁沈阳] Many people find that listening to some good music helps _____ when they are low.

A.us B.you C.them D.it

7. [福建厦门] — What a great thing to have a robot at home!

— Robots are usually useful.One day they will help people do almost _____.

A.something B.everything C.nothing

8. [湖北荆州] — Do you know who taught _____ French?

— Nobody.He learned it by _____.

A.his;himself B.him;him

C.him;himself D.his;him

9. [山东济南] — Sir,_____ called you just now.I told him to phone again 20 minutes later.

— OK.Thanks,Nancy.

A.someone B.nobody C.anyone D.everyone

10. [北京考题] My brother will come to see me tomorrow.I'll meet _____ at the airport.

A.her B.you C.him D.them

11. [湖北宜昌] — When are we going to see the movie Zoo Topia ,this afternoon or tonight?

— _____ is OK.I'm free today.

A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.All

12. [上海考题] The light went out suddenly.It was very dark and _____ could be seen clearly.

A.anything B.something C.nothing D.everything

13. [山东东营] How do you get on with _____ little brother?I've just had a baby sister.I'm worrying about it.

A.my B.his C.her D.your

14. [河北考题] Thanks for inviting _____ to dinner,Nancy.I really enjoy it.

A.her B.him C.you D.me

15. [重庆考题] To my surprise,he sold _____ house at such a low price.

A.he B.him C.his D.himself

16. [四川资阳] There is _____ wrong with Tom's leg.We should send him to hospital at once.

A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing

17. [湖北武汉] — There're four bedrooms in the house,_____ with its own shower.

— That's what I want.I've got a few kids.

A.either B.neither C.each D.none

18. [山东济南] — _____ did you visit Taiwan with,Sarah?

— My parents.We had a good time there.

A.What B.Who C.Where D.When

19. [山东菏泽] — _____ teachers will you miss the most after junior high school,Lisa?

— Ms.Lee and Mr.Hunt.

A.Whose B.Which C.What

20. [安徽考题] — _____ is your father?Does he still work as an engineer?

— Yes,he has been an engineer for thirty years.

A.Who B.How C.What D.Which

【答案速递】

1. C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.C awJ9jpmEkhbTcDFIiQhE/0yvfH8Jn7gk7BFfh8/xo2VAqtW4XNBg/X6CSgQlRumF

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