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一、选句填空题
自从2012年全国卷中出现了七选五这种题型后，2017年上海高考英语题型也做了改革，出现了六选四选句填空，这和七选五选句填空一样， “主要考查学生对文章的整体内容和结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解与掌握”——以上摘自《考试说明》中对该题型的表述。在七选五题目中，短文长度300词左右，六选四文章稍短些，为250词左右 (七选五和六选四词数均包括后面选项），题材以说明文为主，偶尔会出现议论文、记叙文。文章结构清晰，条理分明。短文中留有五个或四个空白。要求考生从所给的七个或六个选项中选出五个或四个最佳选项，使补全后的短文意思通顺，前后连贯。另外两项是干扰项。这里的七个或六个选项通常为完整的句子。
考查目的： 上一段说到，《考试说明》中提出选句填空考查学生“对文章的整体内容和结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”（Main idea of the text，Structure of the text，Logic of the context）。实际上是要求学生具有以下几种能力，即文章的总体理解能力、段落内容归纳概括能力、文中过渡句的推理能力，而这三种能力也正体现了英语学科核心素养的实质内涵，既要求培养学生的语言能力、思维品质、学习能力、文化品格，也体现出英语学科的育人价值。
备选项： 可以分为主旨概括句（概括文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构过渡承接）、注释性句子（补充说明上下文逻辑关系）三类。多余的干扰项也往往从这三个方面设置，如主旨概括句以偏概全或过于宽泛，过渡性句子不能反映文章行文结构，注释性句子与上下文脱节无关等。
(2016年全国卷Ⅰ) Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me”.
38 You might represent each letter with a number. For example, let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read“13 5 5 20 13 5”.
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me”.The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me”. 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out
F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet
答案：D E G F A
（2017年高考全国卷II）Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done. 1 , there are several ways to handle things. Let's take a look at them now.
2 . Tell the person you're sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you'll find them then. 3 . It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.
When you need to talk to someone, don't do it in your own office 4 , it's much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 5 . If someone knocks and it's not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint(暗示). Then when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed.
A. If you're busy, don't feel bad about saying no
B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes
D. If you're in the other person's office or in a public are
E. It's important that you let them know when you'll be available
F. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G. Leave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not
答案：B A E D G
（2017年上海模拟）Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer. 1 For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people's wish of participating from an internal factor (e.g. I volunteer because it's important to me) to an external factor(e.g. I volunteer because I’m required to do so). When that happens people become less likely to volunteer in the future. 2
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. 3 The researchers note that attention should be given to training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view volunteer as an important social role. 4 Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am”. Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity. Item like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.
A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs.
B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
C. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of theirpersonal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work.
D. Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue theirwork.
E. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice.
F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved
答案：F B E C
根据七选五和六选四选句填空的特点，解题时要把握几大原则：
1. 总分原则
选句填空文章多为短小的说明文和议论文，词数约200词左右（不包括后面选项），结构清晰，层次分明。文章开篇多为整篇文章的主题段落（总），概括文章的主旨大意。下面以2016年全国卷I中的七选五题型进行分析：
There are three main types of cryptography. 37（E） For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message “Meet me”.
38 You might represent each letter with a number. For example, let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me”would read “13 5 5 20 13 5”.
（ 解析 ）第一句提到有三种密码设置方法，37空提到了第一种方法，“A code uses symbols to ...”最后一段提到了第三种方法是需要一本密码书，因此38空应该是介绍第一种方法之后的第二种，选G。
2. 问答原则
因为选句填空多为说明文或议论文，必将经常对某些问题进行设问，而后进行解答。有问就有答，问什么就答什么。根据这一常识，做题时只要研究文章中问题的设问特点及方式，为其补充一个相应的回答，或者根据回答的方式赋予其一个合适的问题，这样选出答案就很简单了。以2014年全国I卷为例：
The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.
A. Encourage kids to cook with you.
B. And we can't forget science education.
C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.
D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don't yet exist?
E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.
F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.
G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.
（ 解析 ）空后的By doing sth.是表示方式的介词短语，故可知此空应该是一个以how开头的疑问句，故选D项。
3. 关键词复现原则
文章中在谈到某些话题或主题时，与主题相关的词语必定会以原词、同义词或近义词等形式在上下文重复出现，这叫词语复现。这样的词语就是关键词，有同义复现、近义复现还有同根复现。关键词的复现是语篇衔接的一个突破口，而选句填空的特点就是考查文章结构和语篇衔接。因此，利用关键词的复现提示对于解答七选五或六选四这样的选句填空非常有用。在近五年的九套全国新课标卷共45道题中有16道题可利用关键词复现原则直接选出答案，还有5道可利用关键词将选项缩小到2个，也就是说平均下来，几乎有一半的题目仅用关键词复现就可以解决。例如2016年全国I卷：
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out
F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet
（ 解析 ）本小题要求选择承接句。下文“Code breaking never lags far behind code making”中出现了code breaking, 七个选项中包含break的有A、D两个选项，根据“Code breaking never lags far behind code making”的句意，可知答案选D项。但是要注意，并非与上句或下句有相同关键词的选项就一定是正确选项，只是正确的可能性更大，在解题过程中需要优先考虑而已。可以把含关键词的选项代入原文，检查是否与上下文衔接，只有上下文衔接紧密的选项才是正确的。
另外，有些关键词是隐含的，可以说是一些相互关联的词语。例如：school, teacher, student,headmaster, class, test, fall, pass, maths, learn等这些词就可能在同一篇文章中同时出现。例如2016年全国III卷：
There are many common methods used to cook fish. 20 First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it's ready to serve.
A. Do not buy it.
B. The easiest is to steam it.
C. This is how you can do it.
D. It just requires a little knowledge.
E. The fish will go bad within hours
F. When buying fish, you should first smell i
G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease
（ 解析 ）空格前后出现了cook，clean，spices，plate, steam, pot等与厨房烹饪有关的词语，只有B项才有与之相对应的关键词。
总之，对于选句填空题要掌握几个解题步骤：第一步，快速浏览文章，掌握文章主旨大意。第二步，通读后面7个或6个选项，确定各选项所表达的含义。第三步，通读文章，结合语境和细节，试选出合适的选项。在此步骤中可采用排除法，先选出有把握的选项再逐个完成。第四步，难度较大的空格要注意选项中出现的衔接性关键词，紧扣段落主题句和上下文具体内容确定答案。最后一步，复检。将选项代入短文中，看整篇文章是否连贯、通顺，层次是否清晰，前后意思是否矛盾等等。
近6年全国卷Ⅰ阅读七选五考点情况分析一览表
具体来说，解答选句填空题，可从主题句、逻辑关系及文章结构三个方面去思考、破解：
1. 对文章主题句的考查
主题段：概括文章中心思想（文章开头或结尾）
主题句：该段的中心思想，主题由此展开（该段的开头、中间或末尾）
(2014全国卷I)本文主要介绍了培养孩子技能的方法，包括好奇心、创造性、交际能力和自我表达等。
The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 1 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.
1. Curiosity Your children need to be deeply curious ...
2. Creativity True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new ...
3. Personal skills Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids ...
4. Self Expression 5
第一段是主题段，下面4个小标题从4个方面谈培养孩子技能的方法。每段第一句是该段主题句。
2. 对文章逻辑关系的考查
句与句间存在逻辑关系，根据空格句与上下句之间的逻辑关系来解题，如：解释关系(对前句或对主题的进一步解释）、并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系等。
(2016全国卷I)本文主要介绍了三种密码的设置方法。
You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. For example, the first letter of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me”.
此句中For example举例证明密码的设置方法。后句是为了证明前一句而举的例子。
3. 考查学生对文章结构的理解
(1) 考查整篇文章的层次——段落之间的关系：平列、层递、总分、综合
(2016全国卷I)本文主要介绍了三种密码的设置方法。
There are three main types of cryptography.
1. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
2. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
3. A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, youmust have a code book.
各段之间是“平列关系”，“There are three main types of cryptography”是主题句，与下面三段是总分关系，下面三段分别介绍三种密码的设置方法。
(2) 考查每段内部的层次：①依据句际间意义的结合；②依据句际间的关联词、插入语来连接。
(2016全国卷II)本文主要介绍了装饰花园的具体建议。
A Garden That's Just Right for You
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants. However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.
本段内部的层次：前两句提出“一些人认为花园只是一些花花草草，还有一些人关心少用水少用肥料”。第三句仍在说明另一些人对园艺的不同看法：“还有其他人只是喜欢在户外接触植物。”这三句构成并列关系。依据句际间意义的结合，第四句连接性词however表示转折关系，引出其他关于园艺的看法。
二、语法填空题
近年高考外语改革逐步推进，试题类型的变化是改革的产物，这对于考生又是新的考验与挑战。全国卷语法填空题这一题型已经沿用几年了，上海2017新高考的语法填空和全国卷都是10个空。此题型强调在语篇中重点考查语法知识及其运用，即测试考生在理解篇章意义的基础上对句子结构的把握，对句与句之间的逻辑关系的识别，以及对语法的掌握情况。
考纲中对2017年新课标高考英语语法填空类题目的要求如下：
在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1个单词）或所提供单词的正确形式。具体命题特点如下：首先，在语篇层面上考查语言知识，每篇文章设置10个空，词数控制在200左右。要求考生在理解上下文情景的基础上，根据单词提示写出单词的正确形式，或根据对原文的理解填入适当的内容，所填内容不超过1个词。其次，命题形式上有无提示填空题和提示性填空。无提示填空就是括号里没有提示词，往往填冠词、代词、连词、介词等；提示性填空主要考查动词（包括时态、语态和非谓语动词）、形容词和副词（包括形容词、副词之间的转换及其比较级、最高级，上海卷不考查词形转换）以及名词（单复数等）。最后，所选材料主要是记叙类文章，或讲述生活趣事，或体现文化内涵，或给人心灵启迪。
对于语法填空题中的10个空，考生只要把握两种类型，一种是无提示词的空，另一种是有提示词的空。无提示词一般考查：冠词、介词、连词、代词、助动词、固定搭配等；有提示词一般考查：谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词等。具体分为四个方面的内容：
1. 给出动词的基本形态，填写词性、词形转化(如转为名词、形容词)，或填写谓语部分，或填写非谓语动词；
2. 给出词语，填写词性、词形的变化，如名词、动词、形容词、副词之间的转化，名词的复数形式，给出形容词，填写比较级、最高级，或词性、词形转化，转化为副词，或是填写反义词(前缀)；
3. 给出副词，填写比较级、最高级，或是填写反义词；
4. 不给词语填写限定词的时候，很可能是填写冠词、人称代词主格宾格形式，物主代词、反身代词的单复数形式，形容词性物主代词或some、any、other、another等限定词；有的名词前有限定词，比如序数词、形容词的最高级前用定冠词。
总之，前面三点谈的都是有提示词的情况，第四点谈的是无提示词的情况，由此可以看出无提示词的空是少数，有提示词的空是多数。具体例子如下：
不给提示词的范例：
例1：（2016上海）When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn't need to keep it a secret (31)______ me.
答案与解析：（30）Before，考查连词。根据句意“她还没来得及反应过来，我就紧紧地抱着她并告诉她这件事不必对我保密”可知应填Before引导时间状语从句，注意开头大写。（31）from，考查介词。keep sth. a secret from sb.是固定搭配，意为“ 不把某事告诉某人”，故填from。
例2： (2015全国卷II) The adobe dwellings built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even most modern of architects and engineers.
答案与解析：the。这里的名词由形容词最高级修饰，因此前面用定冠词。
例3：( 2015广东) He owned farm, which looked almost abandoned.
答案与解析：a。名词farm前应该有冠词，因为在文章中第一次出现，所以用不定冠词。
例4：(2014广东) Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said was a wonderful holiday destination.
答案与解析：it。第二个句子中的宾语从句缺主语，这里的it代替前文提到过的Miami。
例5：(2015全国卷I) For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
答案与解析：by。这里的car不作主语、表语或动词的宾语，可以看出其前面应该填写介词，这里的介词短语作状语。
例6：(2014全国卷II) There were many people waiting at the bus stop,some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
答案与解析：and。“There were many people waiting at the bus stop”是个完整的句子，“some of them looked very anxious and disappointed”也是个完整的句子，两句之间是并列关系。
对于有提示词的空，同学们要浏览全文把握大意，从语义上理解设空的句子，有时在间隔很短的两行中会连续出现几个空，这样难度就较大。例如：
例1：（2017全国卷III）It is ______ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
答案与解析：certainly，考查副词作状语，修饰fun。
例2：（2014广东卷）We 18 (tell) that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, 19 for the week after. I didn't understand 20 this would happen ...
答案与解析：（18）were told。本句是个被动句，主语“we”和“tell”之间构成被动关系，故使用被动语态。根据文章第一句可知，本文讲述的是我们去年度假的事情，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。（19）but。句意：我们被告知我们的房间不是预订在这个星期，而是在下个星期。本句使用的是“not ... but ...”(不是……而是……)结构来连接。（20）why。本句是宾语从句。此处意为“我不明白为什么会发生这样的事情”。名词性从句连词的选择主要通过上下文语义来判断。根据句意可知此处应用why。
1. 首先，从基本的单词入手打基础，积累储备各种不同的词汇。语法填空对于词汇学习提出了较高的要求，考生必须熟记单词词义及词性变化。因此要广泛阅读，在阅读中找词汇、背词汇，然后查词汇、归纳词汇、掌握构词法，这样才能熟能生巧，熟练地书写出正确的单词。例如：important,confident, innocent, significant, convenie这些以t结尾的形容词，它们对应的名词分别是importance,confidence, innocence, significance, convenien。又如：effective是名词effect转化而来的形容词，我们可以由此联想到active, attentive等等。
2. 其次，从句子入手，关键是语法。现在高考虽说弱化语法但是并不是说放弃语法。因为语法是语言学习的规则。“无规则不成方圆”。英语语法知识琐碎繁杂，但是也有内在规律，学习时一定要结合例句，认真分析。阅读文章除了需要一定的词汇量，还要善于分析长句、难句、复杂句，只有这样边阅读边分析句法语法，才能提高能力、打好基础。例如：look forward to doing; have difficulty (in) doing; so ... that/such ... tha等等。本书中“词句积累”板块就有对长难句的分析，值得大家从中学习对句子结构的分析。
3. 第三，认真研读，立足语篇整体。语感是一种对语言、语段、语句的感受能力，是一种潜在的能力。语感的形成不是短时间就能达到的，而要在平时学习中多听、多读。做题时一定要默读，默读能让你更快速地了解文章大意，把握句子间的逻辑关系。平时多朗读，尤其是读一些美文、美句，甚至背诵一些经典的文段或小文章。当然背诵范文也是很好的方法。这些都要长期坚持，在不知不觉中语感就会逐渐形成。对于填好空的语法填空题，可以用默读的方式从上到下读一遍，定会有不同的效果。
总之，语法填空是高考的新题型之一，同学们一定要勤练习，多总结，提升语感，努力做到“会做的题得满分”。