下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
1.2.1 并列关系
用 并列连词 衔接，连接的双方语法地位 相等 。
并列连词
Find the coordinating conjunctions and translate the sentences.
例：I ask him when we'll go to the zoo, but he doesn't know.
翻译：我问他什么时候去动物园，但他不知道。
1. Hurry up, or you'll miss the film that is very interesting.
翻译：
2. The man who is standing under the tree is very poor, but he is very helpful.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
3. He likes math, and he often helps others who are weak in it.
翻译：
4. He doesn't know when they will have the meeting, so he calls up his friend.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
5. He is my friend and that's why I have accepted the task.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
6. John wanted to go to the party, but his wife said that she was too tired.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
7. I put my arm across his shoulders and steered him to the sofa, where he collapsed.
翻译：
8. He had always loved Clara and he had always hoped that he could make her love him.
翻译：
9. It was still early, and although she was fatigued her mind was restless.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
10. Of course, they couldn't see with their eyes, but they thought that by touching him they could learn just what kind of animal he was.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
11. I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.
翻译：
12. The river ran behind us and the town had been captured very handsomely but the mountains beyond it could not be taken and I was very glad the army seemed to want to come back to the town sometime, if the war should end, because they did not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way.
逻辑关系：
翻译：
Join these simple sentences to make compound sentences. Use the words in brackets.
1. I took the dress back to the shop. I complained about it. （and）
I took the dress back to the shop and complained about it.
2. Your sister phoned this morning. She didn't leave a message. （but）
__________
3. I can leave now. I can stay for another two hours. （I can either…or…）
__________
4. Tim Burton built his own house. He designed it himself. （not only…but…as well）
__________
5. I don't know what happened to him. I don't care. （I neither…nor…）
__________
6. My new secretary can type very well. He hasn't much experience with computers. （but）
__________
Join these simple sentences to make compound sentences. Use the words in brackets.
1. The bus stopped at the station. Two men got out of it. （and）
The bus stopped at the station and two men got out of it.
2. You can give me some suggestions. Your friend can. （either you…or…）
__________
3. We got ready to get on the bus. It didn't stop. （but）
__________
4. NO one was in when I called. I left a message. （so）
__________
5. We didn't want to get home late after the movie. We went straight back. （so）
__________
6. My mother was nervous. She wasn't used to strangers calling late at night. （for）
__________
7. I've always wanted to live in country. My grandparents prefer to live in town. （but）
__________
8. The letter has been lost. The postman has delivered it to the wrong address. （or）
__________
9. For a moment the top of the mountain was visible. A cloud covered it. （and then）
__________
10. Susan was a successful career woman. Her mother wanted her to be a housewife. （yet）
__________
Choose the correct words in brackets.
（NOT SO） MERRY-GO-ROUND
The customers at the funfair were leaving （1. and / but） the lights were going out. The last two people on dodgem cars paid （2. and / so） left. The big wheel stopped （3. for / and） the merry-go-round stopped （4. as well / not only）. The stalls closed down （5. so / and） the stall-owners went home. At 2 a.m. four night watchman walked round the funfair, （6. but / so） there was no one to be seen. "I'm fed up walking round,” one of them said, “（7. yet / and） what can we do?” "We can （8. or / either） play cards （9. either / or） sit and talk.” They were bored, （10. so / for） there was nothing to do on this quiet warm night. "We can have a ride on the merry-go-round!” one of them cried. "That'll be fun!” Three of them jumped on merry-go-round horses （11. yet / and） the fourth started the motor. Then he jumped on too （12. and / but） round they went. They were having the time of their lives, （13. but / so） suddenly realized there was no one to stop the machine. They weren't rescued till morning （14. and / but） by then they felt very sick indeed!
1.2.2 主从关系
用关联词衔接，一方 从属并修饰 另一方，即从句修饰主句。
关联词：that, which, who, where...【详见附表一】
● 从句分主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句六类。由于主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句在句中的功能相当于名词，故这三种从句以统称为名词性从句。名词性从句所用的关联词大致相同，而且其前面一般不用逗号。
（1）名词性从句
功能：相当于名词词组，在复合句中能担当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
处理方式：判断从句在句子中所作成分，是主语、宾语、表语或是同位语。
Find the subjects of the sentences:
What he can do is to take the crying baby home.
His muscles were wasting away, and what were left were flabby.
How this happened is not clear to anyone.
Find the objects of the sentences:
We know that you must be hungry.
You don't know when you are lucky.
He always has a clear insight into what is needed.
Find the predicates of the sentences:
That is why I came here late.
That is what he meant.
She seems as if she had done a great thing.
Find the appositives of the sentences:
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
There is a real danger that the Queen will not retain her position.
Underline the noun clauses of the following sentences and point out the type of clauses.
例：He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner .宾语从句
1. It is important that we should speak politely.
2. The doctor insists that I give up smoking.
3. Wherever you are is my home.
4. It is not known yet whether they will come today.
5. That we shall be late is certain.
6. They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.
7. It is imperative that we should practice criticism and self-criticism.
8. The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days.
9. Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.
10. It looked as if he had understood this question.
11. That's where I first met her.
12. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
13. You are not who I thought you were.
14. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
Complete these sentences giving the right order of the words and point out the type of clauses.
例：told he me that he born was in 1980
He told me that he was born in 1980.宾语从句
NO.1
is that I have lost his address the trouble
答案：
NO.2
comes whoever welcome is
答案：
NO.3
worried were that you were sick they over the fact
答案：
NO.4
that he felt ill told he us
答案：
NO.5
is that we are having a holiday tomorrow true the news not
答案：
NO.6
he by deeply was displeased what had occurred that day
答案：
NO.7
not how this happened is to anyone clear
答案：
NO.8
me she which I liked best asked
答案：
NO.9
why he didn't come is that
答案：
NO.10
is why he was late that his bike broke down the reason
答案：
Multiple choices.
1. His success was because of_____he had been working hard.
A. that
B. the fact which
C. the fact that
D. the fact
2. — Is Mary from New York City?
— I don't know_____.
A. from what city does she come from
B. from what city she come
C. what city does she come from
D. what city she comes from
3. _____makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What
B. That
C. Whoever
D. Whatever
4. The reason why I didn't go to Shanghai was_____a new job.
A. because I got
B. because of getting
C. I got
D. that I got
5. It worried her a bit_____her hair was turning grey.
A. while
B. that
C. if
D. for
6. Henry killed the dog. I'll ask him why_____.
A. did he do that
B. he did that
C. he did
D. he has done so
7. Have you seen Henry lately? My boss wants to know_____.
A. how he is getting along
B. how is he getting along
C. what he is getting along
D. what is he getting along
8. It is generally considered unwise to give a child_____he or she wants.
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. whenever
9. He asked me_____with me.
A. what is the trouble
B. what wrong was
C. what was the matter
D. what trouble it is
10. I am sure_____he said is true.
A. that
B. about that
C. of that
D. that what
11. When and why he came here_____yet.
A. is not known
B. are not known
C. has not known
D. have not been
12. I wonder how much_____.
A. does the watch cost
B. did the watch cost
C. the watch costed
D. the watch costs
13. Mary is_____someone might recognize her.
A. afraid of
B. afraid about
C. afraid that
D. afraid for
14. _____is no reason for dismissing her.
A. Because she was a few minutes late
B. Owing to a few minutes late
C. The fact that she was a few minutes late
D. Being a few minutes late
15. They came to the conclusion_____by a computer.
A. that not all things can be done
B. because of not all things be done
C. being not all things can be done
D. because not all things can be done
16. Why the explosion occurred was_____the laboratory attendant had been careless.
A. for
B. because
C. since
D. that
17. I don't doubt_____he'll come.
A. that
B. if
C. what
D. whether
18. — Why did you go to the wrong class, Mr. Wang?
— Well, I forget_____I was supposed to go to.
A. which the room
B. which room
C. what was the room
D. what room was it
19. Output is now six times_____it was before liberation.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. of which
20. Mary: Helen is a mere washer woman, yet she's now buying a big house.
Carol: Yes. Because she's always saved_____.
A. what little she earns
B. how little she earns
C. for little she earns
D. with little she earns
21. _____surprised me most was_____such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.
A. That…what
B. What…that
C. That…which
D. What…which
22. We gave him_____help we could.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. this
23. She is pleased with what you have given him and_____you have told him.
A. that
B. which
C. all what
D. all that
24. Excuse me, would you please tell me_____?
A. when the sports meet is taken place
B. when is the sports meet going to be held
C. when is the sports meet to begin
D. when the sports meet is to take place
25. Do you happen to know_____?
A. what size shoes he wears
B. how big shoes he wears
C. what is the size of his shoes
D. what number shoes are his
26. This book will show you_____can be used in other contexts.
A. how you have observed
B. how what you have observed
C. that you have observed
D. how that you have observed
27. Where do you think_____?
A. has he gone
B. has he been
C. he's gone
D. was he
28. Do you know_____?
A. how many populations there are in the world
B. how much population there is in the world
C. how many the population of the world is
D. what the population of the world is
29. Would you go and see_____outside?
A. what to take place
B. what Tom has happened
C. what is happening
D. what the matter had been
30. The subject of "What is interesting is that I do not even know him.” is_____.
A. what
B. interesting
C. What is interesting
D. I
31. _____? I think he is Charles.
A. Who do you think he is
B. Do you think who he is
C. Whom do you think he is
D. Do you think who he is
32. He didn't know which room_____.
A. they lived
B. they lived in
C. did they live
D. did they live in
33. The little boy ate_____his mother gave him.
A. that
B. which
C. whatever
D. no matter what
34. The city is no longer_____.
A. what it is
B. that it used to be
C. which it was
D. what it used to be
35. My parents used_____they had to get a new car for me.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. all what
36. _____we go swimming every day_____us a lot of good.
A. If…do
B. That…do
C. If…does
D. That…does
37. _____was the idea_____the wife thought of?
A. What…that
B. That…what
C. How…why
D. Why…how
38. _____did he tell his wife_____he wished to do?
A. That…what
B. What…that
C. Where…which
D. Which…where
39. One of the men held the view_____the book said was right.
A. what that
B. that what
C. that which
D. which that
40. I have no idea_____or not he has finished the work.
A. if
B. that
C. whether
D. which
（2）定语从句
功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
处理方式：找到中心词和限定条件。
Join these sentences using who or which .
1. She's the accountant. She does my accounts._____
2. She's the nurse. She looked after me._____
3. Those are the postcards. Those arrived yesterday._____
4. Sophie is the secretary. Sophie works in our office._____
5. That's the newspaper. It arrived this morning._____
6. They're the workmen. They repaired our window._____
Join these sentences with who（m） , which or nothing.
1. She's the accountant. You recommended her to me._____
2. She's the nurse. I saw her at the JW hospital._____
3. They're the postcards. I sent them from Italy._____
4. They're the secretaries. Mr. White employed them._____
5. That's the newspaper. I got it for you yesterday._____
6. They're the workmen. Tim paid them for the job._____
7. That's the dog! I saw it at the dog show last Friday night._____
8. They're the birds. She fed them this morning._____
Put in the right relative pronouns when necessary.
A CHANCE IN A MILLION
Cissie, the woman 1_____works in our office, wanted to phone Mr. Robinson, but she dialled the wrong number. The number 2_____she dialled turned out to be the number of a public call box in the street. A man,3_____was passing at the time, heard the phone ringing and answered it. "Is that Mr. Robinson?” Cissie asked. "Speaking,” the man answered. It turned out that the man 4_____she was speaking to was actually called Robinson and had just happened to be passing the call box when she rang!
Join these sentences using whose .
1. Alex is the customer. I lost his address._____
2. Rosemary is the novelist. Her book won first prize._____
3. They are the children. Their study team won the match._____
4. You are the expert. We want your suggestion._____
5. I'm the witness. My evidence led to her arrest._____
6. She's the woman. The film was made in her garden._____
Underline the attributive clauses and the SVO （or SVP） of the following sentences.
1. A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller. *（翻译）
2. The man who I saw is called Smith. *（翻译）
3. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.
4. The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick.
5. Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together.
6. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.
7. Early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. *（判断画线部分的语法成分）
8. "General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a complete loss of consciousness and a relaxation of the muscles.”
9. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.
10. Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom.
11. "The lenses in an optical microscope bend the light passing through a specimen to form an image of that specimen that is much larger than the one actually viewed.”
12. The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. *（画出本句中的同位语）
13. For the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse. *（翻译）
14. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. *（画出本句中的同位语）
15. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered.
定语从句与同位语从句的比较：
联系：两种从句都可由that引导。
区别：定语从句的that引导不完整句；同位语从句的that引导完整句。
Underline the attributive clauses and the appositive clauses of the following sentences.
1. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional.
2. There is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food and buy only expensive organic foods instead.
3. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West—though not immediately published—were made available to scientists.
4. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.
5. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.
（3）状语从句
功能：修饰主句的谓语动词、形容词或副词。
处理方式：根据意义和用途的不同，状语从句可分为时间、原因、地点、目的、方式、条件、结果、让步和比较状语从句，判断状语从句的用途，帮助理解句意。
Join these sentences with the conjunctions in brackets.
1. She lost a lot of weight. She was ill. （when）
__________.
2. I phoned my mother. I arrived in the airport building. （immediately after）
__________.
3. Susan had already opened the letter. Susan realized it wasn't addressed to her. （before）
__________.
4. The building had almost burnt down. The fire brigade arrived. （by the time）
__________.
5. They realized that something had gone wrong. They saw him run towards us. （as soon as）
__________.
Complete the following sentences to say where .
1. This is the exact place where_____.
2. You're not allowed to park your car anywhere_____.
3. Some talk shows are familiar everywhere_____.
4. Please sit wherever_____.
5. Let's put the furniture in a place where_____.
Complete the following sentences to say how .
1. It sounds as if_____.
2. I think this burger is exactly as_____.
3. When I told her the news she acted as though_____.
4. I think you should write the letter in the way_____.
5. You never do anything the way_____.
Underline the adverbial clauses.
1. A telegram came after you had gone.
2. The house stood where three roads met.
3. If she asks me, I'll tell her.
4. So far as I know, he is trustworthy.
5. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.
6. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion （the attraction between water molecules） are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter.
7. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era.
8. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.
9. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres.
10. Nineteenth-century writers in the United States, whether they wrote novels, short stories, poems or plays were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years.
11. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.
12. The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.
13. The cattle themselves helped plant the fresh grass year after year for they trampled the natural seeds firmly into the soil to be watered by the melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring.
14. Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick.
15. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material.
16. In one explanation, recognition occurs when a scent molecule fits into its corresponding receptor site, like a key into a lock, causing a mechanical or chemical change in the cell.
17. As the bacteria go about their daily business breaking down lipids, or fatty substances, on the skin, they release volatile substances that usually strike the bloodhound's nose as an entire constellation of distinctive scents.
18. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft flats on a pond.
19. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.
20. Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed; yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents.
1.2.3 并列结构
并列结构是托福阅读中的一种常见语法现象，用并列连词（and, or, as well as, but）将两个词性和语法上等同的句子成分相连接。
基本种类：
1. 名词/代词成分and名词/代词成分
2. 动词（短语）and动词（短语）
3. 介词/介宾短语and介词/介宾短语
4. 非谓语动词and非谓语动词
5. 修饰成分（形容词性/副词性成分）and修饰成分（形容词性/副词性成分）
6. 包含上述种类的多项并列：A, B, and C
Underline the parallel structures of the following sentences and point out the type of them.
1. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.
2. Textile art is known for both its tactile and visional qualities.
3. Translated into terms of psychological theory, association has been thought of as the basis of learning, conditioning, and creative thinking.
4. During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the United States and became an important figure in the labor movement.
5. Maria Martinez, a Pueblo Indian, rediscovered the ancient art of Pueblo black pottery and, by teaching the process to family and friends, developed a lucrative business.
6. Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally true and good.
7. How many people realize that agriculture is a source of raw materials for clothing and shelter?
8. Mass advertising is employed when person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient.
9. A neutron star forms when a star much more massive than the Sun dies and explodes.
10. A statue, a monument, a building, or a park may be dedicated to commemorate a distinguished individual.
Multiple choices.
1. Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and_____, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1867.
A. reforming society
B. social reformer
C. who reformed society
D. her social reform
2. With x-ray microscopes, scientists can see through live insects_____even through solid pieces of metal.
A. However
B. nevertheless
C. or
D. yet
3. The fragrances of many natural substances come from oils,_____these oils may be used in manufacturing perfumes.
A. of
B. from
C. whether
D. and
4. The position of the larynx, or voice box, in the neck determines_____, swallows, and vocalizes.
A. an animal, how does one breathe
B. how an animal breathes
C. an animal breathes, how one
D. how does an animal breathe
5. In the late 1800's, Ellen Richards began working in the new field of "sanitary science" which was concerned with waste removal, water purification and_____.
A. to ventilate adequately
B. adequate ventilation
C. adequate ventilate
D. ventilation adequately
6. Carbohydrates are the most abundant and_____food sources of energy.
A. least cost
B. least costly
C. less cost
D. fewer costs
7. Loganberries can be used in jams_____their juice.
A. and for
B. while
C. too
D. in which
8. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into powder_____.
A. water to be added
B. for adding water then
C. and water added
D. and then adding water
9. Often very annoying weeds,_____and act as hosts to many insect pests.
A. that crowd out less hardy plants than goldenrods
B. crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods
C. the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy plants
D. goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants
10. The ancient Egyptian water clock required sophisticated calibration, since water dripped faster from its bowl when_____and the pressure was greater.
A. the full bowl
B. was the bowl full
C. bowl full
D. the bowl was full
11. Willa Cather,_____, gained recognition for her books concerning the frontier.
A. a novelist and Pulitzer prizewinning
B. a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist
C. a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist who
D. was a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist
12. Modern skyscrapers have a steel skeleton of beams and columns_____a three-dimensional grid.
A. forms
B. from which forming
C. and forming
D. that forms
13. A covered bridge is built of wooden timbers_____supporting trusses and a floor and are protected from weather by a roof.
A. when form
B. so form
C. form
D. that form
14. _____as well as telling stories.
A. It is representing of images
B. Which images representing
C. The images representing
D. Representing images
15. Most natural ports are located where the shoreline is irregular and_____.
A. deep water
B. is the water deep
C. the water is deep
D. there is the deep water
16. The worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of dollars and_____few results.
A. yielded
B. yielding
C. yield has
D. has a yield of
17. Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries_____commercially for their meat and eggs.
A. raised
B. and are raised
C. raised as
D. are raised
18. Maggie Lena Walker, an insurance and banking executive,_____and spent her entire life in Richmond, Virginia.
A. and was brought up
B. brought up with
C. who was brought up
D. was brought up
19. Sometimes_____to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.
A. difficult
B. is difficult
C. it is difficult
D. that it is difficult
20. The Cubists were concerned with how_____a given subject from different points of view simultaneously.
A. represented
B. do the represent
C. to represent
D. representing
Underline the parallel structures of the following sentences and point out the type of them.
1. Hares generally have longer ears and hind legs than rabbits and move by jumping rather than running.
2. The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs.
3. The Pomo people made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble.
4. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency.
5. Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists.
6. The Glomar Challenger's core samples have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundreds of millions of years ago and to calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future.
7. As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.
8. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.
9. Most of our knowledge of the Earth's interior comes not from mines or boreholes, but from the study of seismic waves-powerful pulses of energy released by earthquakes.
10. Earth's solid iron heart is subjected to unimaginable pressure and has a temperature of about 9,000oF.