what作关系代词,用法很特殊,它可以看作是先行词和关系代词的结合体,因此,我们把它称为“缩合关系词”。大多数情况下,what在从句中不表示疑问意义“什么”,而应该被理解为the things that, all that或something that。what在从句中充当主语或宾语等名词性成分。
what相当于一个关系代词及其先行词。所以,what引导从句时,前面不应再出现先行词。换句话说,如果句中已有先行词,就一定不能用what引导。比如我们不能说You can have everything what you like.
32 All ____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.(1990-1 CET-4)
A. what is needed
B. the things needed
C. for our needs
D. that is needed
正确答案 D
妙语点睛 这里all是先行词,所以不能选择A。若选B,则主语是复数things,与后面谓语is不搭配。选C不通。故D正确。
精品译文 所需要的就是日常生活必需品的持续供应。
33 For Williams, those activities became what he calls “electronic heroin”... It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (2006年阅读“七选五”)
妙语点睛 这段短文有四个what从句,我们现在一一剖析。
what从句1 :Those activities became what he calls “electronic heroin”.
这里what在从句中作谓语calls的宾语(electronic heroin充当宾语补足语),这个what相当于 the activities that,即一个先行词和关系代词的结合体,从这个意义上来说,what引导的是一个定语从句。但从结构上来说,what从句是充当became的表语,即名词从句中的表语从句。换句话说,what所引导的从句既可以看作是特殊的定语从句,又可以当作是名词性从句。因此为了方便起见,我们以后把what引导的从句统称为“what从句”。
what从句2 :Society is... often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
首先,我们来看what从句在主句中的结构关系。这里what引导的从句 what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will在主句中充当谓语defining的宾语,是一个宾语从句。但由于其结构较长,所以后置,而将defining的补足语as additions提前。原本结构应该是:defining (what从句) as addictions。其次,我们再来看what从句本身的结构关系。这里what在从句中充当谓语explained的宾语,as weakness of will充当补足语(这完全类似于as addictions充当defining的补足语)。所以,原本的结构是:explained (what) as weakness of will。
what从句3 : what claims to be science
这里的what从句由or连接,与其前面的science构成一个并列成分,作介词by的宾语。相当于:Pushed by science, or something that claims to be science,即这里something that用what来替换了。这个what在从句中作主语(后接谓语claims)。
what从句4 :Society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
与上面“what从句2”分析思路类似,首先,我们来看what从句在主句中的结构关系。同上述defining(what从句) as addictions结构一样,这里逻辑结构是:reclassifying (what从句) as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities (akin to physical disabilities是形容词短语作后置定语,修饰前面的名词短语personality disorders)。但与上面“what从句2”不同的是,上句的what从句是后置宾语(defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will),这里的what从句没有后置,而是直接跟在谓语reclassifying的后面。若后置,则可改为:Society is reclassifying as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities what once were considered character flaws or moral failings.其次,我们再来看what从句本身的结构关系。这里的what在从句中充当主语(后接谓语were considered,character flaws or moral failings是主语补足语,补充说明what)。
综上所述,前两个what在从句中作宾语,后两个what在从句中作主语。四个what前面都没有被修饰的名词(即先行词)出现。尽管第二个what前边出现了addictions,但是正如上面分析的,这个what从句并非修饰additions,而是跟在defining后面的。
精品译文 对于Williams来说,这些活动成了他所谓的“电子海洛因”……令人担忧的是:社会正在将越来越多的行为问题医学化,常常把过去人们坚持认为的意志力薄弱的问题定义为上瘾。在科学(或所谓的科学)的推动下,人们过去认为的性格缺陷或道德缺失现在被重新定义为类似于生理缺陷的人格障碍。
在满足上述前提条件下,what的具体用法有以下两点:
比如我们上述的例句,what都是单独使用的,即其后没有接名词。此时,what作关系代词,可表示物,也可表示人。
34 She is not what she used to be.
妙语点睛 这里what前没有先行词,what用来指人,原句相当于She is not the girl that she used to be。
精品译文 她不再是以前的她了。
35 Show me what you have written.
妙语点睛 这里what前没有先行词,what用来指物,原句相当于show me the things that you have written。
精品译文 把你写的东西给我看看。
36 Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught.(2006年阅读第三篇)
妙语点睛 这里what前没有先行词,what用来指物。另外,还要注意断句,从句的主语不是[( a higher proportion of what ) is in the sea],而应该是[a higher proportion of( what is in the sea )],即充当介词of的宾语的不是what这个词,而是从句what is in the sea。所以,a higher proportion of what is in the sea这个短语不是表示“更大比例的鱼类在海洋里”,而是“海洋鱼类中的更大比例”。
精品译文 今天的船只可以利用50年前还没有的卫星和声呐发现猎物,这意味着 海洋里更大比例的鱼类 被捕捞。
真题再现: 语法攻克考研“英译汉”——2002年第61题
37 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
妙语点睛 这里what后面没有接名词。和上一题a higher proportion of what is in the sea类似的是,用在of结构后面作宾语的是what从句 what is called behavioral science ,不是what这个词。所以在翻译时应该这样断句:[almost all of ( what is called behavioral science )],即译成“所谓的行为科学中几乎所有的都”。不能这样断句:[( almost all of what )is called behavioral science],这样就会误译成“几乎所有的都被称为行为科学”。换句话说,我们要把what从句当作一个整体先译出来,然后再加上almost all of结构。其次,我们再来看整个主从句的逻辑结构关系。One difficulty is...是主句的主谓语,后面接一个that引导的表语从句。在这个表语从句中,almost all of what is called behavioral science 作主语,后面接谓语部分:continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on。所以,这个句子的翻译难点就在于要正确理解主语almost all of what is called behavioral science的结构关系。
精品译文 难题之一在于 所谓的行为科学几乎全都 继续从心态、感情、性格特征、人性等方面去寻求行为的根源。
此时,what作关系形容词,结构是“what +名词”,意为“所有的……,尽可能多的……”,这时what一般表示物,不表示人。
38 What money I have has been given to you.
妙语点睛 这里what后面接名词money,原句相当于 All the money that I have has been given to you。
精品译文 我身上所有的钱都给你了。
39 Lend me what reference books you have on the subject.
妙语点睛 这里what后面接名词短语reference books,原句相当于Lend me all the reference books that you have on the subject。
精品译文 请把你所有有关这个研究专题的参考书都借给我。
40 The accident completely wiped out what little sight he had left.
妙语点睛 这里what后面接名词短语little sight,原句相当于说The accident completely wiped out all the little sight that he had left。
精品译文 这次事故使他仅有的一点视力也丧失了。
41 After sharing what little food they had, the old couple let the two angels sleep in their bed where they could have a good night's rest.
妙语点睛 这里what后边接名词短语little food,原句相当于说After sharing all the little food that they had。
精品译文 这对老夫妇把仅有的一点点食物拿出来款待这两个天使,然后又让出原本他们自己可以安睡的床,给这两个天使睡。
42 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools come to hand in the “great game” of espionage-spying as a “profession”.(2003年阅读第一篇)
妙语点睛 这里whatever是what的强调形式,后面接名词tools,所以同样属于第二种用法“what+名词”。Whatever tools在从句中作主语,而整个从句whatever tools come to hand则作using的宾语,是一个宾语从句。此外,would have loved是一个虚拟语气,这表明Donovan这个人现已不在人世,请参见第七章“虚拟语气”。
精品译文 Wild Bill Donovan若在世的话,他会爱上互联网的。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷,他曾经在二战时建立了战略事务办公室,为中央情报局的成立奠定了基础。Donovan相信,在谍报工作这个“大游戏”中,可以使用任何手段。
真题再现: 1997年语法
43 He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. _____ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.
A. What little
B. So much
C. How much
D. So little
正确答案 A
妙语点睛 这里what little相当于what little knowledge,这类似于上述例句中的what little sight或what little food,这属于“what+名词”的结构。整个从句是what little he knows about it(it指天文学),用作主语,所以what从句在这里是一个主语从句。而what little在从句中作谓语knows的宾语。
精品译文 他自诩为天文学专家,但实际上他对这一领域知之甚少。他所知道的那点知识也是过时和不准确的。
真题再现: 1993年语法
44 As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ______ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. such
正确答案 A
妙语点睛 这个句子有一定的难度,with前的主句不难理解,关键是with后面成分的理解。首先,这里实际上是由with引导的一个独立分词结构(详细内容参见第九章),其一般结构是: with +名词或名词性短语+分词 。此句中的结构可看成:with +what引导的名词从句(相当于名词短语)+saved for the dawn(分词结构)。这个with独立分词结构在句中作状语,表示原因。其次,我们再来分析这个由what引导的名词从句:most of what furnace fuel is allowed。what前没有先行词,这里是“ what +名词(furnace fuel) ”的用法。引导的名词从句确切说应为:what furnace fuel is allowed(所有分配的锅炉燃料)。可改为定语从句: all the furnace fuel that is allowed,然后再加上 most of ,所以要理解成[most of (what furnace fuel is allowed)],表示“所分配的锅炉燃料中的 大部分 ”。注意断句,不要理解成:[(most of what furnace fuel) is allowed]。也就是说,这里what从句是一个整体,相当于一个名词短语,然后再有most of (what从句)。这样的结构完全类似于我们上面讨论过的P13页例句(37)的翻译。
精品译文 到了冬天,由于所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分需要节省下来等到黎明时候再用,因此(夜里)冷得难受。