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什么？从句不光可以修饰主干，还可以自己作主语、宾语！
整个从句是名词性的，可以在句中充当名词性成分，就是名词性从句。
名词性从句可以充当名词性成分即主语、宾语、表语和同位语，所以主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句本质上是一样的，只是在句中充当不同的成分，放在不同的位置。
例如：
That she left for West Africa surprised us.（主语从句）
The news that she left for West Africa surprised us.（同位语从句）
I didn’t know that she left for West Africa.（宾语从句）
The surprising news is that she left for West Africa.（表语从句）
我们可以看到这四个句子中从句都是that she left for West Africa，只是放在不同的位置充当了不同的成分。
所以名词性从句的引导词基本是相同的，主要就是that和wh-开头的特殊疑问句的疑问词。常见的有：
连词：that
代词：what，who，whom
形容词：which，whose
副词：when，where，how，whether
我们可以看到名词性从句的引导词和定语从句的引导词有很多是一样的，注意做以下区分：
that在名词性从句中作连词，不充当名词性成分；that在定语从句中作代词，充当名词性成分。
which在名词性从句中多作形容词，表示“哪一个”，如：Which team will win this game is hard to say。which在定语从句中作代词。
在定语从句中引导词都指代先行词（被修饰的名词），而在名词性从句中引导词并不指代哪个词。
后面会分别介绍这几种从句。
名词性从句的虚拟语气
名词性从句可以表现坚持（insist）、命令（order/command）、要求（require/request/demand）、建议（suggest/advise/propose/recommend）的语气等，但是由于这种从句表达的内容并不是真实发生的情况（例如：我要求你每天背300个单词，但是你并不一定真的做到了），所以从句要用虚拟语气——从句的谓语要用should+动词原形，可以省略should直接加动词原形。
例如：
The job requires that you(should)be at 9 o’lock every morning.
The job’s requirement that you(should)be at 9 o’lock every morning is reasonable.
The job’s requirement is that you(should)be at 9 o’lock every morning.
注：如果没有情态动词（can/may/must等），直接用了动词原形，就说明省略了should。
主语从句在句中充当主语，所以位置在句首，不过有的时候由于主语从句比较长，为了避免头重脚轻，会用形式主语it替代主语从句放在句首，把主语从句放在句尾。比如前面的例句That she left for West Africa surprised us.通常会变成It surprised us that she left for West Africa.
1
What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular.
高创造性的艺术活动产出的不是一个（超越已有限制的）新范例，而是一个美学特例。
not...but rather表示对比关系：generalization和particular对比。
2
It is one of nature’s great ironies{that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
这是大自然的一个巨大的讽刺：土壤中氮的可用量经常为植物的生长设定上限，尽管植物的叶子沐浴在氮气的海洋中。
从even though看出让步转折关系，尽管植物的叶子周围氮气很多，但是土壤中的氮限制了植物的生长；我们可以推测出植物的叶子不能利用氮气。
宾语从句即从句在主句中作宾语。及物动词后有宾语，介宾短语中介词后面也需要有宾语，所以宾语的位置在及物动词或介词之后。
1
The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trendswere caused by them.
当然，二氧化碳和温度的相关性并不能确定{大气构成的变化是导致了气候变暖和变冷的趋势，还是被它们导致}。
correlation和caused都表示了相关关系：二氧化碳和温度有相关关系，但是不确定谁是因谁是果。atmospheric composition对应了carbon dioxide，the warming and cooling trends对应了temperature。
2
Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment.
虽然科学家们观察到{一个有机体的行为有一定的节律模式}，但是他们在{当这个有机体被转移到一个新的环境中，这些模式是如何被影响（的问题）}上并没有达成一致。
从although看出让步转折关系，尽管科学家观察到节律模式，但是并不确定这个模式是如何被影响的。
同位语从句在一个抽象（有内容的）名词（e.g.news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，issue）之后解释这个名词的内容。
我们可以看到同位语从句的位置和作用都和定语从句很像，它们有什么区别呢？我们举个例子来看：
The news that she left for West Africa surprised us.（同位语从句）
The news that we heard yesterday surprised us.（定语从句）
同位语从句解释了news的内容，而定语从句只是修饰了news，说了news的一个特点——“昨天听说的”。
同位语从句是名词性从句，引导词that不作成分，而定语从句中引导词that作成分。
1
In the early twentieth century, the idea that pianists should be musician-scholar.whose playing reflected the way that composers wanted their music to sound replaced the notion that pianists should be virtuosos whose performances thrilled audiences with emotional daring showy displays of technique.
在20世纪早期，{钢琴家应该是[用演奏表现出作曲家想要的声音的]音乐家的}想法取代了{钢琴家应该是[（用感情上的大胆和炫耀的展示技巧）使听众陶醉的]演奏能手的}观点。
谓语动词replace体现了观点的变化：关于钢琴家应该是什么的观点，从炫耀技巧变成了表现作曲家的本意。
Which of the following is most analogous to a pianist who is a musician-scholar, as that term is described in the passage?
A. an established pianist who reproduces Bach’s Tempered Clavier exactly according to its original musical notation
B. a sophisticated pianist who infuses his own grief into a display of the second chapter of Beethoven’s Pathetique
C. a talented pianist giving a surprisingly bravura performance to Vivaldi’s otherwise rigorous Concerto in E Minor
D. an amateur pianist who stumbles through the entire Debussy’s Clair de Lune
题目要求 ：
● 标出 主 谓 宾 和从句的起止{[()]}
● 回答问题
● 补全句子层次图
1
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.
(1)what从句在主句中充当了什么成分？
(2)和include反义对应的词是？
(3)作者对Rosenblatt的总体评价是偏正还是偏负？
2
It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
(1)句中真正的主语是？
(2)历史学家想要比较什么？
3
Hot spots provide the measuring instruments for resolving the question of whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whether one is stationary and the other is drifting away from it .
(1)or连接的两个平行的部分是什么？
(2)one，the other都是指什么？
(3)it指什么？
4
Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10 11 neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
补充：let alone表示“更不用说”。
(1)句中which从句在主句中作什么成分？
(2)把which从句变成主谓宾的正常语序。
(3)能确定每个神经元在大脑的哪个半球吗？
(4)每个人大脑中神经元形成的连接的数量级有多少？
5
What made matters worse was that its proliferation coincided with sweeping changes in agriculture and a massive shift from sheep farming to dairying.
(1)What从句在主句中作什么成分？
(2)coincide表示什么关系？
(3)和shift同义对应的词是？
6
Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as secular , frame of reference.
(1)it指代？
(2)为什么要用动词原形be？
(3)和secular反义对应的词是？
