下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
从句就是从属于主句的句子，是指用一个完整的句子来充当主句中的成分。从句可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和同位语；谓语必须是动词，不能用从句充当。从句在主句中作什么成分就叫做什么从句，所以也就相应地有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。其中主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句都是名词性的
，我们把它们统称为名词性从句；而定语从句和状语从句可统称为修饰性从句。
从句是一个完整的句子结构，所以必须有主谓宾，为了把从句和主句区分开，从句前面还需要有引导词。
我们在遇到从句时需要判断从句的起止，以及从句与主句的关系。
从哪开始： 从引导词开始。
到哪结束：
从句必须有完整的主谓宾才能够结束；而且因为一个从句只能有一个谓语
，所以必须在第二个谓语动词前结束。
从句和主句的关系： 即从句在主句中充当什么成分。
总论中还提到过，成分的位置相对固定，所以我们可以根据从句的位置来判断从句在主句中充当什么成分，是什么从句。不同从句的引导词的用法也不尽相同，我们还可以根据从句的引导词和引导词在从句中充当什么成分来判断从句的类型。以下会分别介绍各个从句的位置及引导词的特征。
定语从句，即从句在主句中作定语。
作用： 修饰名词
位置： 在被修饰的名词之后（这个名词叫做定语从句的先行词）
常见引导词： 代词that, which, who, whom
形容词whose
副词when, where, why
代词性的引导词要在从句中作名词性成分——主语或宾语。
注意： that可以引导各种从句，但是只有在定语从句中that充当名词性成分，作主语或宾语。
状语从句，即从句在主句中作状语。
作用： 主要是修饰谓语动词
位置： 在主谓结构（可以是主句的或从句的）之前或者之后。
常见引导词： 时间状语从句：when, before, after, until
地点状语从句：where
原因状语从句：because, since, as, for
结果状语从句：so...that, such...that
条件状语从句：if, only if, whether, unless, when, as, as long as, once, provided that
让步状语从句：although, though, even if, even though, while, whereas,
granted that, -ever(whatever, however)
1
Many critics of Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a“romantic” reading receives more confirmation.
①介词后必须跟名词构成介宾短语，我们通常把这个名词叫做介词的宾语，并不是整个句子即谓语动词的宾语。
很多{勃朗特的小说《呼啸山庄》的}评论家认为小说的第二部分是一个对应物，{这个对应物评价了[如果不是反对了]小说的第一部分，[在第一部分一种浪漫主义的阅读得到了更多的确认]}。
从counterpoint看出强调了第二部分和第一部分的关系：1.第二部分评论了第一部分；2.第一部分比第二部分有更多的（more）浪漫主义。
2
In the early 1950s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe(which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800)began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
从20世纪50年代早期，{研究工业化前的欧洲的（我们把工业化前的欧洲定义为1300~1800这段时间的欧洲）}历史学家开始{第一次大规模地}研究工业化前欧洲的总人口而不是2%~3%的人，{这些人组成了政治和社会的精英即：国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教以及地方上的达官显贵，[正是这部分人一直以来普遍充斥着历史书]}。
句中的more of...than标志着非常重要的比较关系，历史学家从20世纪50年代早期开始更多地研究人民群众而不是少数精英，那20世纪50年代之前研究什么呢？从who had hitherto usually filled history books判断出正是这些精英。
The passage suggests that before the 1950s, history study on preindustrial Europe has
A. failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
B. began to investigate the major portion of the preindustrial European population.
C. inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
D. confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.
题目要求 ：
● 标出 主 谓 宾 和从句起止{[()]}
● 回答问题
● 补全句子层次图
1
This preference for exogamy , Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin .
(1)对exogamy的偏好来源于什么？
(2)划线的they指代什么？
(3)管理婚姻的West African rules彼此间相同吗？它们有什么共同点？
(4)和prohibition against unions with close kin同义对应的词是？
2
The historian Frederick J.Turner wrote in 1890 that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier —that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of American farming system.
(1)precipitate在这里的意思是？
(2)the closing of the internal frontier是什么？用句中的话解释。
(3)和agrarian同义对应的词是？
3
But those of us who hoped , with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
(1)Kolb新出版的版本有更多的细节吗？
(2)和hope反义对应的词是？
4
Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in“ sensitivity ” or“the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities(such as“the capacity for hard work”)essential in producing wealth?
(1)句中比较了哪两种人？
(2)作者认为这两种人应该获得相同的财富吗？
(3)sensitivity的同义对应是？
5
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones , when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
(1)当被注入大脑中时，antiserums to peptide hormones会怎么样？
(2)实验发现是支持了还是削弱了these beliefs？
6
The subject of Odyssey is“life-as-spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without ;the tragic Iliad, however, presents“life-as-experience”:readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
(1)for在这里的作用是？
(2)与without反义对应的词是？
(3)与identify同义对应的词是？
(4)It can be inferred from the passage that the subject of Odyssey is considered as“life-as-spectacle” because
A. Its readers are not able to experience the life of its hero Odysseus.
B. Its readers are not required to identify with the mind of Odysseus.
C. Its readers are able to see that the hero Odysseus is quite a likable figure.
D. Its readers are able to divert a variety of incidents into spectacular life experiences.
7
If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific—a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can perform— the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may, also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking especially about sex roles.
(1)not only...but also连接的平行的两部分作什么成分？
(2)在语境中和objective同义对应的词有哪些？
(3)the definition指的是？
(4)和impede同义对应的词是？
(5)It can be inferred from the passage that someone who wishes to change the academic establishment and its thinking about sex roles would probably need to
A. reject the attempt to define feminist criticism as a verifiable intellectual method.
B. preclude the critic-as-artist approach.
C. qualify its utilitarian political objectives.
D. exclude women from performing the critical task.
8
In response to biologists who question how organisms presumably working for their own selfish ends could have evolved to behave in a way that benefits not only the planet but the organisms as well, cooling benefits the algae, which remain at the ocean surface, because it allows the cooled upper layers of the ocean to sink, and then the circulating water carries nutrients upward from the depths below.
(1)how从句的作用是什么？
(2)it指代什么？
(3)and连接的平行的两部分作什么成分？
(4)For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Biologists don’t believe organisms can benefits both the planet and the algae.
B. Cooling can make nutrients go upward to the ocean surface.
C. Cooling can make upper layers of the ocean to sink.
9
And, while Naomi Rosenblum’s synoptic History of Women Photographers covers the subject through 1920 in a generally useful fashion, once she reaches the 1920s, when the venues, forms, applications, and movements of the medium expanded exponentially, she resorts to an increasingly terse listing of unfamiliar names, with approaches and careers summarized in a sentence or two.
(1)once从句的作用是？
(2)when从句的作用是？
(3)According to the passage, the author’s attitude toward the treatment of characters after the 1920s in Naomi Rosenblum’s History of Women Photographers can be best described as
A. indifferent.
B. mixed.
C. discontent.
D. respectful.
