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1．command
n．& vt．命令；指令；掌握
The officer commanded his soldiers to fire．
那名军官命令士兵们开火。
A general is a man who commands a large number of soldiers．
将军是统率众多士兵的人。
常用结构：
at/ by sb’s command 听某人支配
take command of 控制
in command of 指挥着
under one’s command 由某人的指挥
under the command of sb．在某人的指挥下
command sb．to do sth．命令某人做某事
command（=order）that ．．．命令……（从句用虚拟语气，即should+ do 形式，should可省略）
commander n．指挥官
用适当的介词填空
①For the first time in years, she felt she was command
of her life．
②The army is the king’s direct command．
③The police arrived and took command the situation．
①in ②under/at/by ③of
2．request
vt．&n．请求；恳求；要求
常用结构：
request sb．to do sth．请求某人做某事
request sth．from/of sb．向某人要求某物
request that sb．（should）do sth．要求某人做某事
make a request/requests 发出请求
at the request of sb．＝at sb．’s request依照某人的请求
易混辨析
request/demand/require
request表示“有礼貌的请求；正式的请求”。
demand表示“有正当权利的要求”，因此含有“坚决或强烈要求”的意思。
require表示“要求所必须的东西；法律、协定、规章以及其他客观情况的要求”。
但它们也有不同之处：
①require和request都可以接宾语+to do sth．结构，而demand没有此种用法。但可以说demand of sb．to do sth．
②require+动名词时，主动形式的动名词具有被动意义，而demand，request无此种用法。
They are demanding higher wages．他们要求提高工资。
Do you require anything else? 你还要求（需要）别的吗？
Many people have requested this next song．
许多人要求听下面这首歌。
They required me to keep silent．他们要求我保持沉默。
The letter requested us to leave the house within six weeks．
这封信要求我们六周内搬出这所房子。
以上三个词的共同点是：从语法上看，request和demand，require都可以接that引导的宾语从句，并且在从句中要使用虚拟语气。
单项填空
①One of the requirements for a fire is that the material to its burning temperature．
A．be heated
B．is heated
C．would be heated
D．do heat
②—Why were you late for such an important concert?
—The plane arrived at the airport after a of three hours．
A．delay
B．rest
C．tour
D．request
①解析：选A。如同require, demand, order, suggest, advise, insist, request等动词要求其后面的宾语从句使用虚拟语气一样，它们所对应的名词的同位语从句和表语从句也要求使用虚拟语气，即：should+动词原形。故选A。
②解析：选A。上句询问“迟到的原因”，因此下句中的名词应是与“迟到”意义有关的名词，所以只能选择“延误”。
3．recognize
vt．辨认出；承认；公认
常用结构：
recognize sb．认出某人
recognize one’s voice听出某人的声音
recognize ．．．as ．．．认定；承认……为……
recognize sb．/sth．．．．to be ．．．认为某人/某事物是……
recognize that ．．．承认……
When he walked out of the station, I recognized him immediately．
当他从车站里走出来时，我立刻认出了他。
Everyone recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir．大家都承认他为合法继承人。
单项填空
—Oh, it’s you！I you．
—I have just had my hair cut, and I’m wearing new glasses．
A．hadn’t recognized
B．haven’t recognized
C．didn’t recognize
D．Don't recognize
解析： 选C。前句的句意为：哦，是你呀！我刚才没有认出你来。
所以要用一般过去时。
4．direction
n．［C］ 方向；方面;［U］指导；指挥
常用结构：
in the direction of 朝……的方向（=towards）
in sb’s direction 朝某人的方向（=towards sb．）
under one’s direction 在……指导下（=under the direction of sb．）
Tom went off in one direction and Jack in another．
汤姆往一个方向走，杰克往另外一个方向走。
Reforms are needed in many directions．许多方面都需要改革。
He is walking in the direction of the police station．
他正朝警察局的方向走去。
He glanced in her direction and their eyes met．
他朝她这个方向一看，俩人的眼睛相遇了。
The singing group is under the direction of Mr Lee．
合唱团由李先生指挥。
direction意为“指示；指引；用法说明”等，通常要用复数形式。
注意：表示邮件上的“姓名地址”时，也用复数形式。
Follow the directions on the medicine bottle．
请按药瓶上的说明服药。
（1）单项填空
Those who learn theory must develop the direction of practice．
A．to
B．on
C．in
D．for
（2）完成句子
①I gave Mary full （地址）to enable her to find the post office．
②He did the work （在我的指导下）．
（1）解析：选C。in the direction of为固定搭配，意为“朝……方向”。注意不要用介词to。
（2）①directions ②under my direction
5．more than one
意为“不止一个”，虽然在意义上表示复数，但作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数，与many a（许多）用法一样；如果more修饰复数可数名词再跟than one作主语时，其谓语动词则要用复数。
More than one member has protested against the proposal．
不止一个成员反对这个建议。
More than one person has been concerned in this．
这里面涉及的不仅是一个人。
More persons than one have been involved．
涉及的不仅仅是一个人。
“more than+ adj．”意为“很；非常”。
在“more ．．．than ．．．”中，肯定“more”后面的，而否定“than”后面的，意为“是……而不是……”或者“与其……不如……”。
“more than ．．．can/could”是英语里的一个常见结构，可把more than理解为not,表示否定，该结构意为“非……所能……；是……所不能……；不是……所能……”。
more often than not 经常；往往
In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments．
做科学实验时，对待仪器必须非常小心才行。
If you tell your father what you have done, he will be more than a little angry．
如果你把所做的事情告诉你父亲，他会非常生气的。
Catherine is more diligent than intelligent．
与其说凯瑟琳聪明，不如说她勤奋。
完成句子
①当我的老朋友布莱恩怂恿我抽一支烟时，我可再也熬不住了。
When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was ．
②可能的解释不止一个。
There is ．
①more than I could bear
②more than one possible explanation
6．because of
因为；由于是介词短语，后跟名词、代词或动名词及what从句。
She got hurt because of what you’d said．
她因为你的话而受到伤害。
due to 意为“由于”常作表语，也作后置定语和状语。
thanks to意为“多亏；由于”只作状语。
owing to意为“由于”常作状语。
as a result of意为“由于”作状语。
because/as/since/for
because表示直接原因，语气最强。回答why提出的问题只能用because。在强调句型中，也只能用because。
as用于解释做某事的原因，语气较弱，通常位于主句前。
since表示的原因是指人们已知的事实，常意为“既然”。语气比because弱，但比as强。通常位于主句前，并常与as换用。
for并列连词，连接并列分句，表示一种补充说明，是推测或判断的理由，语气较弱，不可位于主句前。有时可表示直接原因，相当于because。
单项填空
①People crowded on the road and could not go forward the traffic accident some cars had made．
A．with
B．since
C．because of
D．because
②People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her．,she is a great musician．
A．After all
B．As a result
C．In other words
D．As usual
①解析：选C。考查表示“原因”的几个词的用法。since与because都是连词，连接句子，with表示原因时，前面多是形容词。如His face was red with cold．他的脸冻得通红。because of为介词短语，后跟名词或动名词短语，故选C。
②解析：选A。after all毕竟；as a result结果；in other words换句话说；as usual照例。根据题意选择A。
7．come up
走近；上来；提出
The little boy came up to the stranger and showed him how to get to the police station．
小男孩向陌生人走去，并告诉他去警察局的路。
We won’t forget the day when we watched the sun come up on top of the Tai Mountain．
我们不会忘记一同在泰山顶看日出的那天。
It is certain that the question will come up at the meeting．
这个问题在会议上一定会被提出来的。
The snowdrops are just beginning to come up．
雪莲花刚刚开始长出地面。
I am afraid something urgent has come up．
恐怕发生了什么急事。
come true 变成现实，成为现实
come across 邂逅
come about 发生
come at 向……扑来,攻击
come from 来自
come out 出版;开花；结果是
come up with 想出
come round 绕道而来；苏醒
come down 落下,塌下
come over （从远处）来到；横过
come into use 开始使用
how come ．．．?（表示理解）……怎么回事？
when it comes to sth．当涉及某事时
How come her French is so bad if she spent 5 years in pairs?
她在巴黎待了5年，但她的法语怎么这么糟糕。
When it comes to getting things done, he is useless．
一涉及到做事，他便不中用了。
（1）单项填空
They aren’t afraid when they the difficulties in their study．
A．come up
B．come to
C．come about
D．come out
（2）用come构成的短语填空
①The hunter walked across the forest when suddenly a
bear him．
②The magazine once a month．
③I wish you can to England on your holiday．
④The engineers have new ways of saving energy．
⑤They an old school friend in the street this morning．
（1）解析：选B。考查短语辨析。come to此处意为“涉及，提到”；come about意为“产生”，如：How did the difference between American English and British English come about? come up意为“到来，来到”；come out意为“出来，长出，发芽”。
（2）①came at ②comes out ③come over ④come up with
⑤came across
8．such as
例如……；像这样的
such as/for example/that is/and so on
such as用来列举事物。通常插在被举例的带有解释性质的事物与前面的需要进行解释的名词之间，意为“比如；诸如……之类的”，可与 like 互换，as 后不能有逗号。
for example同for instance一样起到补充说明的作用，表明在众多的内容中仅取一两个例子，可放在举例之前或之后，意为“例如，举个例子”。
that is 是后面列举的事物的总量等于它前面所提到的总和，相当于namely。也用that is to say。
and so on 对几个事物进行列举时，在说了其中的几个以后，用and so on进行概括，说明还有例子，但不一一列出。
Boys like to play balls, such as football and basketball．
男孩子喜欢打球，比如足球和篮球。
Some students, Li Jun, for example, live in the country．
有些学生，如李军，住在农村。
I have three good friends, that is, John, Jack and Tom．
我有三个好朋友，即约翰、杰克和汤姆。
There are some books, pens, erasers and so on in my bag．
我的书包里有书、笔、橡皮等。
单项填空
A lot of countries have gained excellent achievements in space technology, China, ．
A．such as
B．for example
C．namely
D．and so on
解析： 选B。四个词中只有for example 位置灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末。
9．play a part（in）
扮演一个角色；参与
She plays an active part in local politics．
她积极参与地方政治活动。
She played a major part in the success of the scheme．
她对该计划的成功起了重要作用。
take part（in sth．）参加, 参与（某事）
the best part of sth．（某事物的）绝大部分（尤指一段时间）
for the most part整体上; 通常; 多半
for my part就我来说
翻译句子
①有多少国家要参加（世界杯赛）？
②对我来说, 到哪儿吃饭都无所谓。
①How many countries will be taking part（in the World Cup）?
②For my part, I Don't mind where we eat．
重点句型
10．Which country do you think has the most English learners?
你觉得学英语最多的是哪个国家？
do you think/believe/expect/find/know/suppose 作为插入语，放在特殊疑问词后，其他内容紧跟其后并用陈述语序。
What time do you expect we will come and pick you up？
你希望我们几点来接你？
What do you suppose he will do after he hears about the good news？
你认为他听到那个好消息后会做什么呢？
Why do you think their team could win the football match?
你认为他们队为什么能赢得那场足球赛呢？
单项填空
─ is the best football player in your city?
─Jerry．
A．Do you think who
B．Do you think whom
C．Who do you think
D．Whom do you think
解析： 选C。句中主要部分为who is the best football player in your city。插入语为do you think。
11．Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English．
信不信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。
（1）believe it or not在句中用作插入语，意为“信不信由你；我说的是真的”。
常用作插入语的还有：
generally speaking一般来说
frankly speaking坦白地说
judging from ．．．从……来判断
to tell you the truth说真的；老实说
to be honest说实在的
to make matters worse更糟糕的是
单项填空
① , boys are stronger than girls．
A．To speak generally
B．Generally to speak
C．Generally speaking
D．Generally spoken
② the hat he , the man is a soldier．
A．Judging from; is wearing
C．To judge by; putting
B．Judging by; is having on
D．Judged by; is putting
（1）①解析：选C。插入语generally speaking意为“一般来说”是固定搭配，指常规。
②解析：选A。judging from为固定搭配，在这里judging不与the man形成逻辑上的主动或被动关系。wear, have on, dress都有“穿，戴”的意思，但搭配和意义不同。wear和have on都可以表示“穿着”的状态，然而have on没有进行时态；dress可以作及物和不及物动词，作不及物动词的意思是“穿衣”，作及物动词时宾语是人。
（2）such上述一类的；诸如此类的
no such．．．as没有这样的……
such as例如
such．．．as．．．像……这样的……
such．．．that．．．这样……以至于……
such ．．．that ．．．/such ．．．as ．．．
在such ．．．that ．．．结构中，that是从属连词，引导结果状语从句，在从句中不作成分。
在such ．．．as ．．．结构中，as是关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中常作宾语。
He is reading such a book as you borrowed from the library last week．他在读的书和你上周从图书馆借来的一样。（as是关系代词，引导定语从句）
He is reading such an interesting book that I want to borrow it．他在读的书这么有趣，我想借来读读。（that引导结果状语从句）
单项填空
①Exercise is as any other to lose unwanted weight．
A．so useful a way
B．as a useful way
C．as useful a way
D．such a useful way
②I suggest that we should take part in more such activities in future we did yesterday．
A．which
B．as
C．that
D．than
（2）①解析：选C。as．．．as结构中出现单数可数名词时，不定冠词和名词应放在形容词之后。so．．．as只用于否定句，故不能选A。
②解析：选B。当先行词被such修饰时，关系代词用as。