Book II Concerning the Wars and Military Exploits of Charles

1.As I am going to found this narrative on the story told by a man of the world，who had little skill in letters，I think it will be well that I should first recount something of earlier history on the credit of written books. When Julian，whom God hated，was slain in the Persian war by a blow from heaven，not only did the transmarine provinces fall away from the Roman Empire，but also the neighbouring provinces of Pannonia，Noricum，Rhaetia，or in other words the Germans and the Franks or Gauls. Then too the kings of the Franks （or Gauls） began to decay in power because they had slain Saint Didier，Bishop of Vienna，and had expelled those most holy visitors，Columban and Gall. Whereupon the race of the Huns，who had already often ravaged Francia and Aquitania （that is to say the Gauls and the Spains），now poured out with all their forces，devastated the whole land like a wide-sweeping conflagration，and then carried off all their spoils to a very safe hiding-place. Now Adalbert，whom I have already mentioned，used to explain the nature of this hiding-place as follows：—“The land of the Huns”，he would say，“was surrounded by nine rings”. I could not think of any rings except our ordinary wicker rings for sheepfolds；and so I asked：“What，in the name of wonder，do you mean，sire”？“Well”，he said，“it was fortified by nine hedges”. I could not think of any hedges except those that protect our cornfields，so again I asked and he answered：“One ring was as wide，that is，it contained as much within it，as all the country between Tours and Constance. It was fashioned with logs of oak and ash and yew and was twenty feet wide and the same in height. All the space within was filled with hard stones and binding clay；and the surface of these great ramparts was covered with sods and grass. Within the limits of the ring shrubs were planted of such a kind that，when lopped and bent down，they still threw out twigs and leaves. Then between these ramparts hamlets and houses were so arranged that a man’s voice could be made to reach from one to the other. And opposite to the houses，at intervals in those unconquerable walls，were constructed doors of no great size；and through these doors the inhabitants from far and near would pour out on marauding expeditions. The second ring was like the first and was distant twenty Teutonic miles （or forty Italian） from the third ring；and so on to the ninth：though of course the successive rings were each much narrower than the preceding one. But in all the circles the estates and houses were everywhere so arranged that the peal of the trumpet would carry the news of any event from one to the other”.

For two hundred years and more the Huns had swept the wealth of the western states within these fortifications，and as the Goths and Vandals were disturbing the repose of the world at the same time the western world was almost turned into a desert. But the most unconquerable Charles so subdued them in eight years that he allowed scarcely any traces of them to remain. He withdrew his hand from the Bulgarians，because after the destruction of the Huns they did not seem likely to do any harm to the kingdom of the Franks. All the booty of the Huns，which he found in Pannonia，he divided most liberally among the bishoprics and the monasteries.

2.In the Saxon war in which he was engaged in person for some considerable time，tow private men （whose names I know，but modesty forbids me to give them） organised a storming party，and destroyed with great courage the walls of a very strong city and fortification. When the most just Charles saw this he made one of them，with the consent of his master Kerold，commander of the country between the Rhine and the Italian Alps and the other he enriched with gifts of land.

3.At the same time there were the sons of two nobles whose duty it was to watch at the door of the king’s tent. But one night they lay as dead，soaked in liquor；while Charles，wakeful as usual，went the round of the camp，and came back to his tent without anyone having noticed him. When morning came he called to him the chiefs of his kingdom，and asked them what punishment seemed due to those who betrayed the King of the Franks into the hands of the enemy. Then these nobles，quite ignorant of what had occurred，declared that such a man was worthy of death. But Charles merely upbraided them bitterly and let them go unharmed.

4.There were also with him two bastards，the children of a concubine. As they had fought in battle most bravely，the emperor asked them whose children they were，and where they were born. When he was informed of the facts，he called them to his tent at midday and said：“My good fellows，I want you to serve me，and me only”. They exclaimed that they were there for no other purpose than to take even the lowest place in his service. “Well then”，said Charles，“you must serve in my chamber”. They concealed their indignation and said they would be glad to do so；but soon they seized the moment when the emperor had begun to sleep soundly，and then rushed out to the camp of the enemy and，in the fray that followed，wiped out the taint of servitude in their own blood and that of the enemy.

5.But occupations such as these did not prevent the high-souled emperor from sending frequent messengers，carrying letters and presents，to the kings of the most distant regions；and they sent him in turn whatever honours their lands could bestow. From the theatre of the Saxon war he sent messengers to the King of Constantinople；who asked them whether the kingdom of “his son Charles” was at peace or was being invaded by neighbouring peoples. Then the leader of the embassy made answer that peace reigned everywhere，except only that a certain race called the Saxons were disturbing the territories of the Franks by frequent raids. Whereupon the sluggish and unwarlike Greek king answered：“Pooh！why should my son take so much trouble about a petty enemy that possesses neither fame nor valour？I will give you the Saxon race and all that belong to it”. When the envoy on his return gave this message to the most warlike Charles，he smiled and said：“The king would have shown greater kindness to you if he had given you a leg-wrap for your long journey”.

6.I must not conceal the wise answer which the same envoy gave during his embassy to Greece. He came with his companions to one of the royal towns in the autumn；the party was divided for entertainment，and the envoy of whom I speak was quartered on a certain bishop. This bishop was given up to fasting and prayer，and left the envoy to perish of almost continuous hunger：but，with the first smile of spring，he presented the envoy to the king. The king asked him his opinion of the bishop. Then the envoy sighed from the very bottom of his heart and said：“That bishop of yours reaches the highest point of holiness that can be attained to without God”. The king was amazed and said：“What！can a man be holy without God”？Then said the envoy：“It is written，‘God is love，’ and in that grace he is entirely lacking”.

Thereupon the King of Constantinople invited him to his banquet and placed him among his nobles. Now these had a law that no guest at the king’s table，whether a native or a foreigner，should turn over any animal or part of an animal：he must eat only the upper part of whatever was placed before him. Now，a river fish，covered with spice，was brought and placed on the dish before him. He knew nothing of the custom and turned the fish over whereupon all the nobles rose up and cried：“Master，you are dishonoured，as no king ever was before you”. Then the king groaned and said to our envoy：“I cannot resist them：you must be put to death at once：but ask me any other favour you like and I will grant it”. He thought awhile and then in the hearing of all pronounced these words：“I pray you，lord emperor，that in accordance with your promise you will grant me one small petition”. And the king said：“Ask what you will，and you shall have it：except only that I may not give you your life，for that is against the laws of the Greeks”. Then said the envoy：“With my dying breath I ask one favour；let everyone who saw me turn that fish over be deprived of his eyes”.The king was amazed at the stipulation，and swore，by Christ，that he had seen nothing，but had only trusted the word of others. Then the queen began to excuse herself：“By the beneficent Mother of God，the Holy Mary，I noticed nothing”.Then the other nobles，in their desire to escape from the danger，swore，one by the keeper of the keys of heaven，and another by the apostle of the Gentiles，and all the rest by the virtue of the angels and the companies of the saints，that they were beyond the reach of the stipulation. And so the clever Frank bet the empty-headed Greeks in their own land and came home safe and sound.

A few years later the unwearied Charles sent to Greece a certain bishop remarkable both for his physical and mental gifts，and with him the most noble duke Hugo. After a long delay they were at last brought into the presence of the king and then sent about to all manner of places. But at last they got their dismissal and returned，after paying heavily for their journey by sea and land.

Soon afterwards the Greek king sent his envoy to the most glorious Charles. It so happened that the bishop and the duke whom I have mentioned were just then with the emperor. When it was announced that the envoys were coming they advised the most wise Charles to have them led round through mountains and deserts，so that they should only come into the emperor’s presence when their clothes had been worn and wasted，and their money was entirely spent.

This was done；and when at last they arrived，the bishop and his comrade bade the count of the stables to take his seat on a high throne in the midst of his underlings，so that it was impossible to believe him anyone lower than the emperor. When the envoys saw him they fell upon the ground and wanted to worship him. But they were prevented by the ministers and forced to go farther. Then they saw the count of the palace presiding over a gathering of the nobles and again they thought it was the emperor and flung themselves to earth. But those who were present drove them forward with blows and said：“That is not the emperor”. Next they saw the master of the royal table surrounded by his noble band of servants；and again they fell to the ground thinking that it was the emperor. Driven thence they found the chamberlains of the emperor and their chief in council together；and then they did not doubt but that they were in the presence of the first of living men. But this man too denied that he was what they took him for；and yet he promised that he would use his influence with the nobles of the palace，so that if possible the envoys might come into the presence of the most August emperor. Then there came servants from the imperial presence to introduce them with full honours. Now Charles，the most gracious of kings，was standing by an open window leaning upon Bishop Heitto，for that was the name of the bishop who had been sent to Constantinople. The emperor was clad in gems and gold an glittered like the sun at its rising：and round about him stood，as it were the chivalry of heaven，three young men，his sons who have since been made partners in the kingdom；his daughters and their mother decorated with wisdom and beauty as well as with pearls；leaders of the Church，unsurpassed in dignity and virtue；abbots distinguished for their high birth and their sanctity；nobles，like Joshua when he appeared in the camp of Gilgal；and an army like that which drove back the Syrians and Assyrians out of Samaria. So that if David had been there he might well have sung：“Kings of the earth and all people；princes and all judges of the earth；both young men and maidens；old men and children let them praise the name of the Lord”. Then the envoys of the Greeks were astonished；their spirit left them and their courage failed；speechless and lifeless they fell upon the ground. But the most kindly emperor raised them，and tried to cheer them with encouraging words. At last life returned to them；but when they saw Heitto，whom they had once despised and rejected，now in so great honour，again they grovelled on the ground in terror；until the king swore to them by the King of Heaven that he would do them no harm. They took heart at this promise and began to act with a little more confidence；and so home they went and never came back again.

7.And here I must repeat that the most illustrious Charles had men of the greatest cleverness in all offices. When the morning lauds had been celebrated before the emperor on the octave of the Epiphany，the Greeks proceeded privately to sing to God in their own language psalms with the same melody and same subject matter as “ veterem hominem ” and the following words in our missal. Thereupon the emperor ordered one of his chaplains，who understood the Greek tongue，to adopt that psalm in Latin to the same melody，and to take special care that a separate syllable corresponded to every separate note，so that the Latin and Greek should resemble one another as far as the nature of the two languages allowed. So it came to pass that all of them have been written in the same rhythm，and in one of them conteruit has been substituted for “ contrivit ”.

These same Greek envoys brought with them every kind of organ，as well as other instruments of various kinds. All of these were covertly inspected by the workmen of the most wise Charles，and then exactly reproduced. The chief of these was that musicians’ organ，wherein the great chests were made of brass：and bellows of ox-hide blew through pipes of brass，and the bass was like the roaring of the thunder，and in sweetness it equalled the tinkling of lyre or cymbal. But I must not，here and now，speak of where it was set up，and how long it lasted，and how it perished at the same time as other losses fell upon the state.

8.About the same time also envoys of the Persians were sent to him. They knew not where Frankland lay；but because of the fame of Rome，over which they knew that Charles had rule，they thought it a great thing when they were able to reach the coast of Italy. They explained the reason of their journey to the bishops of Campania and Tuscany，of Emilia and Liguria，of Burgundy and Gaul and to the abbots and counts of those regions；but by all they were either deceitfully handled or else actually driven off；so that a whole year had gone round before，weary and footsore with their long journey，they reached Aix at last and saw Charles，the most renowned of kings by reason of his virtues. They arrived in the last week of Lent，and，on their arrival being made known to the Emperor，he postponed their presentation until Easter Eve. Then when that incomparable monarch was dressed with incomparable magnificence for the chief of festivals，he ordered the introduction of the envoys of that race that had once held the whole world in awe. But they were so terrified at the sight of the most magnificent Charles that one might think they had never seen king or emperor before. He received them however most kingly，and granted them this privilege — that they might go wherever they had a mind to，even as one of his own children，and examine everything and ask what questions and make what inquiries they chose. They jumped with joy at this favour，and valued the privilege of clinging close to Charles，of gazing upon him，of admiring him，more than all the wealth of the east.

They went up into the ambulatory that runs round the nave of the cathedral and looked down upon the clergy and the nobles；then they returned to the emperor，and，by reason of the greatness of their joy，they could not refrain from laughing aloud；and they clapped their hands and said：— “We have seen only men of clay before：here are men of gold.” Then they went to the nobles，one by one，and gazed with wonder upon arms and clothes that were strange to them；and then came back to the emperor，whom they regarded with wonder still greater. They passed that night and the next Sunday continuously in church；and，upon the most holy day itself，they were invited by the most munificent Charles to a splendid banquet，along with the nobles of Frankland and Europe. There they were so struck with amazement at the strangeness of everything that they had hardly eaten anything at the end of the banquet.

……

then Charles，who could never endure idleness and sloth，went out to the woods to hunt the bison and the urochs；and made preparations to take the Persian envoys with him. But when they saw the immense animals they were stricken with a mighty fear and turned and fled. But the undaunted hero Charles，riding on a high-mettled charger，drew near to one of these animals and drawing his sword tried to cut through its neck. But he missed his aim，and the monstrous beast ripped the boot and leg-thongs of the emperor；and，slightly wounding his calf with the tip of its horn，made him limp slightly：after that，furious at the failure of its stroke，it fled to the shelter of a valley，which was thickly covered with stones and trees. Nearly all his servants wanted to take off their own hose to give to Charles，but he forbade it saying：“I mean to go in this fashion to Hildigard.” Then Isambard，the son of Warin （the same Warin that persecuted your patron Saint Othmar），ran after the beast and not daring to approach him more closely，threw his lance and pierced him to the heart between the shoulder and the wind-pipe，and brought the beast yet warm to the emperor. He seemed to pay no attention to the incident；but gave the carcass to his companions and went home. But then he called the queen and showed her how his leg-coverings were torn，and said：“What does the man deserve who freed me from the enemy that did this to me”？She made answer：“He deserves the highest boon”. Then the emperor told the whole story and produced the enormous horns of the beast in witness of his truth：so that the empress sighed and wept and beat her breast. But when she heard that it was Isambard，who had saved him from this terrible enemy，Isambard，who was in ill favour with the emperor and who had been deprived of all his offices — she threw herself at his feet and induced him to restore all that had been taken from him；and a largess was given to him besides.

These same Persian envoys brought the emperor an elephant，monkeys，balsam，nard，unguents of various kinds，spices，scents and many kinds of drugs：in such profusion that it seemed as if the east had been left bare that the west might be filled. They came by-and-by to stand on very familiar terms with the emperor；and one day，when they were in a specially merry mood and a little heated with strong beer，they spoke in jest as follows：— “Sir emperor，your power is indeed great；but much less than the report of it which is spread through all the kingdoms of the east”. When he heard this he concealed his deep displeasure and asked jestingly of them：“Why do you say that，my children？How did that idea get into your head”？Then they went back to the beginning and told him everything that had happened to them in the lands beyond the sea；and they said：“We Persians and the Medes，Armenians，Indians，Parthians，Elamites，and all the inhabitants of the east fear you much more than our own ruler Haroun. And the Macedonians and all the Greeks （how shall we express it？） they are beginning to fear your overwhelming greatness more than the waves of the Ionian Sea. And the inhabitants of all the islands through which we passed were as ready to obey you，and as much devoted to your service，as if they had been reared in your palace and loaded with your favours. But the nobles of your own kingdom，it seems to us，care very little about you except in your presence：for when we came as strangers to them，and begged them to show us some kindness for the love of you，to whom we desired to make our way，they gave no heed to us and sent us away empty-handed”. Then the emperor deposed all counts and abbots，through whose territories those envoys had come，from all the offices that they held；and fined the bishops in a huge sum of money. Then he ordered the envoys to be taken back to their own country with all care and honour.

9.There came to him also envoys form the King of the Africans，bringing a Marmorian lion and a Numidian bear，with Spanish iron and Tyrian purple，and other noteworthy products of those regions. The most munificent Charles knew that the king and all the inhabitants of Africa were oppressed by constant poverty；and so，not only on this occasion but all through his life，he made them presents of the wealth of Europe，corn and wine and oil，and gave them liberal support；and thus he kept them constantly loyal and obedient to himself，and received from them a considerable tribute.

Soon after the unwearied emperor sent to the emperor of the Persians horse and mules from Spain；Frisian robes，white，grey，red and blue；which in Persia，eh was told，were rarely seen and highly prized. Dogs too he sent him of remarkable swiftness and fierceness，such as the King of Persia had desired，for the hunting and catching of lions and tigers. The King of Persia cast a careless eye over the other presents，but asked the envoys what wild beasts or animals these dogs were accustomed to fight with. He was told that they would pull down quickly anything they were set on to. “Well”，he said，“experience will test that”. Next day the shepherds were heard crying loudly as they fled from a lion. When the noise came to the palace of the king，he said to the envoys：“Now my friends of Frankland，mount your horses and follow me”. Then they eagerly followed after the king as though they had never known toil of weariness. When they came in sight of the lion，though he was yet at a distance，the satrap of the satraps said to them：“Now set your dogs on to the lion”. They obeyed and eagerly galloped forward；the German dogs caught the Persian lion，and the envoys slew him with swords of northern metal，which had already been tempered in the blood of the Saxons.

At this sight Haroun，the bravest inheritor of that name，understood the superior might of Charles from very small indications，and thus broke out in his praise：“Now I know that what I heard of my brother Charles is true：how that by the frequent practice of hunting，and by the unwearied training of his body and mind，he has acquired the habit of subduing all that is beneath the heavens. How can I make worthy recompense for the honours which he has bestowed upon me？If I give him the land which was promised to Abraham and shown to Joshua，it is so far away that he could not defend it from the barbarians. or if，like the high-souled king that he is，he tried to defend it I fear that the provinces which lie upon the frontiers of the Frankish kingdom would revolt from his empire. But in this way I will try to show my gratitude for his generosity. I will give that land into his power；and I will rule over it as his representative. Whenever he likes or whenever there is a good opportunity he shall send me envoys；and he will find me a faithful manager of the revenue of that province”.

Thus was brought to pass what the poet spoke of as an impossibility：

“The Parthian’s eyes the Arar’s stream shall greet And Tigris’ waves shall lave the German’s feet”

for through the energy of the most vigourous Charles it was found not merely possible but quite easy for his envoys to go and return；and the messengers of haroun，whether young or old，passed easily from Parthia into Germany and returned from Germany to Parthia. （And the poet’s words are true，whatever interpretation the grammarians put on “the river Arar，” whether they think it an affluent of the Rhone or the Rhine；for they have fallen into confusion on this point through their ignorance of the locality. I could call on Germany to bear witness to my words；for in the time of your glorious father Lewis the land was compelled to pay a penny for every acre of land held under the law towards the redemption of Christian captives in the Holy Land；and they made their wretched appeal in the name of the dominion anciently held over that land by your great-grandfather Charles and your grandfather Lewis.

10.Now as the occasion has arisen to make honourable mention of your never-sufficiently-praised father，I should like to recall some prophetic words which the most wise Charles is known to have uttered about him. When he was six years old and had been most carefully reared in the house of his father，he was thought （and justly） to be wiser than men sixty years of age. His father then，hardly thinking it possible that he could bring him to see his grandfather，nevertheless took him from his mother，who had reared him with the most tender care，and began to instruct him how to conduct himself with propriety and modesty in the presence of the emperor；and how if he were asked a question he was to make answer and show in all things deference to his father. Thereafter he took him to the palace；and，on the first or second day，the emperor noted him with interest standing among the rest of the courtiers. “Who is that little fellow”？he said to his son；and he had for answer：“He is mine，sire；and yours if you deign to have him”. So he said：“Give him to me”；and，when that was done，he took the little fellow and kissed him and sent him back to the place where he had formerly stood. But now he knew his own rank；and thought it shame to stand lower than any one who was lower in rank than the emperor；so with perfect composure of mind and body he took his place on terms of equality with his father. The most prophetic Charles noticed this；and，calling his son Lewis，told him to find out the name of the boy；and why he acted in this way；and what it was that made him bold enough to claim equality with his father. The answer that Lewis got was founded on good reason：“When I was your vassal”，he said，“I stood behind you and among soldiers of my own rank，as I was bound to do：but now I am your ally and comrade in arms，and so I rightly claim equality with you”. When Lewis reported this to the emperor，the latter gave utterance to words something like these：“If that little fellow lives he will be something great”. （I have borrowed these words from the Life of Saint Ambrose because the actual words that Charles used cannot be translated directly into Latin. And it seems fair to apply the prophecy which was made of Saint Ambrose to Lewis；for Lewis closely resembled the saint，except in such points as are necessary to an earthly commonwealth，as for instance marriage and the use of arms；and in the power of his kingdom and his zeal for religion，Lewis was，if I may say so，superior to Saint Ambrose. He was a Catholic in faith，devoted to the worship of God，and the unwearied ally，protector，and defender of the servants of Christ.

Here is an instance of this. When our faithful Abbot Hartmuth — who is now your hermit — reported to him that the little endowment of Saint Gall，which was due not to royal munificence but to the petty offerings of private people，was not defended by any special charter such as other monasteries have，nor even by the laws that are common to all people，and so was unable to procure any defender or advocate，King Lewis himself resisted all our opponents，and was not ashamed to proclaim himself the champion of our weakness in the presence of all his nobles. At the same time too he wrote a letter to your genius directing that we should have license to make petition，after taking a special vote，for whatever we would through your authority. But alas，what a stupid creature I am！I have been probably drawn aside by my personal gratitude for the special kindness he showed us，away from his general and indescribable goodness and greatness and nobleness.）

11.Now lewis，King and Emperor of all Germany，of the provinces of Rhaetia and of ancient Francia，of Saxony too and of Thuringia，of the provinces of Pannonia and of all northern nations，was of large build and handsome；his eyes sparkled like the stars，his voice was clear and manly. His wisdom was quite out of the common，and he added to it by constantly applying his singularly acute intellect to the study of the scriptures. He showed wonderful quickness too in anticipating or overcoming the plots of his enemies，in bringing to an end the quarrels of his subjects，and in procuring every kind of advantage for those who were loyal to him. More even than his ancestors he came to be a terror to all the heathen that stood round about his kingdom. And he deserved his good fortune；for he never defiled his tongue by condemning，nor his hands by shedding Christian blood；except once only，and then upon the most absolute necessity. But I dare not tell that story until I see a little Lewis or a Charles standing by your side. After that one slaughter，nothing could induce him to condemn anyone to death. But the measure of compulsion which he used against those who were accused of disloyalty or plots was merely this：he deprived them of office，and no new circumstance and no length of time could then soften his heart so as to restore them to the former rank. He surpassed all men in his zealous devotion to prayer，religious fasting and the care of the service of God；and like Saint Martin，whatever he was doing，he prayed to God as though he were face to face with Him. On certain days he abstained from flesh and all pleasant food. At the time of litanies he used to follow the cross with unshod feet from his palace as far as the cathedral；or if he were at Regensburg as far as the church of Saint Hemmeramm. In other places he followed the customs of those whom he was with. He built new oratories of wonderful workmanship at Frankfurt and Regensburg. In the latter place，as stones were wanting to complete the immense fabric，he ordered the walls of the city to be pulled down；and in certain holes in the wall they found bones of men long dead，wrapped in so much gold，that not only did it serve to decorate the cathedral，but also he was able to furnish certain books that were written on the subject with cases of the same material nearly a finger thick. No clerk could stay with him，or even come into his presence，unless he were able to read and chant. He despised monks who broke their vows，and loved those who kept them. He was so full of sweet tempered mirth，that，if anyone came to him in a morose mood，merely to see him and exchange a few words with him sent the visitor away with raised spirits. If anything evil of foolish was done in his presence，or if it happened that he were told of it，then a single glance of his eyes was enough to check everything，so that what is written of the eternal Judge who sees the hears of men （viz. “A King that sitteth on the throne of judgment，scattereth away all evil with His eyes”） might be fairly said to have begun in him，beyond what is usually granted to mortals.

All this I have written by way of digression，hoping that，if life lasts and Heaven is propitious，I may in time to come write much more concerning him.

12.But I must return to my subject. While Charles was detained for a little at Aix by the arrival of many visitors and the hostility of the unconquered Saxons and the robbery and piracy of the Northmen and Moors，and while the war against the Huns was being conducted by his son Pippin，the barbarous nations of the north attacked Noricum and eastern Frankland and ravaged a great part of it. When he heard of this he humiliated them in his own person；and he gave orders that all the boys and children of the invaders should be “measured with the sword”；and if anyone exceeded that measurement he should be shortened by a head.

This incident led to another much greater and more important. For，when your imperial majesty’s most holy grandfather departed from life，certain giants （like to those who，Scripture tells us，were begotten by the sons of Seth from the daughters of Cain），blown up with the spirit of pride and doubtless like to those who said，“What part have we in David and what inheritance is the son of Esau”？— these mighty men，I say，despised the most worthy children of Charles，and each tried to seize for himself the command in the kingdom and themselves to wear the crown. Then some of the middle class were moved by the inspiration of God to declare that，as the renowned Emperor Charles had once measured the enemies of Christianity with the sword，so，as long as any of his progeny could be found of the length of a sword，he must rule over the Franks and over all Germany too：thereupon that devilish group of conspirators was as it were struck with a thunderbolt，and scattered in all directions.

But，after conquering the external foe，Charles was attacked at the hands of his own people in a remarkable but unavailing plot. For on his return from the Slavs into his own kingdom he was nearly captured and put to death by his son，whom a concubine had borne to him and who had been called by his mother by the ill-omened name of the most glorious Pippin. The plot was found out in the following manner. This son of Charles had been plotting the death of the emperor with a gathering of nobles，in the church of Saint Peter；and when their debate was over，fearful of every shadow，he ordered search to be made，to see whether anyone was hidden in the corners or under the altar. And behold they found，as they feared，a clerk hidden under the altar. They seized him and made him swear that he would not reveal their conspiracy. To save his life，he dared not refuse to take the oath which they dictated：but，when they were gone，he held his wicked oath of small account and at once hurried to the palace. With the greatest difficulty he passed through the seven bolted gates，and coming at length to the emperor’s chamber knocked upon the door. The most vigilant Charles fell into a great astonishment，as to who it was that dared to disturb him at that time of night. He however ordered the women （who followed in his train to wait upon the queen and the princesses） to go out and see who was at the door and what he wanted. When they went out and found the wretched creature，they bolted the door in his face and then，bursting with laughter and stuffing their dresses into their mouths，they tried to hide themselves in the corners of the apartments. But that most wise emperor，whose notice nothing under heaven could escape，asked straitly of the women who it was and what he wanted. When he was told that it was a smooth-faced，silly，half-mad knave，dressed only in shirt and drawers，who demanded an audience without delay，Charles ordered him to be admitted. Then he fell at the emperor’s feet and showed all that had happened. So all the conspirators，entirely unsuspicious of danger，were seized before the third hour of the day and most deservedly condemned to exile or some other form of punishment. Pippin himself，a dwarf and a hunchback，was cruelly scourged，tonsured，and sent for some time as a punishment to the monastery of Saint Gall；the poorest，it was judged，and the straitest in all the emperor’s broad dominions.

A short time afterwards some of the Frankish nobles sought to do violence to their king. Charles was well aware of their intentions，and yet did not wish to destroy them；because，if only they were loyal，they might be a great protection to all Christian men. So he sent messengers to this Pippin and asked him his advice in the matter.

They found him in the monastery garden，in the company of the elder brothers，for the younger ones were detained by their work. He was digging up nettles and other weeds with a hoe，that the useful herbs might grow more vigorously. When they had explained to him the reason of their coming he sighed deeply，from the very bottom of his heart，and said in reply：“If Charles thought my advice worth having he would not have treated me so harshly. I give him no advice. Go，tell him what you found me doing”.They were afraid to go back to the dreaded emperor without a definite answer，and again and again asked him what message they should convey to their lord. Then at last he said in anger：“I will send him no message except — what I am doing！I am digging up the useless growths in order that the valuable herbs may be able to develop more freely”.

So they went away sorrowfully thinking that they were bringing back a foolish answer. When the emperor asked them upon their arrival what answer they were bringing，they answered sorrowfully that after all their labour and long journeying they could get no definite information at all. Then that most wise king asked them carefully where they had found Pippin，and what he was doing，and what answer he had given them；and they said：“We found him sitting on a rustic seat turning over the vegetable garden with a hoe. When we told him the cause of our journey we could extract no other reply than is，even by the greatest entreaties：‘I give no message except - what I am doing！I am digging up the useless growths in order that the valuable herbs may be able to develop more freely’”. When he heard this the emperor，not lacking in cunning and mighty in wisdom，rubbed his ears and blew out his nostrils and said：“My good vassals，you have brought back a very reasonable answer”. So while the messengers were fearing that they might be in peril of their lives，Charles was able to divine the real meaning of the words. He took all those plotters away from the land of the living；and so gave to his loyal subjects room to grow and spread，which had previously been occupied by those unprofitable servants. One of his enemies，who had chosen as part of the spoil of the empire the highest hill in France and all that could be seen from it，was，by Charles’s orders，hanged upon a high gallows on that very hill. But he bade his bastard son Pippin choose the manner of life that most pleased him. Upon this permission being given him，he chose a post in a monastery then most noble but now destroyed. （Who is there that does not know the manner of its destruction！But I will not tell the story of its fall until I see your little Bernard with a sword girt upon his thigh.）

The magnanimous Charles was often angry because he was urged to go out and fight against foreign nations，when one of his nobles might have accomplished the task. I can prove this from the action of one of my own neighbors. There was a man of Thurgau，of the name of Eishere，who as his name implies was “a great part of a terrible army” and so tall that you might have thought him sprung from the race of Anak，if they had not lived so long ago and so far away. Whenever he came to the river Dura and found it swollen and foaming with the torrents from the mountains，and could not force his huge charger to enter the stream （though stream I must not call it，but hardly melted ice），then he could seize the reins and force his horse to swim through behind him，saying：“Nay，by Saint Gall，you must come，whether you like it or not”！

Well，this man followed the emperor and mowed down the bohemians and the Wiltzes and Avars as a man might mow down hay；and spitted them on his spear like birds. When he came home the sluggards asked him how he had got on in the country of the Winides；and he，contemptuous of some and angry with others，replied：“Why should I have been bothered with those tadpoles？I used sometimes to spit seven or eight or nine of them on my spear and carry them about with me squealing in their gibberish. My lord king and I ought never to have been asked to weary ourselves in fighting against worms like those”.

13.Now about the same time the emperor was putting the finishing touch to the war with the Huns，and had received the surrender of the races that I have just mentioned，the Northmen left their homes and disquieted greatly the Gauls and the Franks. Then the unconquered Charles returned and tried to attack them by land in their own homes，but a march through difficult and unknown country. But，whether it was that the providence of God prevented it in order that，as the Scripture says，He might make trial of Israel，or whether it was that our sins stood in the way，all his efforts came to nothing. One night，to the serious discomfort of the whole army，it was calculated that fifty yoke of oxen belonging to one abbey had died of a sudden disease. Afterwards when Charles was making a prolonged journey through his vast empire，Gotefrid，king of the Northmen，encouraged by his absence，invaded the territory of the Frankish kingdom and chose the district of the Moselle for his home. But Gotefrid’s own son （whose mother he had just put away and taken to himself a new wife） caught him，while he was pulling off his hawk from a heron，and cut him through the middle with his sword. Then，as happened of old when Holofernes was slain，none of the Northmen dare trust any longer in his courage or his arms；but all sought safety in flight. And thus the Franks were freed without their own effort，that they might not after the fashion of Israel boast themselves against God. Then Charles，the unconquered and the invincible，glorified God for His judgment；but complained bitterly that any of the Northmen had escaped because of his absence. “Ah，woe is me！” he said，“that I was not thought worthy to see my Christian hands dabbling in the blood of those dog-headed fiends”.

14.It happened too that on his wanderings Charles once came unexpectedly to a certain maritime city of Narbonensian Gaul. When he was dining quietly in the harbour of this town，it happened that some Norman scouts made a piratical raid. When the ships came in sight some thought them Jews，some African or British merchants，but the most wise Charles，by the build of the ships and their speed，knew them to be not merchants but enemies，and said to his companions：“These ships are not filled with merchandise，but crowded with our fiercest enemies”. When they heard this，in eager rivalry，they hurried in haste to the ships. But all was in vain，for when the Northmen heard that Charles，the Hammer，as they used to call him，was there，fearing lest their fleet should be beaten back or even smashed in pieces，they withdrew themselves，by a marvellously rapid flight，not only from the swords but even from the eyes of those who followed them. The most religious，just and devout Charles had risen from the table and was standing at an eastern window. For a long time he poured down tears beyond price，and none dared speak a word to him；but at last he explained his actions and his tears to his nobles in these words：“Do you know why I weep so bitterly，my true servants？I have no fear of those worthless rascals doing any harm to me；but I am sad at heart to think that even during my lifetime they have dared to touch this shore；and I am torn by a great sorrow because I foresee what evil things they will do to my descendants and their subjects”.

May the protection of our Master Christ prevent the accomplishment of this prophecy；may your sword，tempered already in the blood of the Nordostrani，resist it！The sword of your brother Carloman will help，which now lies idle and rusted，not for want of spirit，but for want of funds，and because of the narrowness of the lands of your most faithful servant Arnulf. If your might wills it，if your might orders it，it will easily be made bright and sharp again. These and the little shoot of Bernard form the only branch that is left of the once prolific root of Lewis，to flourish under the wonderful growth of your protection. Let me insert here therefore in the history of your namesake Charles an incident in the life of your great-great-grandfather Pippin：which perhaps some future little Charles or Lewis may read and imitate.

15.When the Lombards and other enemies of the Romans were attacking them，they sent ambassadors to this same Pippin，and asked him for the love of Saint Peter to condescend to come with all speed to their help. As soon as he had conquered his enemies he came victoriously to Rome，and this was the song of praise with which the citizens received him. “The fellow-citizens of the apostles and the servants of God have come today bringing peace，and making their native land glorious，to give peace to the heathen and to set free the people of the Lord”. （Many people，ignorant of the meaning and origin of this song，have been accustomed to sing it on the birthdays of the apostles.） Pippin feared the envy of the people of Rome （or，more truly，of Constantinople） and soon returned to Frankland.

When he found that the nobles of his army were accustomed in secret to speak contemptuously of him，he ordered one day a huge and ferocious bull to be brought out；and then a savage lion to be let loose upon him. The lion rushed with tremendous fury on the bull，seized him by the neck and cast him on the ground. Then the king said to those who stood round him：“Now，drag off the lion from the bull，or kill the one on the top of the other”. They looked on one another，with a chill at their hearts，and could hardly utter these words amidst their sobs：“Lord，what man is there under heaven，who dare attempt it”？Then Pippin rose confidently from his throne，drew his sword，and at one blow cut through the neck of the lion and severed the head of the bull from his shoulders. Then he put back his sword into its sheath and sat again upon his throne and said：“Well，do you think I am fit to be your lord？Have you not heard what the little David did to the giant Goliath，or what the child Alexander did to his nobles？” They fell to the ground，as though a thunderbolt had struck them，and cried：“Who but a madman would deny your right to rule over all mankind”？

Not only was his courage shown against beasts and men；but he also fought an incredible contest against evil spirits. The hot baths at Aix had not yet been built；but hot and healing waters bubbled from the ground. He ordered his chamberlain to see that the water was clean and that no unknown person was allowed to enter into them. This was done；and the king took his sword and，dressed only in linen gown and slippers，hurried off to the bath；when lo！the Old Enemy met him，and attacked him as though he would slay him. But the king，strengthened with the sign of the cross，made bare his sword；and，noticing a shape in human form，struck his unconquerable sword through it into the ground so far，that he could only drag it out again after a long struggle. But the shape was so far material that it defiled all those waters with blood and gore and horrid slime. But even this did not upset the unconquerable Pippin. He said to his chamberlain：“Do not mind this little affair. Let the defiled water run for a while；and then，when it flows clear again，I will take my bath without delay”.

16.I had intended，most noble emperor，to weave my little narrative only round your great-grandfather Charles，all of whose deeds you know well. But since the occasion arose which made it necessary to mention your most glorious father Lewis，called the illustrious，and your most religious grandfather Lewis，called the pious，and your most warlike great-great-grandfather Pippin the younger，I thought it would be wrong to pass over their deeds in silence，for the sloth of modern writers has left them almost untold. There is no need to speak of the elder Pippin，for the most learned Bede in his ecclesiastical history has devoted nearly a whole volume to him. But now that I have recounted all these things by way of digression I must swim swan-like back to your illustrious namesake Charles. But，if I do not curtail somewhat his feats in war，I shall never come to consider his daily habits of life. Now I will give with all possible brevity the incidents that occur to me.

17.When after the death of the ever-victorious Pippin the Lombards were again attacking Rome，the unconquered Charles，though he was fully occupied with business to the north of the Alps，marched swiftly into Italy. He received the Lombards into his service after they had been humbled in a war that was almost bloodless，or （one might say），after they had surrendered of their own free will；and to prevent them from ever again revolting from the Frankish kingdom or doing any injury to the territories of Saint Peter，he married the daughter of Desiderius，chief of the Lombards. But no long time afterwards，because she was an invalid and little likely to give issue to Charles，she was，by the counsel of the holiest of the clergy，put aside，even as though she were dead：whereupon her father in wrath bound his subjects to him by oath，and shutting himself up within the walls of Pavia，he prepared to give battle to the invincible Charles，who，when he had received certain news of the revolt，hurried to Italy with all speed.

Now it happened that some years before one of the first nobles，called Otker，had incurred the wrath of the most terrible emperor，and had fled for refuge to Desiderius. When the near approach of the dreaded Charles was known，these two went up into a very high tower，from which they could see anyone approaching at a very great distance. When therefore the baggage-waggons appeared，which moved more swiftly than those used by Darius or Julius，Desiderius said to Otker：“Is Charles in that vast army”？And Otker answered：“Not yet”. Then when he saw the vast force of the nations gathered together from all parts of his empire，he said with confidence to Otker：“Surely Charles moves in pride among those forces”. But Otker answered：“Not yet，not yet”. Then Desiderius fell into great alarm and said，“What shall we do if a yet great force comes with him”？And Otker said，“You will see what he is like when he comes. What will happen to us I cannot say”. And，behold，while they were thus talking，there came in sight Charles’s personal attendants，who never rested from their labours；and Desiderius saw them and cried in amazement，“There is Charles”. And Otker answered：“Not yet，not yet”. Then they saw the bishops and the abbots and the clerks of his chapel with their attendants. When he saw them he hated the light and longed for death，and sobbed and stammered，“Let us of down to hide ourselves in the earth from the face of an enemy so terrible”. And Otker answered trembling，of once，in happier days，he had had through and constant knowledge of the policy and preparations of the unconquerable Charles：“When you see an iron harvest bristling in the fields；and the Po and the Ticino pouring against the walls of the city like the waves of the sea，gleaming black with glint of iron，then know that Charles is at hand”. Hardly were these words finished when there came from the west a black cloud，which turned the bright day to horrid gloom. But as the emperor drew nearer the gleam of the arms turned the darkness into day，a day darker than any night to that beleaguered garrison. Then could be seen the iron Charles，helmeted with an iron helmet，his hands clad in iron gauntlets，his iron breast and broad shoulders protected with an iron breastplate：an iron spear was raised on high in his left hand；his right always rested on his unconquered iron falchion. The thighs，which with most men are uncovered that they may the more easily ride on horseback，were in his case clad with plates of iron：I need make no special mention of his greaves，for the greaves of all the army were of iron. His shield was all of iron：his charger was iron coloured and iron-hearted. All who went before him，all who marched by his side，all who followed after him and the whole equipment o the army imitated him as closely as possible. The fields and open places were filled with iron；the rays of the sun were thrown back by the gleam of iron；a people harder than iron paid universal honour to the hardness of iron. The horror of the dungeon seemed less than the bright gleam of iron. “Oh the iron！Woe for the iron”！was the confused cry that rose from the citizens. The strong walls shook at the sight of the iron；the resolution of young and old fell before the iron. Now when the truthful Otker saw in one swift glance all this which I，with stammering tongue and the voice of a child，have been clumsily explaining with rambling words，he said to Desiderius：“There is the Charles that you so much desired to see”，and when he had said this he fell to the ground half dead.

But as the inhabitants of the city，either through madness or because they entertained some hope of resistance，refused to let Charles enter on that day，the most inventive emperor said to his men：“Let us build today some memorial，so that we may not be charged with passing the day in idleness. Let us make hast to build for ourselves a little house of prayer，where we may give due attention to the service of God，if they do not soon throw open the city to us.” No sooner had he said it than his men flew off in every direction，collected lime and stones，wood and paint，and brought them to the skilled workmen who always accompanied him. And between the fourth hour of the day and the twelfth they built，with the help of the young nobles and the soldiers，such a cathedral，so provided with walls and roofs，with fretted ceilings and frescoes，that none who saw it could believe that it had taken less than a year to build. But，how on the next day some of the citizens wanted to throw open the gate；and some wanted to fight against him，even without hope of victory，or rather to fortify themselves against him；and how easily he conquered，took and occupied the city，without the shedding of blood，and merely by the exercise of skill；—all this I must leave others to tell，who follow your highness not for love，but in the hope of gain.

Then the most religious Charles marched on and came to the city of Friuli，which the pedants call Forum Julii. Now it happened just at this time that the bishop of that city （or，to use a modern word，the patriarch） was drawing near to the end of his life. Charles made haste to visit him，in order that he might designate his successor by name. But the bishop，with remarkable piety，sighed from the bottom of his heart and said：“Sire，I have held this bishopric for a long time without any use of profit；and now I leave it to the judgement of god and your disposal. For I do not wish，at the point of death，to add anything to the mountain of sin that I have heaped together during my life，for which I shall have to make answer to the inevitable and incorruptible Judge”. The most wise Charles was so pleased with these words，that he rightly thought him the equal in virtue of the ancient fathers.

After Charles，of all the energetic Franks the most energetic，had stayed in that country for a short time，while he was appointing a worthy successor to the deceased bishop，one festal day after the celebration of mass he said to his retinue：“We must not let leisure lead us into slothful habits：let us go hunting and kill something；and let us all go in the very clothes that we are wearing at this moment”. Now the day was cold and rainy and Charles was wearing a sheepskin，not much more costly than the cloak which Saint Martin wore when with bare arms he offered to God a sacrifice that received divine approval. But the others — for it was a holiday and they had just come from Pavia，whither the Venetians had carried all the wealth of the east from their territories beyond the sea — the other，I say，strutted in robes made of pheasant-skins and silk；or of the necks，backs and tails of peacocks in their first plumage. Some were decorated with purple and lemon-coloured ribbons；some were wrapped round with blankets and some in ermine robes. They scoured the thickets；they were torn by branches of trees，thorns，and briars；they were drenched with rain；they were defiled with the blood of wild beasts and the filth of the skins；and in this plight they returned home. Then the most crafty Charles said：“No one of us must take off his dress of skins before he goes to bed；they will dry better upon our bodies”. Then everyone，more anxious about his body than his dress，made search for fire and tried to warm himself. Then they returned and remained in attendance upon Charles far into the night before they were dismissed to their apartments. Then when they began to draw off their dresses of skins and their slender belts，the creased and shrunken garments could be heard even from a distance cracking like sticks broken when they are dry：and the courtiers sighed and groaned and lamented that they had lost so much money on a single day. They had received however a command from the emperor to appear before him next day in the same skin-garments. When they came it was no longer the splendid show of yesterday；for they looked dirty and squalid in their discoloured and rent clothes. Then Charles，full of guile，said to his chamberlain：“Give my sheepskin a rub and bring it to me”. It came quite white and perfectly sound and Charles took it and showed it to all those who were there and spoke as follows：“Most foolish of mortal men！which of these dresses is the most valuable and the most useful，this one of mine which was bought for a piece of silver，or those of yours which you bought for pounds，nay for many talents”？Their eyes sank to the ground for they could not bear his most terrible censure.

Your most religious father imitated this example of the Great Charles all through his life，for he never allowed anyone，who seemed to him worthy of his notice or his teaching，to wear anything when on campaign against the enemy except the military accoutrements，and garments of wool and linen. If any of his servants，ignorant of this rule，happened to meet him with silk or silver or gold upon his person，he would receive a reprimand of the following king and would depart a better and a wiser man. “Here’s a blase of gold and silver and scarlet！Why，you wretched fellow，can’t you be satisfied with perishing yourself in battle if Fate so decides？Must you also give your wealth into the hands of the enemy；which might have gone to ransom your soul，but now will decorate the temples of the heathen？” But now，though you know it better than I do，I will tell again how，from early youth up to his seventieth year，the unconquered Lewis delighted in iron；and what an exhibition of his fondness for iron he made in the presence of the legates of the Northmen！

18.When the kings of the Northmen sent gold and silver as witness of their loyalty and their swords as a mark of their perpetual subjection and surrender，the king gave orders that the precious metals should be thrown upon the floor，and should be looked upon by all with contempt，and be trampled upon by all as though they were dirt. But，as he sat upon his lofty throne，he ordered the swords to be brought to him that he might make trial of them. Then the ambassadors，anxious to avoid the possibility of any suspicion of an evil design，took the swords by the very point （as servants hand knives to their masters） and thus gave them to the emperor at their own risk. He took one by the hilt and tried to bend the tip of the blade right back to the base；but the blade snapped between his hands which were stronger than the iron itself. Then one of the envoys drew his own sword from its sheath and offered it，like a servant，to the emperor’s service，saying：“I think you will find this sword as flexible and as strong as your all-conquering right hand could desire”. Then the emperor （a true emperor he！As the Prophet Isaiah says in his prophecy，“Consider the rock whence ye were hewn”；for he out of all the vast population of Germany，by the singular favour of God，rose to the level of the strength and courage of an earlier generation） —the emperor，I say，bent it like a vine-twig from the extreme point back to the hilt，and then let it gradually straighten itself again. Then the envoys gazed upon one another and said in amazement：“Would that our kings held gold and silver so cheap and iron so precious”.

19.As I have mentioned the Northmen I will show by an incident drawn from the reign of your grandfather in what slight estimation they hold faith and baptism. Just as after the death of the warrior King David，the neighbouring peoples，whom his strong hand had subdued，for a long time paid their tribute to his peaceful son Solomon：even so the terrible race of the Northmen still loyally paid to Lewis the tribute which through terror they had paid to his father，the most august Emperor Charles. Once the most religious Emperor Lewis took pity on their envoys，and asked them if they would be willing to receive the Christian religion；and，when they answered that always and everywhere and in everything they were ready to obey him，he ordered them to be baptised in the name of Him，of whom the most learned Augustine says：“If there were no Trinity，the Truth would never have said：‘Go and teach all peoples，baptising them in the name of the Father，Son and Holy Ghost’”. The nobles of the palace adopted them almost as children，and each received from the emperor’s chamber a white robe and from their sponsors a full Frankish attire，of costly robes and arms and other decorations.

This was often done and from year to year they came in increasing numbers，not for the sake of Christ but for earthly advantage. They made haste to come，not as envoys any longer but as loyal vassals，on Easter Eve to put themselves at the disposal of the emperor；and it happened that on a certain occasion they came to the number of fifty. The emperor asked them whether they wished to be baptised，and when they had confessed he bade them forthwith be sprinkled with holy water. As linen garments were not ready in sufficient numbers he ordered shirts to be cut up and sewn together into the fashion of wraps. One of these was forthwith clapped upon the shoulders of one of the elder men；and when he had looked all over it for a minute，he conceived fierce anger in his mind，and said to the emperor：“I have gone through this washing business here twenty times already，and I have been dressed in excellent clothes of perfect whiteness；but a sack like this is more fit for clodhoppers than for soldiers. If I were not afraid of my nakedness，for you have taken away my own clothes and have given me no new ones，I would soon leave your wrap and your Christ as well”.

Ah！how little do the enemies of Christ value the words of the Apostle of Christ where he says：“All ye that are baptised in Christ，put on Christ” and again：“Ye that are baptised in Christ are baptised in His death”；or that passage which is aimed especially at those who despise the faith and violate the sacraments：“Crucifying the Son of God afresh and putting Him to an open shame”！Oh！would that this were the case only with the heathen；and not also among those who are called by the name of Christ！

20.Now I must tell a story about the goodness of the first Lewis，and then I shall come back to Charles. That most peaceable emperor Lewis，being free from the incursions of the enemy，gave all his care to works of religion，as，for instance，to prayer，to works of charity，to the hearing and just determinations of trials at law. His talents and his experience had made him very skilful in this latter business；and when one day there came to him one，who was considered a very Achitophel by all，and tried to deceive him he gave him this answer following，with courteous mein and kindly voice，though with some little agitation of mind. “Most wise Anselm”，he said，“if I may be allowed to say so，I would venture to observe that you are deviating from the path of rectitude”. From that day the reputation of that legal luminary sank to nothing in the eyes of all the world.

21.Moreover the most merciful Lewis was so intent on works of charity that he liked not merely to have them done in his sight，but even to do them with his own hand. Even when he was away he made special arrangements for the trial of cases in which the poor were concerned. He chose one of their own number，a man of small bodily strength，but apparently more courageous than the rest，and gave orders that he should decide offenses committed by them；and should see to the restoration of stolen property，the requital of injuries and wounds，and in cases of greater crimes to the infliction of mutilation，decapitation，and the exposure of the bodies on the gallows. This man established dukes，tribunes，centurions and their representatives，and performed his task with energy.

Moreover the most merciful emperor，worshipping Christ in the persons of all the poor，was never weary of giving them food and clothing：and he did so especially on the day when Christ，having put off His mortal body，was preparing to take to Himself an incorruptible one. On that day it was his practice to make presents to each and every one of those who served in the palace or did duty in the royal court. He would order belts，leg coverings and precious garments brought from all parts of his vast empire to be given to some of his nobles；the lower orders would get Frisian cloaks of various colours；his grooms，cooks and kitchen-attendants got clothes of linen and wool and knives according to their needs. Then，when according to the Acts of the Apostles there was no one that was in need of anything，there was a universal feeling of gratitude. The ragged poor，now decent clad，raised their voices to heaven with the cry of “‘Kyrie Eleison’ to the blessed Lewis” through all the wide courts and the smaller openings of Aix （which the Latins usually call porches）；and all the knights who could embraced the feet of the emperor；and those who could not get to him worshipped him afar off as he made his way to church. On one of these occasions one of the fools said in jest：“O happy Lewis，who on one day hast been able to clothes so many people. By Christ，I think that no one in Europe has clothed more than you this day except Atto”.When the emperor asked him how it was possible that Atto should have clothed more，the jester，pleased to have secured the attention of the emperor，said with a grin：“He has distributed today a vast number of new clothes”. The emperor，with the sweetest possible expression on his face，took this for the silly joke it was，and entered the church in humble devotion，and there behaved himself so reverently that he seemed to have our Lord Jesus Christ Himself before his bodily eyes.

It was his habit to go to the baths every Saturday，not for any need there was of it，but because it gave him an opportunity of making presents；for he used to give everything that he took off，except his sword and bet，to his attendants. His liberality reached even to the lowest grades：insomuch that he once ordered all his attire to be given to one Stracholf，a glazier，and a servant of Saint Gall.

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