1987~2010年,我国ICT投资年均增速达49%,ICT资本存量24年来扩大了近30倍,增速位居世界前列。尽管从理论上看,ICT投资对经济增长具备积极的带动作用,但通过对我国数据的实证检验发现,ICT资本投入对我国经济增长的贡献并不大。2000~2010年,ICT资本深化对我国经济增长的贡献率仅为0.32%,处于欧美多数发达国家20世纪90年代初期的水平。同时,ICT对社会全要素生产率的提高效果也较为有限,年均贡献率低于0.3%。当前我国产业本身技术基础较弱、ICT产业发展时间较短、ICT需要的相应配套投资不足、ICT提高全要素生产率存在滞后期等是导致这一情况出现的主要原因。然而,通过测算ICT对被使用行业的TFP贡献,可发现ICT使用密度较高行业的TFP增长率提高较为明显,显著高于ICT使用密度较低行业,且差距不断扩大,这表明ICT的技术外溢效应是其对经济增长最重要的贡献。随着ICT在我国生产过程中的进一步普及,ICT对经济增长的滞后拉动效果将会逐步显现,其对经济增长的贡献还有很大的上升空间可期。
对我国这样技术后发的国家而言,“推广ICT”比“发展ICT产业本身”更有效,ICT对被使用行业的技术外溢和辐射效应是其最重要的功能。从美国20世纪90年代“新经济”的成功经验来看,鼓励企业加强组织架构方面的投资,提升管理水平,能够对ICT投资形成有效互补,提高ICT的利用效率,缩短投资见效的滞后期。今后,我国应该注重加强ICT的配套服务,推广成功的企业管理经验,以求在“第三次工业革命”的浪潮中,充分挖掘ICT对经济增长的拉动潜力。
[1]张军、吴桂英、张吉鹏:《中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952~2000》,《经济研究》2004年第10期。
[2]汪斌、余冬筠:《中国信息化的经济结构效应分析——基于计量模型的实证研究》,《中国工业经济》2004年第7期。
[3]施莉:《信息技术对中国TFP增长影响估算:1980~2003》,《预测》2008年第3期。
[4]孙琳琳、郑海涛、任若恩:《信息化对中国经济增长贡献:行业面板数据的经验证据》,《世界经济》2012年第2期。
[5]单豪杰:《中国资本存量K的再估算:1952~2006年》,《数量经济技术经济研究》2008年第10期。
[6]Bartel A.,Ichniowski C.,Kathryn S.,“How Does Information Technology Affect Productivity?Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation,Process Improvement and Worker Skills”, Quarterly Journal of Economics ,2007(4).
[7]Brynjolfsson E. & Hitt L.M.,“Computing Productivity:Firm-Level Evidence”, Review of Economics and Statistics ,2003(4).
[8]Brynjolfsson E. & A.Saunders, Wired for Innovation ,Cambridge:The MIT Press,2010.
[9]Colecchia,A.,and P.Schreyer,“ICT Investment and Economic Growth in the 1990s:Is the United States a Unique Case?A Comparative Study of Nine OECD Countries”, Review of Economic Dynamics ,2002(1).
[10]Daveri,F., Information Technologies and Growth in Europe ,University of Parma,May,Mimeo,2001.
[11]Hall,R.,Jones,C.,“Why do some Countries Produce so much more Output Per Worker than Others?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics ,1999(1).
[12]Jalava,J.,and M.Pohjola,“Economic Growth in the New Economy”,WIDER Discussion Paper,2001,Helsinki:UNU/WIDER.
[13]Jorgenson,D.,“Information Technology and the G7 Economies”, World Economics ,2003(4).
[14]Jorgenson,D.,Vu,K.,“Information Technology and the World Economy”, Scandinavian Journal of Economics ,2005(4).
[15]Jorgenson,D.,Vu,K.,“Potential Growth of the World Economy”, Journal of Policy Modeling ,2010(5).
[16]Lipsey R.G.,Carlaw K.I.,Bekar C.T., Economic Transformations:General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth ,New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
[17]Meijers H.,“ICT Externalities:Evidence from Cross Country Data”,United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation and Technology,Working Paper,2007.
[18]Moshiri S. & Nikpour S.,“International ICT Spillover”,in ICTs and Sustainable Solutions for the Digital Divide:Theory and Perspectives,Edited by Steyn J. & Johanson G.U.S.,Information Science Reference,2010.
[19]O’Mahony M. & Vecchi M.,“Quantifying the Impact of ICT Capital on Output Growth:a Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Approach”, Economica ,2005(288).
[20]RWI,and R.Gordon,“New Economy:An Assessment from a German Viewpoint”,Report from a Research Project Commissioned by the Ministry of Economics and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany,Berlin,2000.
[21]Stiroh,K.,“Are Spillovers Driving the New Economy?”, Review of Income and Wealth ,2002(1).
[22]Seo H.J. & Lee Y.S.,“Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to Total Factor Productivity and Externalities Effects”, Information Technology for Development ,2006(2).
[23]Solow,R.,“We’d Better Watch Out”, New York Times Book Review ,1987(12).
[24]Timmer,M.,Ypma,G.,Van Ark,B.,“IT in the European Union:Driving Productivity Divergence?”,Research Memorandum GD-67,Groningen Growth and Development Centre,2003.
[25] Venturini,A.,“Irregular Migration:Incentives and Institutional and Social Enforcement”,RSCAS Working Papers Carim2009/03,European University Institute,2009.
[26]Vu,K.,“ICT as a Source of Economic Growth in the Information Age Empirical Evidence from the 1996-2005 Period”, Telecommunications Policy ,2011(4).
[27]Yoo,S-H.,“Does Information Technology Contribute to Economic Growth in Developing Countries?”, A Cross-country Analysis,Applied Economics Letters ,2003(10).
[1] Jorgenson,D.,“Information Technology and the G7 Economies”, World Economics ,2003(4).
[2] Lipsey R.G.,Carlaw K.I.,Bekar C.T., Economic Transformations:General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth ,New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
[3] Solow,R. “We’d Better Watch Out”, New York Times Book Review ,1987(12).
[4] Brynjolfsson E. & Hitt L.M.,“Computing Productivity:Firm-Level Evidence”, Review of Economics and Statistics ,2003(4).
[5] Solow,R.,“We’d Better Watch Out”, New York Times Book Review ,1987(12).
[6] Bartel A.,Ichniowski C.,Kathryn S.,“How Does Information Technology Affect Productivity?Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation,Process Improvement and Worker Skills”, Quarterly Journal of Economics ,2007(4).
[7] Vu,K.,“ICT as a Source of Economic Growth in the Information Age Empirical Evidence from the 1996-2005 Period”, Telecommunications Policy ,2011(4).
[8] Seo H.J. & Lee Y.S.,“Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to Total Factor Productivity and Externalities Effects”, Information Technology for Development ,2006(2).
[9] Jorgenson,D. & Vu,K.,“Potential Growth of the World Economy”, Journal of Policy Modeling ,2010(5).
[10] Hall,R.,Jones,C.,“Why do some Countries Produce so much more Output Per Worker than Others?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics ,1999(1).
[11] Yoo,S-H.,“Does Information Technology Contribute to Economic Growth in Developing Countries?”, A Cross-country Analysis , Applied Economics Letters ,2003(10).
[12] Jorgenson,D.,Vu,K.,“Potential Growth of the World Economy”, Journal of Policy Modeling ,2010(5).
[13] O’Mahony M. & Vecchi M.,“Quantifying the Impact of ICT Capital on Output Growth:a Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Approach”, Economica ,2005(288).
[14] Stiroh,K.,“Are Spillovers Driving the New Economy?”, Review of Income and Wealth ,2002(1).
[15] Jorgenson,D.,Vu,K.,“Information Technology and the World Economy”, Scandinavian Journal of Economics ,2005(4).
[16] Stiroh,K.,“Are Spillovers Driving the New Economy?”, Review of Income and Wealth ,2002(1).
[17] Brynjolfsson E. & A.Saunders, Wired for Innovation ,Cambridge:The MIT Press,2010.