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【知识精要】
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性从句和非限定性从句两种。
1．限定性定语从句
(1) that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
例：①He is the man (that) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。
②A prosperity which/ that had never been seenbefore appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(2) which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。
例：I can’t support apolicy of which I have never approved.
我不能支持一项我所从未赞成的政策。
(3) 代表物时多用which，但在如果句子中的先行词是all, much,anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等时，关系代词用that而不用which。
例：He will grasp atanything that might help him achieve fame.
他会抢着做任何有助于他成名的事情。
(4) who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它既可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。
例：①Anyone who has worked here for over three years is eligiblefor sick pay.
凡在这儿工作了三年以上的人都有资格获得病假工资。
②Could you tell me for whom you have bought thisfur coat?
请问您这件皮大衣是给谁买的？
③You neverwill guess whom she has charged me to invite.
你怎样也猜想不到，她今天托我来请谁。
(5) where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
例：This is the housewhere I was born.
我就是出生在这幢房子里。
(6) when引导定语从句表示时间。
例：I still remember thenight when Nanjing was liberated.
我还记得南京解放那天晚上的情景。
(7) whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。
例：When I lookedthrough the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.
我往窗外一看，看见一个女孩子，漂亮极了，让我十分惊异。
2．非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，把从句去掉后其他部分仍可成立。
(1) which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
例：Hesucceeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他在比赛中获胜让他父母非常高兴。
(2) 有时as也可用作关系代词来引导非限制性定语从句。
例：Jane, as you know,is a writer.
正如你所知道的那样，简是一位作家。
(3) 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。
例：Charles, who was myformer teacher, retired last year.
查理去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
【专项训练】
1.The fish are multi-colored, ______（最大的有两米长）.
2.You can’t wake up ______（一个假装睡觉的人）.
3.This is the case ______（钱都被偷了）.
4.I hope that the little ______（我能做的）does good to them all.
5．______（众所周知）, Taiwan is apart of China. We must unify it.
6.This is one of the best films ______（今年上映的）.
7.The engineer ______（我爸爸和他一起工作） is about 50 years old.
8.These wild flowers are so special I would do ______（尽我一切所能来拯救它们）.
9．It was obvious that he had been drinking far toomuch from the way ______（他跌跌撞撞地在马路上走着）.
10．Great efforts have been put on the study of anew pain-killing medicine ______（这种药在很大程度上应该缓解头痛）.
11．Roy, ______（她应该在节食）, kept makingsurreptitious trips to the kitchen to nibble on this and that, whenever hethought no one would notice.
12．Stressful environments lead to unhealthybehaviors such as poor eating habits, ______（这样反过来增加了心脏病的危险）.
13.Most of the people ______（经历过两次世界大战）are strongly against arms race.
14.There are many ______（必须忍受的不便）when you are camping.
15．______（与我成长的地方相比），this townis more prosperous and exciting.
参考答案及解析
1．[答案] the biggest of which is 2 meters long
[解析] ①“最大的”指的是这些鱼中最长的，所以需用定语从句修饰；②“两米长”的表达为“数词+单位+形容词”即“two meters long”。
2．[答案] a person who is pretending to be asleep
[解析] “假装睡觉的人”为限定性定语从句，表达的意思是正在睡觉的人，所以应该用现在进行时态。
3．[答案] where he has had all his moneystolen
[解析] ①where引导定语从句，表示“在这种情况下”，与in which相当；②have+sth.+done这一结构表示“遭遇某种（不幸的事）”，该句中钱被偷这一动作发生在过去，故应用现在完成时态。
4．[答案] that I have been able to do
[解析] ①当先行词是表示事物的all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing等时，用that引导定语从句；②“能做的”可以译为be able to，此处根据句意说的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，所以应使用现在完成时态。
5．[答案] As is known to everybody
[解析] 分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词是Taiwan is apart of China整个主句，一般由as或which引导定语从句，但which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后，另外，as有“正如”之意，而which没有，所以“众所周知”可以表述为as is known to everybody。
6．[答案] that have been shown this year
[解析] 本句话的先行词是films，因此关系代词that是复数概念，其谓语动词应用复数的被动语态have beenshown。
7．[答案] with whom my father works
[解析] ①“和某人一起工作”的表达为work with sb.；②定语从句的引导词在从句中做介词with的宾语，所以使用whom，可以将with提前，也可以紧跟着work。
8．[答案] what I can to save them
[解析] ①“尽我一切所能”可译为what I can；②“来拯救它们”用动词不定式作目的状语。
9．[答案] he walked staggering down the street
[解析]考查定语从句。①way做先行词引导的定语从句可以由that/in which来引导，或省略；②“跌跌撞撞”可译为stagger/stumble。
10．[答案] which is supposed to relieve the headache to agreat degree
[解析]①先行词medicine在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that/which 引导定语从句；②“很大程度上”to a great degree；“应该”should/be supposed to；“缓解头痛”relieve the headache。
11．[答案] who was supposed to on a diet
[解析] ①考查非限定性定语从句。be supposed to“应该”； ②“节食”的常用表达为 be on a diet。
12．[答案] which in turn increasethe risk of heart disease
[解析] ①由which引导的非限制性定语从句位于句末指代整个主句或主句的一部分；②“反过来”的常用表达为 in turn。
13．[答案] who have lived through two world wars
[解析] ①考查限制性定语从句，先行词people在从句中做主语，所以引导词who不可以省略；②“经历”的常用表达为go through/livethrough/experience/undergo。
14．[答案] inconveniences that have to be put up with
[解析] ①先行词inconvenience在定语从句中作主语，所以不可以省略；②“忍受”的常用表达为put up with/bear/stand。
15．[答案] Compared with the place where I grew up
[解析] ①“我成长的”做定语修饰“地方”，“成长”grow up为不及物动词短语，句子缺少地点状语，需用关系副词where；②“与…相比”是固定搭配compare with…。