马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗(Marcus Tullius Cicero)

名人档案

马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗 （Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106 B.C.—43 B.C.），古罗马著名政治家、最负盛名的演说家。他开始立场倾向平民派，以后成为贵族派。他于公元前63年当选为执政官，后被政敌马克·安东尼（Marcus Antonius）杀害。

简介与鉴赏

这是公元前63年西塞罗就喀提林谋反一事在元老院发表的第四篇演说，也是反喀提林最后一篇演说。

西塞罗担任执政官时的主要政绩是挫败了喀提林企图推翻罗马共和国的阴谋。为此，元老院授予其“国父”称号。罗马的“极刑法”规定所有极刑都应当通过全体公民的审判，但在其支持者未被清除的情况下，把叛乱者送去让全体公民审判有巨大风险。演讲重申了处死叛乱者的必要性：他们是共和国的敌人，因此不适用以罗马公民为客体的“极刑法”。

西塞罗非常清楚自己执政官身份的公共性，在演讲中着力强调被审判之罪对全体公民生命和生活的危害，大量使用反问、排比、举例等演说技巧，使得整篇演说雄辩滔滔，极具说服力。

英文正文

Ⅰ. Now if the immortal gods have determined that there shall be this end to my consulship ^[1] , that I should snatch ^[2] you,O conscript ^[3] fathers, and the Roman people from miserable slaughter ^[4] , your wives and children and the vestal ^[5] virgins from most bitter distress, the temples and shrines ^[6] of the gods, and this most lovely country of all of us, from impious ^[7] flames, all Italy from war and devastation ^[8] ; then, whatever fortune is laid up for me by myself, it shall be borne. If, indeed,Publius Lentulus, being led on by soothsayers ^[9] , believed that his name was connected by destiny with the destruction of the republic, why should not I rejoice that my consulship has taken place almost by the express ^[10] appointment of fate for the preservation of the republic?

Ⅱ. Wherefore ^[11] , O conscript fathers, consult the welfare ^[12] of yourselves, provide for that of the republic; preserve yourselves, your wives, your children, and your fortunes; defend the name and safety of the Roman people; cease to spare ^[13] me,and to think of me. For, in the fi rst place, I ought to hope that all the gods who preside ^[14] over this city will show me gratitude in proportion as I deserve it; and in the second place, if anything does happen to me, I shall fall with a contented and prepared mind; and, indeed, death cannot be disgraceful to a brave man,nor premature ^[15] to one of consular rank, nor miserable to a wiseman.

…They are now in your hands who withstood all Rome,with the object of bringing conflagration ^[16] on the whole city, massacre ^[17] on all of you, and of receiving Catiline; their letters are in your possession, their seals, their handwriting, and the confession of each individual of them; the Allobroges are tampered ^[18] with, the slaves are excited, Catiline is sent for; the design is actually begun to be put in execution, that all should be put to death, so that no one should be left even to mourn ^[19] the name of the republic, and to lament ^[1] over the downfall of so mighty a dominion.

Ⅲ. …But I have determined to refer ^[20] the business to you as a fresh matter, O conscript fathers, both as to the fact, what you think of it, and as to the punishment, what you vote. I will state what it behoves the consul to state. I have seen for a long time great madness existing in the republic, and new designs being formed, and evil passions being stirred up, but I never thought that so great, so destructive a conspiracy as this was being meditated ^[21] by citizens. Now to whatever point your minds and opinions incline ^[22] , you must decide before night…

Ⅳ. I see that as yet there are two opinions. One that of Decius Silanus, who thinks that those who have endeavoured ^[23] to destroy all these things should be punished with death; the other, that of Caius Cæsar, who objects to the punishment of death, but adopts the most extreme severity ^[24] of all other punishment. Each acts in a manner suitable to his own dignity and to the magnitude ^[25] of the business with the greatest severity. The one thinks that it is not right that those, who have attempted to deprive all of us and the whole Roman people of life, to destroy the empire, to extinguish ^[26] the name of the Roman people, should enjoy life and the breath of heaven common to us all, for one moment; and he remembers that this sort of punishment has often been employed against worthless citizens in this republic. The other feels that death was not appointed by the immortal gods for the sake of punishment,but that it is either a necessity of nature, or a rest from toils ^[27] and miseries; therefore wise men have never met it unwillingly,brave men have often encountered ^[28] it even voluntarily ^[29] . But imprisonment ^[30] and that too perpetual, was certainly invented for the extraordinary punishment of nefarious ^[31] wickedness;therefore he proposes that they should be distributed ^[32] among the municipal ^[33] towns…

Ⅴ. …But Caius Cæsar considers that the Sempronian law was passed about Roman citizens, but that he who is an enemy of the republic can by no means be a citizen; and moreover ^[34] that the very proposer of the Sempronian law suffered punishment by the command of the people. He also denies that Lentulus, a briber and a spendthrift, after he has formed such cruel and bitter plans about the destruction of the Roman people,and the ruin of this city, can be called a friend of the people.Therefore this most gentle and merciful man does not hesitate to commit Publius Lentulus to eternal darkness and imprisonment,and establishes a law to all posterity ^[35] that no one shall be able to boast of alleviating ^[36] his punishment, or hereafter to appear a friend of the people to the destruction of the Roman people.He adds also the confi scation ^[37] of their goods, so that want and beggary may be added to all the torments ^[38] of mind and body.

Ⅵ. …Oconscript fathers, what cruelty can there be in chastising ^[39] the enormity ^[40] of such excessive wickedness?For I decide from my own feeling. For so may I be allowed to enjoy the republic in safety in your company, as I am not moved to be somewhat vehement ^[41] in this cause by any severity of disposition ^[42] , (for who is more merciful than I am?) but rather by a singular ^[43] humanity and mercifulness. For I seem to myself to see this city, the light of the world, and the citadel ^[44] of all nations, falling on a sudden by one conflagration. I see in my mind’s eye miserable and unburied heaps ^[45] of cities in my buried country; …—if we are very rigorous ^[46] , we shall be considered merciful; if we choose to be lax ^[47] , we must endure the character of the greatest cruelty, to the damage of our country and our fellow-citizens.

You fear, I think, lest ^[48] in the case of such unheard-of and abominable ^[49] wickedness you should seem to decide anything with too great severity; when we ought much more to fear lest by being remiss ^[50] in punishing we should appear cruel to our country, rather than appear by the severity of our irritation ^[51] too rigorous to its most bitter enemies.

Ⅶ. …All men of all ranks are present, and of all ages; the forum ^[52] is full, the temples around the forum are full, all the approaches to this place and to this temple are full. For this is the only cause that has ever been known since the fi rst foundation of the city, in which all men were of one and the same opinion—except those, who, as they saw they must be ruined, preferred to perish ^[53] in company with all the world rather than by themselves.

These men I except, and I willingly set them apart from the rest; for I do not think that they should be classed in the number of worthless citizens, but in that of the most bitter enemies. But,as for the rest; O ye immortal gods! in what crowds, with what zeal ^[54] , with what virtue do they agree in defence of the common dignity and safety.

… The entire multitude of honest men, even the poorest,is present; for who is there to whom these temples, the sight ofthe city, the possession of liberty—in short, this light and thissoil of his, common to us all, is not both dear and pleasant anddelightful?

Ⅷ. …Wherefore, if this consideration moves any one, that it has been heard that some tool of Lentulus is running about the shops—is hoping that the minds of some poor and ignorant men may be corrupted by bribery; that, indeed, has been attempted and begun, but no one has been found either so wretched ^[55] in their fortune or so abandoned in their inclination as not to wish the place of their seat and work and daily gain, their chamber ^[56] and their bed, and, in short the tranquil ^[57] course of their lives, to be still preserved to them. And far the greater part of those who are in the shops—ay, indeed, (for that is the more correct way of speaking,) the whole of this class is of all the most attached to tranquillity; their whole stock, forsooth ^[58] ,their whole employment and livelihood, exists by the peaceful intercourse ^[59] of the citizens, and is wholly supported by peace.And if their gains are diminished ^[60] whenever their shops are shut, what will they be when they are burnt? And, as this is the case, Oconscript fathers, the protection of the Roman people is not wanting to you; do you take care that you do not seem to be wanting to the Roman people.

Ⅸ. …Your common country, besieged ^[61] by the hands and weapons of an impious conspiracy, stretches forth her hands to you as a suppliant ^[62] ; to you she recommends herself, to you she recommends the lives of all the citizens, and the citadel, and the Capitol, and the altars of the household gods, and the eternal inextinguishable fi re of Vesta, and all the temples of all the gods,and the altars and the walls and the houses of the city. Moreover,your own lives, those of your wives and children the fortunes of all men, your homes, your hearths, are this day interested in your decision.

You have a leader mindful of you, forgetful of himself—an opportunity which is not always given to men; you have all ranks, all individuals, the whole Roman people, (a thing which in civil transactions ^[63] we see this day for the first time) full of one and the same feeling. Think with what great labour this our dominion ^[64] was founded, by what virtue this our liberty was established, by what kind favour of the gods our fortunes were aggrandized ^[65] and ennobled ^[66] , and how nearly one night destroyed them all. That this may never hereafter be able not only to be done, but not even to be thought of, you must this day take care. And I have spoken thus, not in order to stir you up who almost outrun me myself, but that my voice, which ought to be the chief voice in the republic, may appear to have fulfi lled the duty which belongs to me as consul.

单词/词组

[1] consulship ⁶ : n. 领事

[2] snatch ⁸ : v. 抢夺，及时救助

[3] conscript ⁸ : adj. 招募的

[4] slaughter ⁶ : n. 屠杀

[5] vestal ⁸ : adj. 贞洁的，处女的

[6] shrine ⁶ : n. 神龛

[7] impious ⁸ : adj. 不虔敬的

[8] devastation ⁸ : n.毁坏

[9] soothsayer ⁸ : n. 预言家

[10] express ⁴ : adj. 明确的，专门的

[11] wherefore ⁸ : conj.为此，因而

[12] welfare ⁴ : n. 福祉

[13] spare ⁴ : v. 使免遭，使幸免

[14] preside ⁶ : v. 主持

[15] premature ⁴ : adj.早熟的，过早的

[16] conflagration ⁸ : n. 火灾

[17] massacre6: v. 屠杀

[18] tamper ⁸ : v. 影响，篡改

[19] mourn ⁴ : v. 哀悼

[20] refer ⁴ : v. 将……转给

[21] meditate ⁶ : v. 沉思，反省

[22] incline ⁴ : v. 倾向于，倾斜

[23] endeavour ⁶ : v. 努力，尽力

[24] severity ⁸ : n.严重

[25] magnitude ⁶ : n. 重大

[26] extinguish ⁶ : v. 扑灭，消灭

[27] toil ⁸ : n. 苦干，辛勤劳动

[28] encounter ⁴ : v. 遭遇

[29] voluntarily ⁴ : adv. 自愿地

[30] imprisonment ⁴ : n. 关押，监禁

[31] nefarious ⁸ : adj. 恶毒的

[32] distribute ⁴ : v. 分发，分布

[33] municipal ⁶ : adj.市级的

[34] moreover ⁴ : adv. 再者，此外

[35] posterity ⁸ : n. 后裔，子孙

[36] alleviate ⁸ : v. 减轻，缓和

[37] confi scatio ⁸ : n.没收，充公

[38] torment ⁶ : n. 痛苦

[39] chastise ⁸ : v. 严厉训斥，责罚

[40] enormity ⁸ : n. 庞大，严重性，滔天大罪

[41] vehement ⁸ : adj.激烈的

[42] disposition ⁸ : n. 安排，倾向

[43] singular ⁴ : adj. 非凡的

[44] citadel ⁸ : n. 城堡，要塞

[45] heap ⁴ : n. （一）堆，大量

[46] rigorous ⁴ : adj. 有力的，朝气蓬勃的

[47] lax ⁸ : adj. 松懈的，马虎的

[48] lest ⁴ : conj. 唯恐，以免

[49] abominable ⁸ :adj. 讨厌的，恶劣的

[50] remiss ⁸ : adj. 懈怠的，疏忽的

[51] irritation ⁶ : n. 激怒，不愉快

[52] forum ⁶ : n. 论坛，讨论会

[53] perish ⁶ : v. 死亡，夭折

[54] zeal ⁴ : n. 热忱，热心

[55] wretched ⁶ : adj. 悲惨的，卑鄙的

[56] chamber ⁴ : n. 房间，会议室

[57] tranquil ⁶ : adj. 平静的，稳定的

[58] forsooth ⁸ : adv. 确实，的确

[59] intercourse ⁶ : n.交际，往来

[60] diminish ⁶ : v. 减少

[61] besiege ⁸ : v. 包围，纠缠

[62] suppliant ⁸ : n. 恳求者

[63] transaction ⁶ :n.处理，交易

[64] dominion ⁸ : n. 统治权

[65] aggrandize ⁸ : v. 扩大，使辉煌

[66] ennoble ⁸ : v. 使高贵

中文译文

Ⅰ.元老们……如果不朽的诸神要我担任执政官的目的就是在于使你们和罗马人民免遭最悲惨的死亡，使你们的妻子、儿女和维斯塔贞女免遭最残酷的蹂躏，使神殿和庙宇、我们的最美丽的祖国免遭最可怕的大火，使整个意大利免遭战争的破坏，那么不管将来会是怎样的命运，也都由我一个人来承担吧。如果听信了预言者的话的普布利乌斯·朗图路斯认为命运注定要使他成为国家的摧毁者的话，那么命运又特意注定要使我这一任执政官挽救罗马人民，对此为什么我不应当感到高兴呢？

Ⅱ.因此，元老们，请你们自己加以考虑，并且保护我们的祖国，挽救你们自己、你们的妻子、你们的子女、你们的财产，捍卫罗马人民的名誉和安全吧。不要管我，不要再想到我。因为首先我应当希望的是，看守着这座城市的所有的神灵为此而把我所应得的赏赐给我，这样，如果我遇到任何不测，我将以心平气和与乐天知命的心情死去。 因为一个勇敢的人不能不光采地死去，一个担任过执政官的人不能过早地死去，一位智者不能悲惨地死去。

……你们监管起来的这些人，他们留在罗马这里是要屠杀你们所有的人，是要迎接喀提林，我们手里有他们的信件、他们的封印、他们的手迹，最后还有每个人的供词。阿洛布罗吉斯人正在受到引诱，奴隶正在应征入伍，喀提林正在受到召唤。他们的计划就是——把所有的人都杀光，甚至不留一个人为罗马人民的名称而哀悼，为这样伟大的政府的毁灭而悲叹。

Ⅲ.……我已决定把这全部案件交给你们，元老们，就好像这还是尚未解决的问题那样，对事件作出你们的判断，如何惩处也由你们来决定。首先我要讲一讲一位执政官应当讲的话。很久以来我便看到在国内一种严重的疯狂气氛已经成熟，那些新的灾难正在沸腾着、活跃着，但是我决不曾想到的是，公民们所策划这一阴谋竟是如此严重、如此凶残。但是，不管事情如何，不管你们的意向和感情倾向于哪一方面，你们一定要在今天黑夜之前作出决定……

Ⅳ.到目前为止，存在着两种意见——德西厄斯·西拉努斯的意见和盖乌斯·恺撒的意见。西拉努斯的建议是，那些企图摧毁国家的人应当被处以死刑。恺撒则不同意死刑，但是赞成死刑之外所有其他的严厉惩罚。每个人都按照自己高贵的身份和事件的严重性提出最严厉的惩罚方法。西拉努斯认为那些想谋害我们所有的人和罗马人民的性命的人，那些试图摧毁统治大权并把罗马人民的名字抹掉的人，哪怕一瞬间也不应活命，并且我们同他们是不共戴天的。他还回忆说，过去在这个国家里人们常常利用这种惩罚的方法对付堕落的公民。恺撒则深信不朽的诸神并不把死规定为一种惩罚，而是一种自然的需要或摆脱劳苦与烦恼之后的安息。因此哲学家不曾不情愿地接受死亡，而勇敢的人往往是高兴地接受死亡。但是监禁以及终身的监禁确实是人们想出的对于重罪的一种绝妙惩罚。他建议把罪犯分别送到各自治市去……

Ⅴ.……但盖乌斯·恺撒一定知道，有一项为罗马公民制定的塞姆普罗尼阿斯法。而且他还知道，一个成了国家公敌的人不可能成为一名公民；他还知道，提出塞姆普罗尼阿斯法的那个人本人却未通过人民的命令而被国家当局处死了。他也不认为这个如此挥霍浪费的人当他如此疯狂、如此不顾一切地想杀害罗马人民和毁灭这座城市的时候竟然能够被称为人民的友人。因此这位最仁慈和富有人道精神的人就毫不犹豫地给普布留斯上了镣铐并把他关到永远阴暗的监狱里去，还庄严地作出决定，今后任何人也不能因减轻这个人的惩罚而夸耀，也不能为了表示自己民主而毁了罗马人民。他甚至还主张没收他们的财产，这样就使他们身心备受折磨，并且受尽贫穷与匮乏之苦。

Ⅵ.……元老们，在惩罚如此不人道的一项罪行的时候，怎么能提到残酷呢？要知道，我凭着自己的感情来进行判断。既然我没有受到残酷的影响——有谁比我更温和呢？——而是受到一种极大的温和与仁慈的影响，那确实在重新得到安全的一个国家里我就可以幸福地和你们生活在一起了。因为我好像看到这座城市——整个世界的光明和一切民族的堡垒——突然被一场大火全部吞没。我仿佛看到在祖国的坟墓上是一堆堆悲惨的、未经掩埋的公民的尸体；……因此我们若是极其严厉，我们才会被人们认为是仁慈的；但是，如果我们想表现得比较宽大，我们便背上最残酷的恶名，因为这样我们便有了把祖国和公民们断送掉的危险。

我认为，你们担心的是在对待如此可怕、如此不义的罪行方面你们的措施过分严厉，但我们更应该担心的是，由于我们采取了温和的惩罚手段，我们似乎对我们的祖国太残酷了。而不是由于我们厉害的报复措施而显得对这些罪大恶极的公敌太严厉了。

Ⅶ.……所有的人，所有等级、甚至各种年龄的人都在这里。广场上挤满了人，广场四周的神殿里挤满了人，这一地点和神殿的所有入口处也都挤满了人。自从罗马建城以来，这是所知的唯一案件，对于它的意见所有的人是绝对地一致，例外的只有那样一些人，他们由于看到他们只有死路一条，所以宁愿死在全面的屠杀里，而不愿自己孤零零一个人死去。

我把这些人排除掉，我倒是喜欢把他们放到一边，我也不认为应当只把他们归入邪恶的公民一类，而是应当把他们列为不共戴天的敌人。但是其余的人，不朽的诸神，他们是何等踊跃、何等热情、何等勇敢地为了公共安全和光荣而团结起来啊！

…… 全体自由人的大群都在这里，甚至那些贫苦的公民。有谁对于这些神殿、罗马城的景色，对于享有自由——简而言之，我们所共享的光明和土地本身——能不感到亲切、可爱和高兴呢？

Ⅷ.……也许外面正在流传的这样一个传说会使你们任何人都受到感动：朗图路斯的某个走狗正在到各个店铺去，想用金钱收买那些无知的贫民的支持——他开始这样干了起来，却找不到一个人落魄或堕落到不希望保留自己每天劳作和赚钱的机会、自己的躺椅与床榻以及这一和平的生活过程。但绝大多数店铺里的人们，甚至更多是——应当指出这一点——整个这一类人都是最爱和平的。因为他们的货品、他们的工作和生计都是靠公民之间的交往来维持的，都是在和平生活的抚育之下的；如果店铺关门，他们的利润就要减少，那么如果店铺被烧掉，后果又将如何？情况既然是这样，元老们，罗马人民的保卫者不会辜负你们，你们也要注意不要使人看来有负于罗马人民。

Ⅸ.……我们的祖国遇到了一次邪恶不义的阴谋的火与剑的威胁，她向你们伸出恳求的双手。她把她自己托付给你们，她托付给你们的还有全体公民的性命、卫城和朱比特神殿、她的家神的神龛、维斯塔的永不熄灭的圣火、所有的神的神殿和庙宇以及我们罗马城的城墙和住宅。而且，今天你们的性命、你们的妻子儿女的性命、所有人的财产、你们的房屋和炉灶、这一切都有赖于你们作出决定。

你们有一位关心你们但是忘掉他自己的领袖——这并不是任何时候都会有的一个有利条件；你们有所有的等级、所有的人、全体罗马人民的支持，绝对一致的支持（在政治事务方面，我们在今天是第一次看到这样的事情）。请想一下怎样在一夜中间便几乎摧毁了经过千辛万苦才建立起来的统治大权，摧毁了需要极大的勇气才确立起来的自由，摧毁了通过诸神何等的垂爱才增加和积累起来的财富吧。今天我们必须注意使公民在今后永远不会做出这样的事情，甚至想一下这样的事情。而我讲这些东西并不是想激励你们，因为你们的热情往往比我还高。我只是把在共和国里应当第一个发出来的呼声要人们听到，以完成一位执政官应尽的职责而已。 yt0Tn2Kr9FzJlp+X6mWgHrlrWShdiiCqALrAcAZ6fIOhoHsZnmjPoIjtp8Z27ImQ