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这 是刊登在《经济学家》（ The Economist ）杂志上的一篇科技类说明文。文 中主要论述猴子的公平感——像人一样，猴子对不公平待遇也有怨恨。一 开始文章做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识，然后根据这个类比重点讲述猴子的公平 意识。第一段以人为类比，人对于不公平待遇的反应是非常愤怒，接着指出研究者 最近通过对卷尾猴的分组实验证明这不仅仅是人类的特性，也是猴子的特性。这是 研究结论。后面对有关实验的各个方面进行叙述：第二段讲实验对象的选定；第三 段讲实验的具体内容。第四段与第一段相呼应，并指出卷尾猴的公平感在进化上的 起源还无法确定。
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature , suggests that it "all too monkey", as well.
The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers)。 So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你自己加得多的时候，这种喜悦感就消失得无影无踪了。如果这位同事还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会感到无比愤怒。这种行为被看做“人之常情”，这种说法的潜在假定是认为其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃默里大学的莎拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰斯·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究表明，这种行为也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，善于合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就像人类女性们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里、能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无须用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），就足以引起雌性卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。义愤之情似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的报酬可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给群体中的其他成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自进化而来的，还是源于3 500万年前两者共同的祖先，还不得而知。
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, 1 humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only 2 each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it 3 , are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear 4 other members of the group. However, 5 such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems 6 the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
Key
1．like 2．when 3．seems 4．to 5．whether 6．from
（1）Textual Translation（篇章翻译）
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，善于合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就像人类女性们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里、能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
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（2）Sentence Translation（句子翻译）
①子游曰：“丧致乎哀而止。”
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②子游曰：“吾友张也为难能也，然而未仁。”
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(1) The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of" goods and services" than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
(2) ① Zi You said,“ When Handling funeral affairs, so long as you fully express your sorrow, that's enough."
② Zi You said,“ My friend Zhang can be reckoned an outstanding person. But even he himself hasn't become a person of humanity."
③ Zeng Zi said,“ Zhang bears a grandeur appearance. But it's difficult for anyone to be a man with humanity together with him."
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It is universally acknowledged that the energy shortage has gradually evolved into a pressing problem in today's world. What state leaders have to acknowledge and accept seems to be that human beings are likely to confront a global energy shortage over the next few decades. The price of crude oil rises to unprecedented height and demand for petroleum continues to soar, especially in emerging economies like China and India. As far as I am concerned, a number of practices should be implemented to relieve impending energy shortage by governments, including the promotion of energyefficient awareness, restrictions on energy use and the advocates of alternative energies.
First things first, the most fundamental way for governments to address the energy shortage is to better educate the public, especially the younger generation, about the significance of conserving energy. Only when the children come to realize the gravity of the situation do the contemporaries ensure that they will grow to be eco-friendly adults. Furthermore, the media should be highlighted in terms of encouraging the use of energy-efficient practices, for example, programming public service advertising conduces to promoting the use of bicycles instead of cars.
In addition, the implementation of limitations on energy use deserves greater emphasis on tackling the energy problem. Restrictions should be applicable to both individuals and corporations. Personally speaking, energy efficiency can be enhanced by instituting driving restrictions. For example, during the Beijing 2008 Olympics, the driving restrictions were put into effect with the result that the exhaust emissions were effectively reduced and the air quality was conspicuously boosted. As for corporations, the timetables should be given high priority with regard to parking vehicles with the aim of meeting clean-energy standards or companies should comply with new energy policies within the prescribed time.
Last but not least, the alternative energy performs as the effective means of mitigating the energy shortage. Not only does the use of clean energy reduce the air pollution but also create charming living surroundings. Thus, the behavior of conserving energy should be promoted from the perspective of both individuals and businesses. For example, tax rebates will be provided for those who prefer an alternative-energy vehicle and financial or tax incentives are put a premium on those manufacturers that put clean energy technologies to use.
As an old saying goes. "Rome is not built in one day." It is unlikely to settle the problem of the energy shortage overnight. Therefore, we not only mobilize each government but also advocate the cooperation between governments and the participation of every sector of society aiming at coping with the problem of the energy shortage. They will harvest a lot provided that the public realize the grave seriousness of the energy crisis and work together to alleviate it.