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本部分为英语（二）考试写作核心词汇，请考生务必熟练掌握拼写！
（一）描述图表
1．上升／增加／提高
● 动词： increase, grow, rise, expand, ascend, accumulate, swell, climb, escalate, gain
● 动词短语： go/push up, gain momentum, continue its upward trend, mount up
● 名词： increase, growth, rise, expansion, accumulation, pickup, gain, upturn, escalation, climb
● 介词短语： on the rise/increase
2．猛增／剧增／骤增
● 动词： jump, leap, explode, proliferate, surge, skyrocket, rocket, soar
● 名词： jump, leap, explosion, proliferation, surge
● 动词短语： shoot up
3．下降／减少
● 动词： decrease, decline, fall, reduce, descend, diminish, dwindle, drop, dip, slide, shrink, lessen, sink
● 动词短语： go down, drop/fall off, continue its downward trend
● 名词： decrease, decline, slowdown, slump, dip, drop, fall
● 名词短语： on the decline
4．骤降／暴跌
● 动词： dive, collapse, plunge, plummet, nosedive, slump
● 名词： dive, collapse, plunge, nosedive, slump
5．急剧地／剧烈地／显著地／明显地
● 副词： dramatically, sharply, considerably, rapidly, suddenly, greatly, alarmingly, significantly, enormously, steeply, incredibly, hugely, amazingly, substantially, massively, tremendously, drastically, precipitously, markedly
● 介词短语： at an alarming rate, by/in leaps and bounds, in big leaps, by a massive leap, by a wide/significant margin
6．缓慢地／逐渐地
● 副词： gradually, steadily, slightly, gently, marginally, slowly, moderately, modestly
● 介词短语： in a moderate way, by the least amount, by a narrow margin
7．保持平稳： remain/stay stable/steady/constant/the same/unchanged
8．起伏／波动： rise and fall, fluctuate slightly/dramatically, fluctuate between…and…, a minor fluctuation, We can see small rises and falls/fluctuations.
9．描述／显示／表明： show, delineate, reveal, represent, outline, indicate, illustrate, describe, depict
10．大约
● 副词（数字前）： about, almost, nearly, roughly, approximately, around
● 介词短语：
（ 1）数字前： in the neighbor of, in the vicinity of, in the region of, close to, just under, just over
（ 2）数字后： or so, or thereabouts
11．预测： predict, project, forecast, expect
12．组成
● 部分组成整体： represent, account for, occupy, form, make up, constitute
● 整体包含部分： be composed of, be made up of, consist of, comprise
13．到达某数量
● 动词： reach, hit, register
● 动词短语： amount to, stand at, arrive at
14．到达最高点
● 动词： peak, top
● 名词： peak, top, summit, zenith
● 动词短语： be at its zenith, reach its zenith, reach a peak of, reach the highest point of, peak at
15．到达最低点
● 动词： bottom
● 名词： bottom, rock bottom, trough
● 动词短语： bottom out at, reach the bottom at, reach the lowest point at, hit a trough
（二）教育文化类
（1） 教育
（1）学位：
学士学位 bachelor's degree
硕士学位 master's degree
博士学位 doctoral degree
获得学位 obtain/receive a degree
文科 arts
理科 science
大一新生 freshman
大二学生 sophomore
大三学生 junior
大四学生 senior
本科生 undergraduate
大学生 college/university students
大学毕业生 college/university graduates
研究生 postgraduate
文学硕士 Master of Arts (MA）
理学硕士 Master of Science (MS）
工商管理硕士 Master of Business Administration (MBA）
公共管理硕士 Master of Public Administration (MPA）
工程硕士 Master of Engineering (ME）
会计硕士 Master of Professional Accounting(MPAcc）
金融硕士 Master of Science in Finance (MSF）
（2）学校：
幼儿园 nursery/kindergarten
小学 primary/elementary school
中学 middle/secondary/high school
综合性大学 university
学院 college
研究院，研究所 institute
中等教育 secondary education
高等教育 higher education
商学院 business school
法学院 law school
研究生院 graduate school
教授 professor
全体老师 faculty
系 department
专业 major
教学设施 teaching facilities
食堂 dining hall/canteen
宿舍（楼）dormitory
选修课 elective/optional course
学杂费 tuition fees and other expenses
（3）教育：
终身教育 lifelong education
素质教育 essential-qualities-oriented education
义务教育 compulsory education
应试教育 exam-oriented education
成人教育 adult education
理论知识 theoretical knowledge
实践技能 practical skill
信息时代 information age
知识爆炸时代 era of knowledge explosion
逃课 skip class
学习成绩，学业表现 academic performance
学习氛围 learning atmosphere
开阔眼界 broaden/expand one's horizons
激发兴趣 stimulate one's interest
开发潜能 tap one's potential
学生减负 reduce study load
文理分科 separation between liberal arts and science
做兼职 work part-time
（4）招生就业：
考研 take the National Entrance Test for M.A./ M.S. Candidates
创业 start/build one's own business
出国 go abroad
出国留学 study abroad/overseas
就业 get/find a job
作出正确选择 make right choices
招生 recruit
录取 enroll
申请入学 apply for admission to/into
高考 College Entrance Examination
就业市场 job market
雇主 employer
雇员 employee
职业培训 vocational training
（2） 文化
（1）文化交流：
文化交流 cultural exchange
文化融合 cultural blending/integration
传统中国文化 traditional Chinese culture
儒家 Confucianism
佛教 Buddhism
道教 Taoism
京剧 Peking Opera
中国书法 Chinese calligraphy
西方文化 Western culture
启蒙运动 Enlightenment
人本主义 humanism
后现代主义 post-modernism
多元文化 multiculture
文化多元化 cultural diversity
保存并珍惜 preserve and cherish
取其精华，去其糟粕 select the essence and discard the dross
促进文化发展 promote cultural development
辉煌灿烂的文化遗产 splendid and glorious cultural heritage/legacy
与时俱进 keep pace with the times
跨文化交流 cross-cultural/intercultural communication
文化差异 cultural difference
文化传统 cultural traditions
人类文明 human civilization
精神文明 spiritual civilization
主流文化 mainstream culture
解读经典 interpretation of classics
（2）流行文化：
流行文化 popular culture
广告泛滥 pervasive advertising
偶像崇拜 idol worship
上网 surf the Web; access the web/Internet
上网成瘾 Internet addiction
网民 cyber citizen; netizen
虚拟生活 virtual life
网上交友 making friends online
网聊 online chatting
网络流言 online gossip
网上购物 online shopping/e-shopping
网络营销 online marketing
团购 group/collective buying
网络监管 Internet supervision
网络暴力 Internet violence
网络实名制 the Internet real name system
网络教育 Internet education/e-schooling
不负责言论 irresponsible remarks
彩票 lottery ticket
电子游戏 electronic games
数码产品 digital products
手机短信 text message
垃圾短信 junk message
手机入网 mobile phone subscription
（三）社会热点类
（1） 经济管理
市场经济 the market economy
经济全球化 economic globalization
国际经济组织 international economic organization
科技进步 advancement/progress of science and technology
跨国公司 multinational
私营企业 private enterprise
汽车产业 automobile industry
房地产业 real estate industry
电信业 telecommunications industry
国产品牌 domestic/national/Chinese brand
市场份额 market share
公司 company/corporation
企业 enterprise
员工 staff
工作满意度 job satisfaction
工作压力 work/working pressure
提高福利待遇 improve one's fringe benefits
吸引外资 attract foreign investment
法律保护 legal protection
深远的社会经济影响 profound social and economic impacts
改革开放政策 the policy of reform and opening-up
社会保障体系 social security system
失业 unemployment
住房 housing
公用基础设施 public infrastructure
摩天大楼 skyscraper
可持续的城市发展 sustainable urban development
城市化 urbanization
经济危机 economic / financial crisis
经济不景气 depression / recession / bleeding economy / sluggish economy
失业 lose one's job / be unemployed / be redundant
失业加剧 job losses mount
失业人数 jobless number
找工作 seek employment
找工作者 job seeker
严峻的就业形势 tough job market
信心下滑 confidence slump
重建信心 confidence reconstruction
经济复苏 economic recovery
经济危机的影响 the effects / impact of the financial crisis
应对危机 beat / combat the crisis
安居工程 comfortable housing project
削减成本 cost-cutting
创造新的就业 generate new employment
刺激消费 stimulate consumer spending
积极的财政政策 proactive fiscal policy
减员 downsize / cut staff
经济结构调整 economic restructuring
经济刺激方案 stimulus package / plan
就业指导 career guidance
扩大内需 boost/ expand domestic demand
基础设施建设 infrastructure construction
减免税收 tax relief
厉行节约 practice economy
适度宽松的货币政策 moderately loose monetary policy
政府紧急援助 government bailout
政府做某事的决心 the government's determination to do sth.
（2） 健康
身体健康 physical health / fitness
心理健康 mental / psychological health
健康问题 health concern
亚健康 subhealth
公共卫生 public health
心态 state of mind
进行体育锻炼 do physical exercises
均衡饮食 well-balanced diet
垃圾食品 junk food
减肥 lose weight
节食 go on a diet
提供医疗服务 provide medical services
牺牲健康 sacrifice one's health
短期经济利益 short-term financial benefits
全面禁烟 total ban on tobacco
疾病 illness/disease
慢性病 chronic disease
传染病 infectious disease
酗酒 alcoholism
癌症 cancer
医疗体制改革 healthcare system reform
（3） 两代关系
代沟 generation gap
弥合差距 bridge the gap
相互理解 mutual understanding
误解 misunderstanding
赡养父母 support one's parents
照顾 take care of / look after
虐待 mistreat / maltreat
老龄化社会 aging society
人口老龄化 population aging
老年人 the aged / the elderly / senior citizens
奉行孝道 practice filial piety
（4） 社会公德
公德 social / public morals / morality
传统美德 traditional virtue
责任 duty / responsibility
责任感 sense of responsibility
承担责任 shoulder / assume / undertake one's duty / responsibility
逃避责任 avoid/shirk / shun one's duty / responsibility
奉献 devote (devotion) / dedicate (dedication）
无私奉献 selfless devotion
信任危机 trust crisis
道德风气 moral climate
道德败坏 be morally degenerate; be immoral
道德沦丧 be morally bankrupt
不道德行为 immoral behavior
希望工程 Project Hope
中国红十字会 Red Cross Society of China
慈善机构 charity
捐款 donate (donation）
贫困的乡村地区 poor rural areas
尊老爱幼 respect the aged and love the young
随地吐痰 spit everywhere
大声喧哗 make noise; talk loudly
（5） 职业道德
职业道德 professional ethics
空头承诺 empty promise
虚假承诺 false promise
伪劣产品／商品 shoddy products/goods; counterfeit/inferior commodities
欺诈活动／行为 fraudulent activity / behavior / conduct
诚信 honesty
学术腐败 academic corruption
剽窃，抄袭 plagiarism
食品安全 food safety
建筑质量 construction quality
地沟油 gutter oil
毒奶粉 poisonous milk powder
婴儿配方奶粉 infant formula
食品添加剂 food additive
药价虚高 unaffordable medicine prices
旅游门票 tourist ticket
非法广告 illegal advertisement
不公平竞争 unfair competition
争抢利益 compete for benefits
治标不治本 provide a temporary solution rather than get at the root (of a problem, etc.); take stopgap measures instead of radical measures
管理部门 the administration
监管机构 regulator
商家 commercial enterprises
厂家 manufacturer
企业经营者 enterprise operator
有关当局 authorities concerned
收受贿赂 take a bribe
漠视法律 ignore the laws
推卸责任 shift blame onto others
消费者权益 consumers' rights and interests
维护自我权益 protect one's own rights and interests
伪专家 unqualified expert
公正有效地履行职责 perform one's tasks fairly and effectively
提供礼貌热情的服务 provide polite and enthusiastic services
腐败现象 corruption
（6） 交通
交通事故 traffic accident
私家车 private car
发展公共交通 develop public transport
醉驾 drunk driving
司机 driver
行人 pedestrian
公交专用车道 bus lane
（机动车）单双号限行规定 odd-even license plate rule
早／晚高峰 morning / evening peak
交通拥堵 traffic jam / congestion, heavy traffic
交通高峰期 rush hour
公共交通线路网 public transport network
尾号限行 traffic restrictions based on the last digit of license plate numbers
交通管制 traffic control
无车日 car-free day
（四）人生哲理类
（1） 独立
独立 independence
溺爱 dote on / spoil
独生子女 only child
激烈竞争 fierce competition
啃老族 boomerang kids
不劳而获 reap without sowing
（2） 坚持
坚持 persistence
不断努力 make constant efforts
决不放弃 never give up
决不停止进步 never stop making progress
获得成功 achieve success
创新 innovation
勤奋 diligence
奋斗精神 striving spirit
拼搏精神 determined spirit
人生观 outlook on life
世界观 outlook on the world
坚持不懈 perseverance
耐心 patience
谨慎 prudence
（3） 信心
信心 confidence
自信 self-confidence
谦虚 modesty
缺乏自信 lack confidence
高估困难 exaggerate/overestimate difficulties
低估能力 underestimate one's abilities
（4） 合作
合作 cooperation
团队合作 teamwork
团队精神 team spirit
与他人合作 cooperate with others
齐心协力 joint/cooperative efforts
互相帮助 help each other
（5） 乐观
乐观（主义）optimism
乐观的 optimistic
保持乐观 keep optimistic
悲观（主义）pessimism
悲观的 pessimistic
积极的态度 positive attitude
善心，仁慈 benevolence
（6） 选择
考研 take the National Entrance Test for M.A./ M.S. Candidates
出国 study abroad/overseas
创业 start one's own business
就业 employment/find a job
作出正确选择 make the right choice
（五）环境保护类
（1） 环境保护
（1）环境保护：
环境保护 environmental protection
提高环保意识 enhance the awareness of environmental protection
保持生态平衡 maintain ecological balance
生态系统 ecosystem
生态示范区 ecological demonstration region
生态农业 ecoagriculture
生态旅游 ecotourism
自然保护区 nature reserve
可持续发展战略 sustainable development strategy
防风防沙林 wind-break and sand-break forest
宜人的生活环境 pleasant living environment
（2）节能减排：
节能 save energy
减排 reduce greenhouse gas emissions
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource consumption
环保产品 environment-friendly product
全球变暖 global warming
低碳经济 low carbon economy
清洁可再生能源 clean and renewable energy sources
核能 nuclear energy
太阳能 solar energy
大功率电器 high-powered electrical appliance
二氧化碳 carbon dioxide
气候变化 climate change
（2） 环境恶化
（1）环境恶化：
环境恶化 environmental deterioration
乱砍滥伐 deforestation / clear-cutting
过度开采 overexploitation
水土流失 soil erosion
沙漠化 desertification
人口增长 population growth
野生生物保护 wildlife conservation
濒危物种 endangered species
野生物种 wild species
商业捕鱼 commercial fishing
过度捕捞 overfishing
（2）自然灾害：
自然灾害 natural disaster
大灾难 catastrophe
破坏性地震 destructive earthquake
沙尘暴 sandstorm
沙丘 sand dune
旱灾 drought
水灾 flood
暴风雪 snowstorm / blizzard
（3） 环境污染
（1）环境治理：
让污染者负担 make the polluters pay
执法检查 law enforcement inspection
限期治理 bring under control within the prescribed time limit
（2）白色污染：
白色污染 white pollution
限制／禁止使用一次性塑料袋 limit/ban/prohibit the use of disposable plastic bags
可降解塑料袋 bio-degradable plastic bag
一次性筷子 disposable chopsticks
（3）垃圾处理：
垃圾 trash / rubbish
乱扔垃圾 litter
垃圾分类 garbage classification
丢弃 throw / discard
城市垃圾无害化处理 decontamination treatment of urban refuse
垃圾填埋场 landfill
“三废”（废水、废气、固体废弃物）three types of waste (waste water, waste gas, solid waste）
综合利用 comprehensive utilization
工业废弃物 industrial waste
有毒废物 toxic waste
水资源保护区 water resource conservation area
污水处理 sewage treatment
集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant
再生水 recycled water
（4）空气污染：
空气污染物浓度 air pollutant concentrations
汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle emissions
尾气净化器 exhaust purifier
无铅汽油 lead-free/unleaded gasoline/petrol
天然气汽车 gas-fueled car
电动汽车 electric car
小排量汽车 low-emission car
工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharge
烟尘排放 soot emissions
矿物燃料（煤、石油和天然气）fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural gas）