附表1 腐败与国家特征:殖民者死亡率
注:关于数据来源的信息,可参见正文中的表2。死亡率数据来自Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson(2001),是指1604—1848年期间殖民者的死亡率。
*** 表示显著性水平为1%; ** 表示显著性水平为5%; * 表示显著性水平为10%。
附表2 腐败与国家特征:社会主义法律体系
注:关于数据来源的信息,可参见表2。社会主义法律体系是一个二值变量(0和1),来自La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny(1999),当公司法或者商业法典的法律起源是社会主义取值为1。
*** 表示显著性水平为1%; ** 表示显著性水平为5%; * 表示显著性水平为10%。
附表3 腐败与国家特征:法国法律体系
注:关于数据来源的信息,可参见表2。法国法律体系是一个二值变量(0和1),来自La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny(1999),当公司法或者商业法典的法律起源为法国取值为1。
*** 表示显著性水平为1%; ** 表示显著性水平为5%; * 表示显著性水平为10%。
附表4 腐败与国家特征:穆斯林(人口比例)
注:关于数据来源的信息,可参见表2。穆斯林指1980年该国的穆斯林人口比例(对于刚成立的国家,数据取自1990—1995年),数据来自La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny(1999)。
*** 表示显著性水平为1%; ** 表示显著性水平为5%; * 表示显著性水平为10%。
附表5 腐败与国家特征:天主教(人口比例)
注:关于数据来源的信息,可参见正文中的表2。天主教指1980年该国的天主教人口比例(对于刚成立的国家,数据取自1990—1995年),数据来自La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny(1999)。
*** 表示显著性水平为1%; ** 表示显著性水平为5%; * 表示显著性水平为10%。
I am grateful for comments and suggestions by Nicola Gennaioli, Assar Lindbeck, Torsten Persson and David Strömberg, as well as editors James Hines, Andrei Shleifer, Timothy Taylor and Michael Waldman.The views expressed here do not represent the official opinion of the World Bank.
Acemoglu, Daron, James A. Robinson and Simon Johnson. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review .December, 91, pp.1369-401.
Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson.2004.“Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.”Manuscript, MIT.
Ades, Alberto and Rafael Di Tella.1999. “Rents, Competition, and Corruption.” American Economic Review .89:4, pp.982-93.
Albouy, David.2004.“The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: A Reinvestigation of the Data.”Mimeo, UC Berkeley.
Bardhan, Pranab.1997. “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues.” Journal of Economic Literature .35: 3, pp.1320-346.
Becker, Gary and George Stigler.1974. “Law Enforcement, Malfeasance and the Compensation of Enforcers.” Journal of Legal Studies .3:1, pp.1-19.
Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess. 2002. “The Political Economy of Government Responsiveness: Theory and Evidence From India.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .117: 4, pp.1415-451.
Besley, Timothy and John McLaren.1993. “Taxes and Bribery: The Role of Wage Incentives.” Economic Journal .103: 416, pp.119-41.
Bliss, Christopher and Rafael Di Tella.1997. “Does Competition Kill Corruption?” Journal of Political Economy .105:5, pp.1001-023.
Boycko, Maxim, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny.1995. Privatizing Russia .Cambridge Mass.:MIT Press.
Brunetti, Aymo and Beatrice Weder. 2003. “A Free Press is Bad News for Corruption.” Journal of Public Economics .87:7-8, pp.1801-824.
Choi, Jay P.and Marcel P. Thum. 1998. “The Economics of Repeated Extortion.”Columbia University Working Paper No.9899-03.
De Soto, Hernando.1989. The Other Path .New York: Harper and Row.
Demsetz, Harold.1967. “Towards a Theory of Property Rights.” American Economic Review .57:2, pp 61-70.
Di Tella, Rafael and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2003. “The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires.” Journal of Law and Economics .46:1, pp. 269-92.
Djankov, Simeon, Edward Glaeser, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer. 2003. “The New Comparative Economics.” Journalof Comparative Economics .31:4, pp.595-619.
Djankov, Simeon, Rafeal La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer. 2002. “The Regulation of Entry.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .117:1, pp.1-37.
Duggan, Mark and Steven D. Levitt. 2002. “Corruption in Sumo Wrestling.” American Economic Review .92:5, pp 1594-605.
Fisman, Raymond. 2001. “Estimating the Value of Political Connections.” American Economic Review .91:4, pp.1095-102.
Fisman, Raymond and Jakob Svensson.2001.“Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth?Firm Level Evidence.”Manuscript, IIES, Stockholm University.
Glaeser, Edward, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer. 2004. “Do Institutions Cause Growth?” Journal of Economic Growth .9:3, pp. 271-303.
Harstad, Bard and Jakob Svensson.2004.“Bribes, Lobbying and Development.”Mimeo, IIES, Stockholm University.
Hay, Jonathan and Andrei Shleifer.1998. “Private Enforcement of Public Laws: a Theory of Legal Reform.”American Economic Review.88: 2, pp.398-403.
Hirschman, Albert O.1970. Exit , Voice , and Loyalty : Responses to Decline in Firms , Organizations , and States .Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
Hoxby, Caroline. 2003. “School Choice and School Productivity: Could School Choice be a Tide that Lifts All Boats?”in The Economics of School Choice .Caroline Hoxby, ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 287-342.
Huntington, Samuel P.1968. Political Order in Changing Societies .New Haven: Yale University Press.
Jacob, Brian and Steven D. Levitt. 2003. “Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .118: 3, pp.843-77.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi.2003.“Governance Matters III:Governance Indicators for 1996-2002.”World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.3106, Washington, D. C.
Khwaja, Asim I.and Atif Mian.2004.“Do Lenders Favor Politically Connected Firms?Rent Provision in an Emerging Financial Market.”Manuscript, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Kinzer, Stephen.1999. “The Turkish Quake's Secret Accomplice: Corruption.” New York Times .August 29, sec.4, p.3.
Klitgaard, Robert.1988. Controlling Corruption .Berkeley, Calif.:University of California Press.
Knack, Stephen and Philip Keefer.1995. “Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures.” Economics and Politics .7: 3, pp. 207-27.
La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny.1998. “Law and Finance.” Journal of Political Economy .106, pp.1113-155.
La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny.1999. “The Quality of Government.” Journal of Law , Economics and Organization .15:1, pp. 222-79.
Ladd, Helen. 2002. “School Vouchers: A Critical View.” Journal of Economic Perspectives .16: 4, pp.3-24.
Landes, David.1998. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations .New York, N. Y.:W. W. Norton.
Leff, Nathanial H.1964. “Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption.” American Behavioral Scientist .82:2, pp.337-41.
Lindbeck, Assar.1975. Swedish Economic Policy .London: MacMillan Press.
Lipset, Seymour M.1960. Political Man : The Social Basis of Modern Politics .New York: Doubleday.
Lui, Francis T.1985. “An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery.” Journal of Political Economy .93:4, pp.760-81.
Mauro, Paolo.1995. “Corruption and Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .110, pp.681-712.
McAfee, R. Preston.1992. “Bidding Rings.” American Economic Review .82:3, pp.681-711.
McMillan, John and Pablo Zoido. 2004. “How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru.” Journal of Economic Perspectives .18: 4, pp.69-92.
Mookherjee.Dilip and I. P. L. Png.1995. “Corruptible Law Enforcers: How Should They Be Compensated?” Economic Journal .105, pp.145-59.
Murphy, Kevin, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny.1991. “The Allocation of Talent: Implications for Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .106, pp.503-30.
Murphy, Kevin, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny.1993. “Why is Rent-seeking so Costly to Growth?” American Economic Review .83:2, pp.409-14.
Myrdal, Gunnar.1968. Asian Drama .New York: Random House.
Neal, Derek. 2002. “How Vouchers Could Change the Market for Education.” Journal of Economic Perspectives .16:4, pp. 24-44.
North, Douglass C.and Robert P. Thomas.1973. The Rise of the Western World : A New Economic History .Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
Olken, Benjamin.2003.“Corruption and the Costs of Redistribution: Micro Evidence from Indonesia.”Manuscript, Harvard University.
Olken, Benjamin.2004.“Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.”Manuscript, Harvard University.
Pearce, Justin.2002.“IMF: Angola's ’missing millions.’” BBC News , October 18;Available at<http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2338669.stm>.
Persson, Torsten and Guido Tabellini. 2004. “Constitutions and Economic Policy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives .18:1, pp.75-98.
Porter, Robert H.and J. Douglas Zona.1993. “Detection of Bid Rigging in Procurement Auctions.” Journal of Political Economy .101:3, pp.518-38.
“Public Inquiry into Kenya Gold Scam.”2003. BBC News , March 14;Available at<http: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2851519.stm>.
Rauch, James and Peter Evans. 2000. “Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less Developed Countries.” Journal of Public Economics .75:1, pp.49-71.
Reinikka, Ritva and Jakob Svensson. 2004a. “Local Capture: Evidence from a Central Government Transfer Program in Uganda.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .119: 2, pp.679-705.
Reinikka, Ritva and Jakob Svensson.2004b.“The Power of Information: Evidence from a Newspaper Campaign to Reduce Capture.”Manuscript, IIES, Stockholm University.
Reinikka, Ritva and Jakob Svensson.2005.“Fighting Corruption to Improve Schooling: Evidence from a Newspaper Campaign in Uganda.” Journal of European Economic Association .Forthcoming.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan.1978. Corruption : A Study in Political Economy .New York: Academic Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan.1999. Corruption and Government : Causes , Consequences , and Strategies for Reform .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 2004. “Governance and Corruption, ” in Global Crises , Global Solutions . B. Lomborg, ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, chapter 6.
Sachs, Jeffrey D.and Andrew M. Warner.1995. “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity .1, pp.1-118.
Shleifer, Andrei and Robert Vishny.1993. “Corruption.” Quarterly Journal of Economics .108:3, pp.599-617.
Svensson, Jakob. 2003. “Who Must Pay Bribes and How Much?” Quarterly Journal of Economics .118:1, pp. 207-30.
Transparency International. 2004. Global Corruption Report 2004.London: Pluto Press.
Treisman, Daniel. 2000. “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study.” Journal of Public Economics .76: 3, pp.399-457.
UNDP.1997.“Corruption and Good Governance.”Discussion Paper No.3, Management Development and Governance Division.
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline and Beatrice Weder. 2001. “Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption, and by How Much?” Journal of Development Economics .65: 2, pp.307-31.
Wade, Robert.1982. “The System of Administrative and Political Corruption: Canal Irrigation in South India.” Journal of Development Studies .18: 3, pp. 287-328.
Yang, Dean.2005.“Integrity for Hire: An Analysis of a Widespread Program for Combating Customs Corruption.”Manuscript, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.