对于定语从句,我们一定要掌握先行词(antecedent)和关系词(relative)这两个重要概念,因为定语从句的核心内容就是围绕着它们展开的。
1 先行词:
被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。比如在下面这句中,a friend就是先行词:
I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.( 我真想找到一位我能够完全信任的朋友。 )
2 关系词:
指连接主句和从句并且回指先行词,然后在定语从句中充当一定成分的连词。比如上句中的who即为关系词:
I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
从这个定义中我们看到,关系词有下面三个作用:
1)成分作用:
关系词都是要在其后边的定语从句中作相应的句子成分的。比如上句中关系词who作定语从句中谓语trust的宾语:
实际上,原本的两个简单句是:
a. I'd really like to find a friend.
b. I can trust him completely.
由此可见,关系词的这一作用反映在前面所说的“六字真言”的“指代”中,即用关系词指代了简单句中的某个成分。
2)指代作用:
关系词都会指代相应的先行词。比如上句中关系词who指代先行词friend:
实际上,who替换了上面b句中的him:
a. I'd really like to find a friend.
b1. I can trust who completely.
由此可见,关系词的这一作用反映在前面所说的“六字真言”的“替换”中,即用关系词替换了简单句中的某个成分。
3)连接作用:
关系词起着连接主句和从句的作用。比如上句中,关系词who起着连接主句I'd really like to find a friend和从句I can trust completely的作用:
I'd really like to find a friend ← who → I can trust completely.
实际上,如上面b1句所示,who原本在trust的后边,然后移位到定语从句开头的:
由此可见,关系词的这一作用反映在前面所说的“六字真言”的“移位”中。
3 关系词的分类:
一般来说,关系词可以分为 关系代词 (relative pronoun)和 关系副词 (relative adverb)。具体列表如下:
以上是传统语法对关系词的分类。不过,值得注意的是,由于whose需要接名词,不能单独使用,因此,实际上它是一个 关系限定词 (relative determiner)。另外,which一般单独使用,此时是关系代词,但在某些特定的情况下 [详见3.2.2小节] ,它也可以接名词,此时它是关系限定词。换句话说,关系限定词有whose和which这两个,其中,whose必须作为关系限定词,而which可以作为关系限定词。据此,我把关系词分为三类:关系代词、关系限定词和关系副词。现在通过把which拆分为两类,然后把其中一类与whose一起归为关系限定词,因此把上面的表格作如下细化:
《新牛津英汉双解大词典》中对关系词的定义是:
Relative: denoting a pronoun, determiner, or adverb that refers to an expressed or implied antecedent and attaches a subordinate clause to it.
我们看到,这个定义提到了三类关系词:pronoun即关系代词、determiner即关系限定词以及adverb即关系副词。这个定义也提到了关系词的指代作用:即指代明确给出的或暗含的先行词(refers to an expressed or implied antecedent)。还提到了关系词的连接作用:即把从句与先行词结合(attaches a subordinate clause to it)。不过,在这个定义中,没有强调关系词作句子成分。实际上,这点是非常重要的。
我们接下来的各节内容都是围绕关系词和先行词展开的,分别对关系词和先行词进行结构分析和语义分析。内容包括关系词在定语从句中的原本位置,关系词的语义指代关系,先行词与定语从句的位置关系,先行词与定语从句之间的逻辑语义关系(即限制性与非限制性定语从句)。具体内容在下面各节即将展开。
A: Do you have a date for the party yet?
B: Actually, I don't. Do you think you could help me find one?
A: Hmm. What kind of guys do you like?
B: Oh, I like guys who aren't too serious and who have a good sense of humor. You know, ... like you.
A: OK. What else?
B: Well, I'd prefer someone who I have something in common with—who I can talk to easily.
A: I think I know just the guy for you. Bob Branson. Do you know him?
B: No, I don't think so.
A: Let me arrange for you to meet him, and you can tell me what you think.
Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.