首先,出现在动词宾语位置的关系代词主要有who,whom,which和that,并且可以省去这些关系代词。请看例句:
a. I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
b. I'd really like to find a friend whom I can trust completely.
c. I'd really like to find a friend that I can trust completely.
( 我很想交一个我能够完全信任的朋友。 )
这里who,whom和that都是在定语从句中作动词trust的宾语,指代人:a friend。另外, 当关系代词在定语从句中充当(动词或介词的)宾语时,可以省去。 因此,我们可以省去上面句子中的who,whom及that,说成:
d. I'd really like to find a friend @ I can trust completely.
我在这里用大家熟悉的符号“@”表示关系代词被省去了,并把@放在被省去的关系代词的位置上。
我们再来看先行词是物的例句:
a. I can dance to music which I love.
b. I can dance to music that I love.
c. I can dance to music @ I love.
( 我能够跟着我喜欢的音乐跳舞。 )
这里that和which都是在定语从句中作动词love的宾语,指代物:music。同样,可以省去that和which,说成c句。
初学者需要注意下面的问题:
1 不要再保留定语从句中的宾语代词:
当关系代词作宾语时,初学者容易犯的错误是在定语从句中重复使用人称代词,比如:
a. I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust him completely.*
因为这里已经有了who在从句中作trust的宾语,所以不能重复使用代词him了。同样道理,下面b、c句也是错的:
b. I'd really like to find a friend whom I can trust him completely.*
c. I'd really like to find a friend that I can trust him completely.*
即使在关系代词省去的情况下,也不能添加him:
d. I'd really like to find a friend @ I can trust him completely.*
a. I can dance to music which I love it. *
因为这里已经有了which在从句中作love的宾语,所以不能重复使用代词it了。同样道理,下面b句也是错的:
b. I can dance to music that I love it. *
即使在关系代词省去的情况下,也不能添加it:
c. I can dance to music @ I love it. *
上面这样的错误句子都是英语语法不能接受的,读者一定要注意避免,不要再保留定语从句中的宾语代词。
2 存在动词与宾语分离:
由于此时定语从句中的动词后边缺少宾语,而这个宾语实际上就是关系词所指代的先行词。由于这个先行词与从句动词可能被分隔很远,因而可能导致找不到宾语,最终就会影响对句子的理解和翻译。比如 《英语语法新思维——句子成分超精解》 第2.3小节中讨论过的这组例句:
a. This is the book that I bought yesterday.
b. In the United States there are other customs in addition to a disregard of titles that visitors accustomed to considerable attention and service at home may find insulting at first.
在a句的定语从句中,bought的宾语是主句中的先行词the book。定语从句改为简单句就是I bought the book yesterday,由此可见bought与the book之间的动宾关系。
相比之下,b句的定语从句的谓语find的宾语就难以找到。这个宾语是other customs:
In the United States there are other customs in addition to a disregard of titles that visitors accustomed to considerable attention and service at home may find insulting at first.
所以,将定语从句改为简单句就是visitors...find other customs insulting,其中insulting是宾语补足语,由此可见,find后边接了宾语和宾语补足语。整个句子的意思是 “除了不注重使用头衔外,美国还存在其他一些风俗习惯,会令初访美国的客人产生屈辱之感,因为这些来访者长久以来习惯了在国内备受重视,并享有周到的服务”。
3 宾语关系代词省略:
理论上来说,充当宾语的关系代词都可以省去。但是,我们看到,上面b句中的关系代词that(...titles that visitors...)并没有省去。这背后是有原因的。具体来说,在实际应用中,遇到下列情况时,作宾语的关系代词倾向于不省去:
a. 定语从句的主语是一个很长的名词短语
比如上面b句中,定语从句的主语是visitors accustomed to considerable attention and service at home这个复杂的名词短语。
b. 先行词与定语从句被其他成分隔开
比如上面b句中,先行词other customs与that引导的定语从句之间有in addition to a disregard of titles这个介词短语。
由此可见,上面b句同时符合这两个原因,所以,自然不会省去关系词that。这背后其实又是因为,对于这种复杂的定语从句,如果省去关系词,那么就更加不利于读者断句,从而给读者理解句子意思造成了困难。有了关系词的存在,极大地有助于我们断句和理解句子的逻辑结构,使得句子语义关系明晰。也就是说,不省关系代词与 句意明晰原则 有关。
动词宾语关系代词(verb-object relatives)