我们先来看下面这个简单句:
例 001
a. We suddenly can't remember the place of the keys, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band. ( 我们突然就想不起钥匙的位置,或者某个老熟人的名字,或者某个老乐队的名字。 )
这个句子谈论的是人到中年,记忆力会减退,很多东西突然就记不住了。我们来分析该句的宾语结构。显然,充当remember宾语的是三个名词短语:the place of the keys、an old acquaintance's name和the name of an old band。列表如下:
我们可以把a句拆分成下面这样的三个小句子:
a1. We suddenly can't remember the place of the keys.
a2. We suddenly can't remember an old acquaintance's name.
a3. We suddenly can't remember t he name of an old band.
下面我们可以把充当宾语的名词短语换成句子,分别如下:
a1. We suddenly can't remember the place of the keys.
b1. We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
在b1句中,充当remember宾语的是where we put the keys just a moment ago这个句子。为什么说它是一个句子?因为其中主语是we,谓语动词是put,宾语是the keys。由此可见,这部分有自己的主谓结构,所以,它是一个句子,属于五种基本句型中的“主谓宾”句型。此外,短语just a moment ago充当时间状语,修饰动词put,表明put(放置)的时间,而where是一个 连接副词 ,充当地点状语,修饰put,表明put(放置)的地点。
另一方面,由于该句子从属于We suddenly can't remember这个句子,所以被称为 从句 。又因为是该从句取代了a1中的名词短语the place of the keys,充当了宾语,故称为 宾语从句 。相应地,该宾语从句前面的We suddenly can't remember被称为 主句 。
由此可见, 所谓宾语从句,就是用一个句子(即从句)充当另外一个句子(即主句)的宾语成分。 类似例子比如:
a2. We suddenly can't remember an old acquaintance's name.
b2. We suddenly can't remember what an old acquaintance's name is.
类似上面b1句的分析思路,在b2句中,充当remember宾语的是what an old acquaintance's name is这个宾语从句。其主语是an old acquaintance's name,谓语动词是is,what充当表语。所以,该宾语从句属于“主系表”句型。再比如:
a3. We suddenly can't remember the name of an old band.
b3. We suddenly can't remember what the name of an old band is.
同理,在b3句中,充当remember宾语的是what the name of an old band is这个宾语从句。其主语是the name of an old band,谓语动词是is,what充当表语。所以,该宾语从句也属于“主系表”句型。
现在把b1、b2和b3句合并成下面的b句:
b. We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago, or what an old acquaintance's name is , or what the name of an old band is. ( 我们突然就想不起刚才把钥匙放在哪儿了,或者想不起某个老熟人的名字是什么,或者想不起某个老乐队的名字。 )
比较上面a、b两句的宾语,列表如下:
通过比较,我们发现:在a句中,充当remember宾语的是三个名词短语,而在b句中,充当remember宾语的是三个名词从句,具体来说是宾语从句。那么宾语从句与名词从句之间是何种关系呢?这就需要我们搞清楚何谓名词从句。
所谓名词从句,即把完 整句子 当作 名词 来使用,在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来讲,名词在句中主要充当四种成分:主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同样,我们可以把一个完整的句子当作名词来使用,也在另一个句子中充当这四种成分,于是便有了我们常说的四种名词从句: 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
换句话说,因为充当主语、宾语、表语以及同位语的往往是名词或名词短语,所以,能够充当这四种成分的句子也就具有了名词性特征,在句法功能上相当于一个名词。因此,我们把这样的四种从句统称为名词从句。
由此可见,名词从句是一个统称概念,是具有名词句法功能的上述四种从句的统称。因此,名词从句不是具体指某一种从句,这就与本系列中的《英语语法新思维——定语从句超精解》所讨论的定语从句有很大的不同,下文详述。
我们先看下面这个例句:
c. We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. ( 我们突然就想不起刚才把钥匙放在哪儿了,或者想不起某个老熟人的名字,或者想不起自己过去喜欢的某个老乐队的名字。 )
比较上面a、b、c这三句的宾语,列表如下:
通过比较分析,我们发现:
在a句中,充当remember宾语的是三个名词短语,都不带有复杂的后置定语。我们姑且把这样的名词短语称为 简单的名词短语。
在b句中,充当remember宾语的是三个名词从句,具体来说是宾语从句。
在c句中,充当remember宾语的是三个不同的结构:where we put the keys just a moment ago是宾语从句,an old acquaintance's name是简单的名词短语,the name of an old band we used to love本质上也是一个名词短语,但是该名词短语带了(that) we used to love这个定语从句,我们姑且把这样的名词短语称为 复杂的名词短语。
通过上面对c句的分析,我们能够看出名词从句与定语从句的本质差异:
1 不同的概念范畴:
稍加思考之后,我们就会发现,名词从句与定语从句这两个术语采用了不同范畴的概念分类。 “名词”是词性概念 (part of speech),与之相对应的概念是形容词、副词等,而 “定语”是句子成分概念 (constituent),与之相对应的是主语、宾语等。
如果从词性概念角度来看,我们可以把定语从句称为形容词从句,因为形容词最典型的用法就是作定语,因此,充当定语的从句在句法功能上相当于一个形容词。
2 不同的语言单位等级:
从短语、句子、段落等这样的语言单位角度来看,定语从句修饰名词,是名词短语的组成成分,请比较:
a3. We suddenly can't remember the name of an old band.
a4. We suddenly can't remember the name of an old band we used to love.
我们看到,在a4句中,定语从句we used to love是直接在名词短语the name of an old band后边添加的一个修饰语,二者合起来构成一个更大的名词短语the name of an old band we used to love。由此可见,定语从句帮助构成一个更大的名词短语,即 定语从句属于“短语”这一级别的成分。
名词从句是用句子来充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语这些名词性的成分。所以, 名词从句属于“句子”这一级别的成分 (不过,本系列中的《英语语法新思维——句子成分超精解》讲到,同位语也可以看作名词短语的组成成分,但为了表述方便,就不单独剔除同位语从句了)。请比较:
a1. We suddenly can't remember the place of the keys .
b1. We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
我们看到,在b1句中,把一个完整的句子where we put the keys just a moment ago当作一个名词来使用,直接充当主句的句子成分,这里其角色是宾语。
因此,二者级别档次不同,名词从句的级别高于定语从句的级别,前者构成句子的基本成分(如主语或宾语等),属于 句子成分 ,后者不直接参与构成句子成分,而是名词的一个修饰语,属于 修饰成分 ,是帮助构成名词短语的 短语成分 ,即带有定语从句的名词短语然后充当句子的基本成分(如主语或宾语等)。比如上面c句中,an old acquaintance's name与the name of an old band we used to love 本质上都是名词短语,也都是充当remember的宾语,它们都属于 名词短语充当宾语 。而remember的另一个宾语where we put the keys just a moment ago则不是名词短语,而是句子,是属于 句子充当宾语 ,故称宾语从句,是名词从句的一种。
上面我们讨论了名词从句与定语从句的本质差异。但二者之间也有某种联系,比如在定语从句中,当先行词是主句,用which来指代,此时的主句类似主语从句或宾语从句。请比较:
例002
a. The weather was hot, which we had not expected.
b. We had not expected that the weather would be hot.
在a句中,which we had not expected是一个定语从句,其中which指代主句the weather was hot,在定语从句中充当expected的宾语。相应地,在b句中,the weather was hot成了宾语从句,而we had not expected成了主句。
例003
a. The weather was hot, which had not been expected.
b. That the weather was hot had not been expected.
在a句中,which had not been expected是一个定语从句,其中which指代主句the weather was hot,在定语从句中充当主语。相应地,在b句中,the weather was hot成了主语从句,而had not been expected成了主句的谓语部分。
思维训练1.1
找出下面短文中的名词从句与定语从句,并将文章译成中文:
As we hit middle age, we often start to notice that out memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love.
Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions. Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to excel in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. However, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.