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第二节
句序优先定位与正反表述变革

这一节中,我们主要是对英译汉的句子翻译进行一定的训练,对英汉翻译过程中,我们还需要对经常使用的策略进行梳理,力求能够对学生的翻译实践有所帮助。每种翻译策略的详细讲解之后,我们还都或多或少地准备了一些相应的句子。备考的学生在阅读完本节内容后,应适当地进行一些翻译练习,以便巩固成果。

1.句子主干的优先定位

在进行句子层面的翻译时,首先要考虑到英汉两种语言在句子层面的差异性。关于这一点,林培汀(1997)曾有过这样的分析:“根据研究,伊丽莎白时代(The Elizabethan Age, 1558—1603)文人所写的英文句子,每句动辄四十余词;到了维多利亚时代(The Victorian Age, 1837—1901)较短,平均每句也有29个词;而一切讲求轻薄短小的时代,则已减为十几二十个词一句了,可见英文造句有越来越短的趋势。句子一短,句中的连接词和关系代词就大量减少,文意也就易解多了。即使如此,如果照英文的句法直译为中文,仍嫌句子冗长拗口。因为中英文句法结构本质不同,中文简洁,而英文复杂;中文一字一义,一词一义,在表达含义复杂的句子时,常分成数个短句,逐次展开,因此词句通常简练;英文长句在译成中文时,必须把握的原则就是掌握全句中心意旨,再根据中文的实践与逻辑顺序重新组合、适当断句,使之成为通顺可读的句子。”

从这一段文字中,我们至少可以读解出这样三点意思:一是从历时的角度而言,英语的句子正在变得愈来愈短,愈来愈清晰;二是虽然英语句子有朝向短小变化的趋势,但从整体而言,仍然要比汉语长;三是在将英语翻译成汉语时,要首先把握句子中心意思,然后再重新组句。第一层意思对于我们专八的翻译考试并没有太大的实际指导意义,但第二点和第三点则对我们有较大的启发。第二点提醒我们在英译汉时,要注意将句子进行切割,不能英语原文是个长句,汉语又是个长句。第三点提醒我们在翻译中要首先把握住句子的主干,然后再处理一些细枝末节的问题。

Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man.

参考译文:科学探索,即对知识的追求,使人类获得了避免天灾人祸的实力。

Harcourt had just bought the book, and had reached into his pocket for the money with a free ready gesture to make it appear that he has been accustomed to buying books for young ladies.

参考译文:哈科特刚选好书,就用潇洒自如的姿态,把手伸进口袋去掏钱,俨然是一位为妙龄女郎买书的老手。

Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American literary history and is seen as one of the artistic leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, the period when a neighborhood that was predominantly black produced a flood of great literature, music, and other art forms depicting daily city life for African-Americans.

参考译文:休斯是美国文学史上最成功的作家之一。在哈莱姆文艺复兴时期,从黑人占优势的地区中涌现出数量众多的文学作品、音乐作品和其他的艺术形式,描写了非洲裔美国人的日常城市生活。休斯被看做这个复兴时期的艺术带头人之一。

The specification of Patent No. 1,012,052 describes and claims a body of polycrystalline dielectric ceramic material having a lead zirconate—lead titanate—lead stannate composition falling within the area A B C E F of the triaxial diagram 1d of the drawings accompanying this specification and containing at least one substitutional additive ingredient selected from the group consisting of elements having respective ionic radii sufficiently close to the ionic radius of one of the elements lead, tin, titanium, zirconium and oxygen to permit of substitution, and a valence state differing from that of said one element by less than three units, the aggregate quantity of additive ingredient amounting to from 0.1 to 5 percent of the replaced ion on an atom basis, each additive ingredient present in said material being in ionic form and substituting for a finite percentage of the ions of a particular one of the elements lead, tin, titanium, zirconium and oxygen with respect to which it conforms with regard to ionic radius and valence state, said additive ingredient replacing a quantity of said elements having in the aggregate an equal number of valence units.

参考译文:第1012052号专利说明书介绍一种含有锆酸铅、钛酸铅、锡酸铅的多晶陶瓷介质材料,其组成在说明书附图ld三元相图中处于ABCEF区域内,该组成至少还含有一种置换添加物,这种添加物从一组离子半径分别接近于铅、锡、钛、锆、氧的元素中选出,以利于互相置换,而与上述一种元素化合价之差应小于三价。该添加物的总量为被置换离子的0.1%~5%克原子。上述材料中的每种添加物是以离子形式存在的,它以一定的百分数置换铅、锡、钛、锆、氧中某一元素的离子。添加物在离子半径和价数上必须类似于上述任一元素,并且置换添加物的量与被置换的元素在总体上具有相等的化合价数。

因循着同样的思路,我们来解析一下最新的2012年专八英译汉部分的翻译内容:

In some cases, intelligent people implementing intelligent policies are responsible for producing a “boomerang effect”; they actually create more of whatever it is they seek to reduce in the first place.

The boomerang effect has been achieved many times in recent years by men and women of goodwill. State legislatures around the nation have recently raised the drinking age back to 21 in an effort to reduce the prevalence of violent deaths among our young people. But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会、酒吧等保安人员) (not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses) now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behaviour—or their drinking.

The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband (违禁品)

confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace.

boomerang: a curved flat piece of wood that can be thrown so as to return to the thrower 回飞镖

参考译文1:然而事与愿违,这些政策反而为引发更多的校园暴力创造了条件。此前,一些大学生在去酒吧和夜总会喝酒时,会受到保安人员的严密监控(更不用说那些生怕自己酒类经营执照被取缔的老板了)。但如今,这些大学生会退回到他们兄弟会大本营和公寓里。在这些安全的场所中,他们可以肆无忌惮、任意饮酒。

“回飞镖效应”在减少毒品供应的尝试中也有所体现。最近几年,联邦政府卓有成效地减少了街头毒品的供应。然而,随着毒品种植园的焚毁和违禁品被没收,街头毒品的价格一路飙升,进而导致廉价替代品因其价格优势在市场上开始走俏。不幸的是,这些便宜的替代品比被他们取代的毒品更加毒害身心。

参考译文2:然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会和酒吧买醉时,一直处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的执照也会对之严加监控)。现在,大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,再也不需要控制自己饮酒的数量或行为。

政府在打击非法毒品方面所采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地,没收了违禁品,导致毒品的价格暴涨,那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是,那些便宜的替换品带来的危害,甚至比被它们所替代的毒品更大。

分析:2012年英译汉部分整体难度不大,但对个别句子和单词的处理,则容易出现错误。例如,原文中的难点之一就是一个长句:Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers (not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses) now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behaviour—or their drinking.这句话之所以比较复杂,就在于里面有两个从句,一个是定语从句who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers,一个是定语从句where they no longer control their behaviour—or their drinking。考生在翻译这句话的时候,需要把这个长句拆成几个短句,这样才符合汉语的表达习惯。在这一点上,上面的两个参考译文在处理方式上都还比较恰当。同样的道理,考生在翻译下面这个长句As fields are burned and contraband (违禁品)confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace时,也不能像英语原文那样——整句话连着三行没有一个逗号,而必须在适当的地方用逗号将之断句。只有这样,译文的读者在阅读时,才能更加清晰地理解。否则的话,只会将各种意思杂糅到一起,让人难以理解。

上面以2012年英译汉的真题为例,说明在英译汉的时候,需要对原文的长句进行拆分。如果转换一下思维,反过来思考的话,则会马上想到,在进行汉译英时,需要把汉语的短句转换为英语的长句,例如:

这次到台湾访问交流,虽然行色匆匆,但是,看了不少地方,访了旧友,交了新知,大家走到一起,谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。(TEM8-1998)

参考译文:The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances. An important topic for discussing at our gatherings was the prosperity of the Chinese nation in the 21st century.

上面是1998年汉译英的真题,下面再来看一下2001年英译汉的一道真题:

Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.

We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. (TEM8-2001)

参考译文:努力是问题的关键。如果不经历艰难困苦,就没有幸福可言。正如爱尔兰诗人叶芝所言,除了极少数不大可能出现的情况外,我们一生中得到的满意程度取决于我们愿意克服的困难有多大。美国诗人罗伯特·弗罗斯特谈到“苦中求乐”时,也表达了相同的看法。出现在广告中的幸福都有一个致命的错误,那就是不费吹灰之力即可获得幸福。

即使在体育比赛中,我们也需要克服困难。我们需要克服困难,因为没有困难就没有比赛。比赛就是使某件事情变得更加困难,以便难中取乐。制定比赛规则就是故意制造困难。违反竞赛规则也就丧失了比赛乐趣。下棋时,如果不受规则的约束,高兴怎么走就怎么走,你很容易取胜。然而,乐趣源于胜利而又遵守规则。没有困难,也就没有快乐。

分析:这篇散文虽然表面上看来比较难,但如果读完最后一句话“No difficulty, no fun”,也就明白了全文的主旨,意思是“没有困难就没有快乐”,整个论述都是围绕这句话展开的。在明白了篇章的意思之后,就需要对其中的词句进行翻译。在具体的翻译过程中,首先要对句子的主干进行确定。例如,“It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules.”这句话的主干是“你很容易取胜”,然后附加了很多的条件,意思是在怎样的条件下才能取胜。翻译的时候,需要先把这个主干明确下来,然后再把相关条件罗列出来,所以翻译起来就是“下棋时,如果不受规则的约束,高兴怎么走就怎么走,你很容易取胜”。

2.句子顺序的随文调整

(1)顺译法

在翻译英语句子的时候,如果能够按照原文的顺序直接给翻译下来,那么就直接翻译,这种方法一般被称为顺译法,也就是顺着英语句子所表达的顺序逐一将之翻译为汉语。一般情况下,当句子是按照时间的顺序来描述一系列动作是如何一步一步展开的,或者复杂句里面有分句,而每个分句之间又是相对简单的并列关系时,完全可以直接采用顺译法。例如下面这样一个例句:

Sometimes an innocent person who is involved in an accident is crippled for life and the person who caused the accident might not have the money to pay him for years—but the insurance company does.

参考译文:有时候事故中的无辜受害者会终身残疾,而肇事者几年之内也无钱赔偿,但保险公司却赔得起。

分析:仔细阅读一下,发现这个句子其实并不是非常复杂,里面不过是含有两个并列的定语从句而已。就句子的意思而言,也不是很难,无非是说:首先,事故中的无辜受害者终身残废;其次,肇事者几年之内无钱赔偿;再次,在肇事者无力赔偿的情况下,保险公司有这个能力。考虑到这个复杂句里面是有两个并列的定语从句,而且句子中三个方面的内容和汉语表达顺序是非常一致的,因此我们可以采用顺译法将之直接翻译出来。

The end of the short-lived age of fossil fuels is already in sight; soon we will have consumed all the world’s resources of oil and coal.

参考译文:短暂的矿物燃料时代结束的日子已经在望;不久,我们就会耗尽世界上所有的石油和煤炭资源。

英语中的倒装句在翻译成汉语时,通常情况下也需要采用顺译法。倒装是英语中常用的一种句式,广大考生在备考的过程当中也会经常遇到。倒装一般可以被划分为两大类:首先是语法倒装,其次是修辞倒装。语法倒装主要是指将谓语提前,放置到主语之前;而修辞倒装是为了强调句子中的某一特定部分,而有意将之提前。为了凸显出倒装句原文的强调和修饰功能,在进行翻译的时候,译文最好也要将这种倒装形式体现出来。简单说来,如果原文是倒装句,译文最好也要将之翻译为倒装句。特别是,如果英语原文的倒装句为“表语+系动词be +主语”或“分词+助动词+主语”的句型结构时,译文更是要直接翻译为倒装句。

Even more interesting is the probability that life on other planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.

参考译文:更为有趣的是,其他行星上的生命可能已经处于更先进的进化阶段。

If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.

参考译文:你要是具有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣,而且还有能力参加一些活动,你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字,更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了。

分析:上面的两个例子都是采用了顺译法,没有把定语从句拆开来译,从而基本保留了原文的外形。当然,并不是所有的定语从句都可以采用顺译法,如果考生在准备专八的过程中打算使用顺译法,必须得确保一个基本的前提:表达通畅。

So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.

参考译文:今天,我们向地球周围的稀薄的大气层又排放了七千万吨温室气体,就像它是一个排气口似的。同样,随着如今堆积的温室气体吸纳越来越多的太阳热量,明天我们会排放更多的污染物。

Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.

参考译文:研究人员证实:人们在动脑筋时,头脑会产生很多的生物化学变化,使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动。

For these forms of pollution as for all the others, the destructive chain of cause and effect goes back to a prime cause: too many cars, too many factories, more and more trials left by supersonic jutes, inadequate methods for disinfecting sewers, too little water, too much carbon monoxide.

参考译文:这些形式的污染像所有其他形式的污染一样,起破坏性的因果关系链可归根于一个主要的原因:太多的汽车、工厂、越来越多的喷气式飞机留下的尾气、不足的污水消毒处理方法、太少的水源、太多的一氧化碳。

分析:英语原文各句的表达顺序、逻辑关系与汉语完全一致,因此可以采用顺译的方法,即按照原文的顺序翻译。

Fossil fuel emit another 5.2 billion metric tons of CO 2 into the air each year, while the burning of tropical forests emits roughly 1.8 billion metric tons of CO 2 —both contributing to a build-up of carbon dioxide that will soon trigger the greenhouse effect.

参考译文:另外,矿物燃料每年释放52亿公吨二氧化碳进入大气,同时热带森林的燃烧大约释放出18亿公吨二氧化碳——这两方面都对二氧化碳的集结产生作用,因而会很快引发温室效应。

分析:英语原文的结构、表达习惯与汉语一致,因此可以按原文的顺序翻译。

Although there is reason to hope that superconductivity may one day be found to exist in some materials at room temperature, for the moment it is a phenomenon of the utterly cold.

参考译文:虽然有理由指望有一天可以发现某些材料在室温下会具有超导性,但目前超导性还只是一种极不热门的现象。

(2)倒译法

英语句子有多种翻译方法,但要记住,能够采用顺译法的时候,就尽量采用顺译法。当然,顺译法只是英语句子翻译诸多方法中的一种。在很多情况下,英语句子的语序和汉语的语序差别很大,甚至可能会出现完全相反的情况。这时候如果再继续采用顺译法的话,可能就会显得非常生硬,不符合汉语的表达习惯。这就要求考生在平时的翻译训练以及最后的考场实战时,要认真体会英语原文的句型结构,看看英语原文究竟是从哪几个方面来展开的。以此为基础,再将这几个方面的逻辑顺序按照汉语的表达习惯进行一定的调整,争取使得译文能够尽可能地符合汉语的表达习惯。下面我们就来分析一下同一句话两个版本的译文:

Yet Indian IT companies are discovering as they develop local centers to serve global customers, market access in China may add up to nothing if the country’s graduate and post-graduate community of software professionals lacks proficiency in English.

参考译文1:然而,印度信息技术企业发现,在中国设立地区中心以期为全球客户提供服务时,进军中国市场的举动可能会毫无意义,要是中国软件专业的应届本科和研究生毕业生英语水平不高的话。

参考译文2:然而,在中国设立地区中心以期为全球客户务时,印度信息技术企业却发现,如果中国软件专业的本科生和研究生英语水平有限的话,这些企业进军中国市场的举措可能会一无所获。

分析:这句话至少从表面看来,还是比较复杂的。从整个句子而言,它包含一个状语从句,从句部分为as they develop local centers to serve global customers,剩下的部分为主句内容。而在主句内容中,又掺杂了一个宾语从句,discovering后面除as…customers以外的内容都是一个从句,担当discovering的宾语成分。同时,在宾语从句当中,又有一个表示条件的状语从句,即if the country’s graduate and post-graduate community of software professionals lacks proficiency in English。从这一系列的分析中,不难看出这句话还是相当复杂的,不过这句话的意思还是比较清晰的。上面有两个参考译文,参考译文1基本上是按照顺译法将原文表达出来,整个句子完全找不到重心,显得有些混乱。而参考译文2是将原文稍稍作了调整,将英语原文中两个状语从句成分给提前了,这样处理之后,意思就显得有条理了很多,而且层次很清晰。所以,还是参考译文2的翻译更胜一筹,这就提醒我们不能死守顺译法,将所有的句子都一成不变地给顺译下去,而是要根据具体问题具体分析的原则,根据每一个句子的实际情况随时加以调整。

当然,有些比较简单的句子既可以按照顺译法翻译,也可以随文调整。在这种情况下,最好将两种方法都尝试一下,然后看看哪种表达方式更符合中国读者的阅读习惯。例如:

The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible, about one in four.

参考译文1:没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信,约为1/4。

参考译文2:大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。

分析:上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子,参考译文1按照原文的句子结构进行的死译,译文极为不通顺,完全不符合汉语的表达习惯。而参考译文2的翻译则不存在这种问题,译文比较符合汉语的表达方式。再例如《新概念英语3》中有这样一个句子:

Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

参考译文1:为了享有白领工人的优势,许多人常常愿意放弃高薪收入,在西方这是人之常情。

参考译文2:这在西方倒是人之常情,许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位。

分析:这句话比较长,也是一个复杂句,句内有一个同位语从句的成分。根据汉语的表达习惯,一般是目的在前,动作在后,也就是常说的“为了……,做了……”,所以这句话最好把表示目的的“为了享有白领工人的优势”放置到前面,然后将为这个目的而展开的动作“许多人常常愿意放弃高薪收入”置后。就整个句子而言,根据汉语的平时表达习惯,最好把“在西方这是人之常情”放置到全句的最后。如果把“在西方这是人之常情”放置到整个句首的话,读者完全不清楚这里面的“这”究竟是指代什么内容,而如果放置到句末的话,读者会很清楚指的就是上文说的内容。

下面再来看一个例子:

How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn’t know what the students are thinking and demanding?

参考译文:一个人如果不知道他的学生在想什么,需要什么,又怎么能指望自己会成为一个合格的教师呢?

分析:句内有一个非限定性定语从句,从句里面表示的是并非一般定语从句的限定说明成分,而是说明只有在某一特定条件下才能产生主句所意图达到的结果。这个时候最好将表示条件的从句部分置前,而将表示目的的内容置后。

By January 16, just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition, the German forces were back to line from which they had set out.

参考译文:到1月16日,德军又回到了他们当初出击的战线,这恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、弹药储备孤注一掷、发动进攻的一个月之后。

上面的例子是将英语原文中句首的内容移植到汉语的句末,当然有时候也存在这样的现象,那就是将英语句末的内容移植到汉语的句首。下面,我们就来分析一个这方面的例子。当然,需要说明的是,至于什么时候该移到句首,什么时候又该移到句末,并没有固定的法则可言,一切都要根据汉语的表达习惯。

Malaysia’s Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities wants to include the mandatory sale of biodiesel in a proposed biofuel bill expected to be submitted for cabinet approval this month, a ministry official told the Financial Times.

参考译文1:马来西亚种植产业与商品部的一名官员向《金融时报》透露,该部希望将生物柴油的强制销售纳入到拟议的生物燃料法案。该法案预计将在本月提交内阁审批。

参考译文2:马来西亚种植产业与商品部希望将生物柴油的强制销售纳入将在本月提交内阁审批的拟议的生物燃料法案,这个部门的一名官员这样告诉《金融时报》。

分析:这句话的翻译最好将本来是在英语原文句末的“马来西亚种植产业与商品部的一名官员向《金融时报》透露”提前到句首,因为后面的部分都是这位官员透露的内容,所以提前至句首后更符合汉语的表达习惯。同时,汉语的句子一般不要太长、太复杂。如果很长、很复杂的话,则可以将里面的限定成分给独立出来。例如,可以将本句中“将在本月提交内阁审批的拟议的生物燃料法案”单独成句,变成“该法案预计将在本月提交内阁审批”,这样处理之后会更加清晰一些。

Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

参考译文:虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的形式,但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

参考译文:此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上其他任何这样的场合下的都要多。

I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.

参考译文:我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。

Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.

参考译文:必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事,而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者就应迅速做出决策。

There is an equilibrium between the liquid and its vapor, as many molecules being lost from the surface of the liquid and then existing as vapor, as reenter the liquid in a given time.

参考译文:在一定时间内,许多分子从液体表面逸出,成为蒸汽。又有同样多的分子重新进入液体。因此在液体和蒸汽之间存在平衡。

分析:根据汉语表达习惯,“因”在前,“果”在后,因而需要采用倒译的方法来处理此句。

Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected, there is a “high-temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly 30 miles above the ground.

参考译文:大气中有一个“高温带”,其中心在距地面约30英里高的地方。对此人们早就怀疑,而利用火箭加以研究,这一奇异的事实已得到证明。

On account of the fact that there is always a resistance due to friction whenever one part of a machine moves over another, some work must be done in moving the parts of the machine itself.

参考译文:机器的某个部件在另一个部件上面移动,总会有摩擦而产生阻力,由于这种情况,机器本身的部件运动时就要做一些功。

我们认为适当地照顾原文语言的特性,同时又尽可能译成纯正的中文,这不仅是可能的,而且是必要的。

参考译文:We consider it not only possible but necessary to pay due regard to the language peculiarities of the original work and at the same time make the version in the purest possible Chinese.

(3)拆译法

谈到拆译法其实并不神秘。所谓“拆译”,就是指“化整为零”,也即将原本一个比较复杂的长句拆分成几个部分,以使得整个句子脉络更加清晰。拆分的节点往往是出现在这样一些标志性词汇的地方,如关系副词、关系代词、并列连词、转折连词等等。碰到这样的标志性词汇,译者可以直接将这些词汇的前后两个部分拆分开来,然后再逐一顺译。这样翻译出来的句子多是短句,层次感强,理解起来比较简单。下面我们就以个案来说明如何使用拆译法:

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

参考译文:行为主义者认为,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力,那么这个儿童的智力水平将会发展得更高。

分析:这个句子里面套好几层从句,主句非常简单,就是Behaviorists suggest that…,suggest后面的都是宾语从句的内容。而宾语从句的主句是the child…will experience greater intellectual development,剩下的成分都是由who、where和which引导的限定成分。在翻译的时候,只要将这些限定成分独立成句,也就是拆分各个句子,然后再加以稍稍调整,使得各个句子之间的关系更加明晰,基本上也就可以写成一个较好的译文了。参考译文中给出的译文基本上就是这样去操作的。

Even his critics say the Ames test—his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer—is a remarkable achievement.

参考译文:甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就。这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简便、廉价的操作方法,有助于检测出一种物质是否会引起癌症。

分析:这句话运用的也是拆译法,把英语原文中的定语从句拆分出来,处理为谓语结构,这样就使得整个译文读起来很通顺,也比较有层次感。

For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.

参考译文:譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地待在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

分析:上面的英语句子虽然较长,但句子结构相对比较简单,句子主干为it is more…to do sth. than to do sth. else。这显然是一个比较结构,比较的内容是两个不定式,分别为to sit comfortably at home和to go out in search of amusement elsewhere。 所以整体理解起来并不很难,翻译时自然也没有太大问题。

One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.

参考译文:一位老师这样写道:如果我们能从学生作文中找出一两处比上次做得更好的地方,并提出表扬性评语,而不是用红墨水把学生的作文批改得一塌糊涂,我们就能从中得到更富有建设性的结果。

Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake, and that is “as far as possible do no harm”.

参考译文:我们的职业传统上恪守一个信条,那就是“尽可能地不造成伤害”,这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。

The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.

参考译文:在一次记者招待会上,问题集中于昨天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此大的失败。这种情况最终使共和党在众议院中失去了长期享有的优势。

Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or, more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, has been chosen, and ever emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.

参考译文:人造材料统称为合成材料,许多人造材料正在替代某些天然材料,这或者是由于天然产品的质量不能满足日益增长的需要,或者往往是人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此合成材料在应用的领域中将具有极大的用途。

The issue of The New York Times which hailed the Second International as the authority in which it would adhere and the Third International as a scandal and a betrayal which it would reject used one hundred and fifty-three separate words, phrases, and construction which are listed in the Third International but not in the Second and Third International but not in the Second and nineteen others which are condemned in the Second.

参考译文:有一期《纽约时报》,一面高呼《韦氏新国际英语词典(第二版)》是权威性词典,它坚决照办,一面大叫《韦氏新国际英语词典(第三版)》是耻辱和背叛,要弃之如敝屣。可是,就在该期报纸上有153个单独的词、词组和句法结构是第二版中没有的,但是,在第三版中均有记载,还有19种用法是在第二版里受谴责的。

另外,在把英语翻译成汉语时,经常会遇到的一个困难是英语的语句较长,翻译起来比较难以处理。如果出现了这样的问题,考生可以记住两条规则:第一条是如果英语原句中的定语从句、宾语从句过长,一般可将其置后,单独成句,下面的几个例句都是如此。

We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency—a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here.

参考译文:我们人类正在面临一场全球性的危机——人类文明的延续正在受到威胁。尽管我们聚在此处共商对策,但这种威胁却在变得越来越可怕、越来越有破坏性。

However, despite a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threat.

参考译文:但是,除了少数的杰出人士之外,时下世界上许多国家领导人的表现可以用当年温斯顿·丘吉尔的话来形容。丘吉尔的这些话,当年是用来批评那些忽视阿道夫·希特勒的欧洲诸政要的。

Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.

参考译文:尽管如此,“9·11”事件、禽流感及伊朗问题提醒我们,更小更快的世界并不必然意味着它就会更安全。

Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.

参考译文:在20世纪以前,小说中的妇女形象都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为具有个性的人;她们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。

I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

参考译文:我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻名世界的。

第二条规则是含有让步、条件、假设、虚拟等成分的句子,如果这些成分较长,一般将其置前,单独成句。例如:

But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst—though not all—of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.

参考译文:但也有充满希望的消息:如果我们勇敢、果断、迅速地行动,我们有能力化解这场危机,避免出现最坏的后果——虽然这不能完全避免。

In his classic novel, The Pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a bustling metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. He’s astonished she can’t see them. “Where! Why?Everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”(TEM8-2003)

参考译文:詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀在其经典小说《拓荒者》中,讲述了主人公,一个土地开发商,带着他的表妹参观他正在开发承建的一座城市。他说,这是一个熙熙攘攘的大都市,街道宽阔,房屋林立。而他的表妹却环顾四周,大惑不解。她所看见的只是一片树林。她不禁问道:“你要给我看的美景在哪儿,被你改造了的地方又在哪儿?”开发商没料到他的表妹竟看不到他所讲的一切,惊讶地回答说:“哪儿!为什么?到处都是啊!”虽然这一切还未在大地上建成,但他已经在脑海里建好了,对他来说,这一切都像已经建成竣工了那样真实具体。在这里库珀揭示了美国人的一个典型特点:那就是着眼未来,也就是说,他们能够从未来的角度看待现在的一切,可以不为过去所羁绊看待现在,在情感上更多地依附于未来的事物。正如艾伯特·爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样:“对美国人来说,生活总是在发展变化中,从来不会静止不变。”

分析:2003年的专八英译汉部分基本上按照直译的办法翻译出来即可。但里面有些句子的顺序却需要随文调整。例如,我们在写邮寄地址的时候,都知道中英之间有一个明显的区别,那就是中国是从大往小写,先写一个具体的城市,然后再写区县,再写街道。而欧美是先写具体的门牌号,再写街道、区县、城市等,总体的原则是从小往大。本着这个原则,英语原文的He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a bustling metropolis就应该被翻译为“熙熙攘攘的大都市,街道宽阔,房屋林立”,从城市到街道再到房屋,越来越具体化。

总而言之,在将英语翻译成汉语时,尤其是在翻译英语长句时,要特别注意汉英两种语言之间的文化差异,综合运用上面列出的“顺译法”、“倒译法”和“拆译法”。若不注意文化之间的差异,过于追求严复的“信”,也即形式上的一致,那么将汉语译成英语时,就会出现“Chinese-English”的现象。著名翻译家傅雷讲翻译的最高标准是“神似”:“重神似而不重形似;得其精而忘其粗,在其内而忘其外。”钱钟书也提出了与傅雷相似的一个概念,认为达到“化境”的翻译才是好的翻译:“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’。”另外一位中国翻译大家朱生豪在为他的《莎士比亚戏剧全集》所作的“译者序”中同样曾提出:“余译此书之宗旨,第一在求于最大可能之范围内,保持原作之神韵,必不得已而求其次,亦必以明白晓畅之字句,忠实传达原文之意趣;而于逐句对照式之硬译,则未敢赞同。凡遇原文中与中国语法不合之处,往往再四咀嚼,不惜全部更易原文之结构,务使作者之命意豁然呈露,不为晦涩之字句所掩蔽。每译一段竟,必先自拟为读者,查阅译文中有无暧昧不明之处。又必自拟为舞台上之演员,审辨语调之是否顺口,音节之是否调和。一字一句之未惬,往往苦思累日。”美国以研究圣经翻译而著称的尤金·奈达也说“好的翻译听起来不像翻译”。这些翻译界前辈们告诉我们的是,好的翻译不应该只是一味地追求形式上的对等,而应该努力跳出形式的牢笼和脚镣,以一种新的表达方式将原文的意义重新展现出来。在进行句子翻译的时候,这一点特别重要,如果只是逐字将句子中的单词按照原来的顺序翻译过来,相信效果肯定不会很好。因而在翻译句子的过程中,就有必要将句子的语序作一调整。

3.正反表述的更改转换

How often in introductions has a name failed to stick because your mind was on the way someone looked or acted?

参考译文:别人自我介绍时,有多少次是由于你在注意这个人的外表和行为而没能记住他的名字?

分析:原文中a name failed to stick本来是指“名字没能坚持住”,这样的译文相信没有读者能够理解,所以最好将其转换为“没能记住他的名字”。

If we were not too proud to explain ourselves or to ask explanations of others, most of the misunderstandings of life would disappear.

参考译文:只要我们不持傲慢态度,凡事多加解释说明,同时也请求别人进行解释,那么生活中的大部分误会将会消除。

分析:由于这个句子较长,not too…to的结构不好处理,这里把原先的否定转换为正面的肯定“凡事多加解释……”,这样理解起来就会比较通顺。

下面的这个例子与上面的颇有几分相似:

I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love, but I thought it was a matter that only concerned young people. I could not conceive that a man with a beard, who had sons as old as I, could have any feelings of that sort.

参考译文:我阅读过许多小说,在学校也学到了不少东西,所以对于恋爱绝非一无所知,但我想这只是年轻人的玩意。我认为对于一个长满白须的老翁是不会有那种情感的,因为他的几个儿子都像我这样的年纪了。

分析:这整句话比较长,里面的too…not to…结构在理解和翻译起来比较困难。上面的译文既比较忠实原文,又比较通顺。

In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.

参考译文:从长远的观点来看,毫无疑问,如果完全禁止吸烟,那么每个人的境况将得到很大改善。但对于采取这种极端措施,人们尚无准备。

Today, I speak from this podium a final time as your president. As I depart, I want to thank all of you—students, faculty, alumni and staff—with whom I have been privileged to work over these past years. Some of us have had our disagreements, but I know that which unites us transcends that which divides us. Some things look different to me than they did five years ago. The world that today’s Harvard’s graduates are entering is a profoundly different one than the world administrators entered. It is a world where opportunities have never been greater for those who know how to teach children to read, or those who know how to distribute financial risk; never greater for those who understand the cell and the pixel; never greater for those who can master, and navigate between, legal codes, faith traditions, computer platforms, political viewpoints. It is also a world where some are left further and further behind—those who are not educated, those trapped in poverty and violence, those for whom equal opportunity is just a hollow phrase. Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life. At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet. Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world. Universities are where the wisdom we cannot afford to lose is preserved from generation to generation. Among all human institutions, universities can look beyond present norms to future possibilities, can look through current considerations to emergent opportunities. And among universities, Harvard stands out. With its great tradition, its iconic reputation, its remarkable network of 300,000 alumni, Harvard has never had as much potential as it does now. And yet, great and proud institutions, like great and proud nations at their peak, must surmount a very real risk: that the very strength of their traditions will lead to caution, to an inward focus on prerogative and to a complacency that lets the world pass them by. And so I say to you that our University today is at an inflection point in its history. At such a moment, there is temptation to elevate comfort and consensus over progress and clear direction, but this would be a mistake. The University’s matchless resources—human, physical, financial—demand that we seize this moment with vision and boldness. To do otherwise would be a lost opportunity. We can spur great deeds that history will mark decades and even centuries from now. If Harvard can find the courage to change itself, it can change the world.(TEM8-2007)

参考译文:今天,我将以校长的身份,最后一次在这个讲台上演讲。即将离任前,我要感谢诸位学生、教师、校友和员工,而且非常荣幸在过去几年中能与你们共事。我们中的一些人意见不尽相同,但是我知道,我们的共识远远超越分歧。在我看来,现在与5年前不同了。今天的哈佛毕业生正在进入的世界和管理人员当年所进入的世界相比已是大相径庭了。现今世界,机遇对于下面这些人来说是空前的:他们知道如何教子女阅读;他们知道如何组合投资;他们懂得(计算机科学)基本存储单元和像素概念;他们能掌握各种法典、传统信仰、计算机平台、政治观点并在其中游刃有余。同时,现今世界,一些人越来越落后于时代。这些人没受过教育,深陷于贫穷和暴力,平等机遇对他们而言仅是一句空话。科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲、物质最基本的成分及生命的奇迹。与此同时,今天,人类所做的及没能做到的事情,不仅危害到这个星球上的生命,也危害到该星球的寿命。全球化使得这个世界变得更小、更快、更富有。尽管如此,“9·11”事件、禽流感及伊朗问题提醒我们,更小更快的世界并不必然意味着它就会更安全。大学是人类把不可或缺的智慧世代流传的殿堂。就人类所有公共机构而言,仅仅大学能够超越当前的准则,注意到未来的可能性;能通过目前的判断,注意到突发的机遇。而哈佛在大学中间,鹤立鸡群。凭其伟大的传统、因袭声誉及其非凡的300 000校友网,哈佛的潜力前所未有。可是,就像伟大和自豪的国家在其鼎盛时期一样,它们必须克服一个完全不能掉以轻心的危险因素:它们传统的绝对强势将会导致谨小慎微、追求内部特权及自满,这将使它们不能与时俱进。今天,哈佛正处于其历史的转折点。此时此刻的自然倾向是,把贪图舒适和随波逐流凌驾于进步和方向性之上,但这可能是错误的。哈佛大学无与伦比的资源——人、财、物——要求我们具备远见卓识,勇敢地抓住这个时机,否则将会坐失良机。我们能推动将会被历史永世铭记的伟大事业。如果哈佛能找到勇气来改变自己,它就能改变世界。

分析:2007年的英语专八考试翻译部分内容选自哈佛大学校长劳伦斯·萨默斯的一篇演讲。由于是一种口头的演讲,因而里面没有太多的复杂句式;但又由于这是一篇面向接受过高等教育的毕业生的正式演讲,因而里面的表达又不是那么简单。整体而言2007年的专八英译汉部分难度适中。值得注意的是,里面有些否定句式在翻译成汉语时,需要将之进行一定的转换。例如,It is a world where opportunities have never been greater最好被翻译为“现今世界,机遇对于这些人来说是空前的”,后面连续两次的never greater也要作类似的处理。 wiDlSp9Irmpl9zDu/uKiKqaAvCQPi33kVnnQbCKzYc8BpxQNmzaiuJFLwfxdrqkZ

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