古典及新古典贸易理论建立在完全竞争和规模报酬不变的基础上。
古典贸易理论以绝对优势理论和比较优势理论为代表。古典贸易理论假设只有一个生产要素,新古典贸易理论以要素禀赋理论为代表。从赫克歇尔-俄林定理可以推导出斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理、要素价格均等化定理、放大效应、罗伯津斯基定理等。要素禀赋理论中的里昂惕夫悖论是一个开放的问题。特定要素模型是要素禀赋理论的扩展。
古典及新古典贸易学家普遍推崇自由贸易,反对贸易保护。他们认为贸易保护是对市场的扭曲,会导致福利净损失。
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