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3.4 关系副词的用法

讨论完关系代词,我们现在来分析一下关系副词的用法。在英语中,引导定语从句的关系副词主要有 when, where why ,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。本节内容安排如下:

3. 4. 1 when 的用法

3. 4. 2 where 的用法

3. 4. 3 why 的用法

3.4.1 when 的用法

一、先行词指时间

when 可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句(关于这两类定语从句的区分,详见 3. 5 节),其先行词须是表示时间的名词,如 day, year time 等。

1 I'll never forget the day when I met you .

妙语点睛 这里的先行词是表示时间的名词 day ,所以要用 when 引导定语从句。这里 when 作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词 met

精品译文 我永远不会忘记我们见面的那一天。

2 Most education experts today stress the importance of life-long learning . They point out that education never ends. It is a continuous process. The day when we stop learning is the day when we die .

妙语点睛 表示时间的名词 day 用作先行词,所以用了 when 来引导定语从句。这里 when 作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词 stop die 。这个句子让我们知道,我们现在身处一个“终生学习( life-long learning )”的时代。

精品译文 大多数的教育专家现如今都强调“终生学习”的重要性。他们指出,教育是一个连续的过程,永远不应该停止,除非是我们离开了这个世界。

3 April Fool's Day is that special day of the year when you should play a joke on someone ! Children's favorites are to put salt in the sugar bowl for Dad's morning coffee or put chalk on a desk chair at school so the teacher gets a white backside! But remember, if you play a joke after 12 noon, YOU are the April Fool!

妙语点睛 表示时间的名词 day 用作先行词,所以用了 when 来引导定语从句。这里 when 作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词 play 。这句话向读者介绍了有关愚人节的一个小常识,不妨记住。

精品译文 愚人节就是一年一度的一个特殊的日子,在这一天人们可以捉弄别人。比如,孩子们最喜欢的把戏就是在老爸的早餐咖啡的糖罐里放入盐,或是在学校的桌椅上撒上粉笔灰,以弄脏老师的后背。不过千万要记住哟,若你在中午 12 点之后再捉弄人,那你就是“愚人”了!

我们再来看 when 引导的非限制性定语从句:

4 My favorite season is spring, when the earth seems born again .

妙语点睛 这里是 when 引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是表示时间的名词 spring

精品译文 到了春天,万物复苏,所以春天是我最喜欢的季节。

5 We will put off the outing until next week, when we won't be so busy .

妙语点睛 这里是 when 引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是表示时间的短语 next week

精品译文 我们要把出游推迟到下周,到时我们就不会这么忙了。

请再看其他例句:

6 March 10, 1876 was the day when the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone .

1876 3 10 日,人类首次通过电话传出了第一个完整的句子。

7 The day may soon come when we don't bother to go to office but just work at home .

也许在不久的将来,我们就不必去办公室上班了,而就在家里工作。

二、关系副词 when 在从句中作时间状语

在上面的例句中,我们反复强调 when 是在定语从句中作时间状语。换句话说,若定语从句不是缺少状语,而是 缺少主语或宾语,那么即使先行词是表示时间的名词,也不能用 when 而要用 which that 来引导定语从句。 因为用 when 来引导定语从句的前提条件是: when 必须在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语。请比较:

8 1 I'll never forget the time which I spent on campus.

2 I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.

妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词分别是表示时间的名词 time day ,但用的关系词不同。在例句 1 )里,由于定语从句中的谓语 spent 缺宾语,因此关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which 。在例句 2 )中,定语从句不缺主语或宾语,而是缺少时间状语,故关系词用 when ,这里 when 作时间状语,修饰 met

精品译文 1 )我永远不会忘记在大学校园里度过的时光。

2 )我永远不会忘记我们第一次在公园里见面时的情景。

9 The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.

妙语点睛 这里的先行词是 day ,表示时间。但由于定语从句缺少主语,所以用关系代词 which 来引导定语从句,作从句的主语,而不用关系副词 when ,因为关系副词无法作主语,只能作状语。

精品译文 那天,开始的时候还是阳光明媚,后来就下起了暴风雨。

3.4.2 where 的用法

一、 where 的先行词指地点

where 引导定语从句,其先行词一般是表示地点的名词,如 place house 等。请看例句:

1 A: Since you work in the theater, can't you get me a free ticket now and then?

B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bank where you work!

妙语点睛 这里的先行词 bank 表示地点,而且 where 在从句中充当地点状语(定语从句中不缺主语或宾语),修饰 work

精品译文 A :既然你在剧院工作,那你就不能时常给我弄些免费的票吗?

B :当然可以,只要你能够从你工作的那家银行里时常给我弄些票子出来。

请再看其他例句:

2 Do you know any place where I can buy Mr. Zhang's grammar book?

你知道我在什么地方可以买到张老师的语法书吗?

3 This is the town where I spent my childhood. 我的童年就是在这座小城里度过的。

二、关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语

when 类似,并非凡是先行词表示地点的名词,都得由 where 来引导定语从句,这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语,则要用 which that 引导定语从句。请比较:

4 1 This is the town where I spent my childhood.

2 This is the town which I told you about before.

妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词 town ,但用的关系词不同。在例句 1 )中,定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故关系词用 where 。这里 where 作地点状语,修饰 spent 。在例句 2 )里,由于定语从句中的谓语部分 told you about 缺少宾语,因此关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which

精品译文 1 )这就是我度过童年的小城。

2 )这就是我以前告诉过你的小城。

5 1 The library where students often study was on fire last night.

2 The library, which was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.

妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词 library ,但用的关系词不同。在例句 1 )中,定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故关系词用 where 。这里 where 作地点状语,修饰 study 。在例句 2 )中,由于定语从句缺少主语,因此填入的关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which

精品译文 1 )学生们常常上自习的那个图书馆昨晚着火了。

2 )这个图书馆建于 20 世纪 30 年代,现在需要翻修了。

6 I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place______.

A. where I'd like to visit
B. in which I'd like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most

正确答案 C

妙语点睛 这是 1999 年的六级考试真题。本题考查定语从句关系词的选择。这句话中尽管先行词是表示地点的名词 place ,但由于从句中的谓语 visit 缺少宾语,所以不能选 A ,而 C 才是正确答案。这里相当于省去了关系词 that which ,因此原句应该是 that/which I most want to visit

精品译文 我从未到过北京,但北京却是我最想去的地方。

3.4.3 why 的用法

why 用来表示原因, 只引导限制性定语从句 ,先行词是 reason 等表示原因的名词。

This is the reason why I didn't come here.

妙语点睛 此处的 why=for which

精品译文 这就是我没来的原因。

思维总结

本节讨论了三大关系副词的用法,其中最常用的是 when where 。需要特别注意的是,它们只能充当状语,不能作其他成分。

思维训练

Exercise 3.4

请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句,用第二个句子作定语。

1. Monday is the day. We will come on that day.

2. He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.

3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.

4. April Fool's Day is that special day of the year. On the day you should play a joke on someone!

5. March 10, 1876 was the day. On the day the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.

6. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.

7. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there.

8. The town is small. I grew up there.

9. This is the house. They put their tools in it.

请选择 where when which 填空。

10. I'll never forget the day______I met you for the first time.

11. I'll never forget the days______I spent with you.

12. The day,______began brightly, ended with a violent storm.

13. The day______we don't bother to go to office but just work at home may soon come.

14. I arrived in Beijing on the day______it was snowing heavily.

15. This is the town______I was born.

16. This is the town______I want to visit most someday.

17. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place______contains much carbon dioxide so that it can't decay rapidly.

18. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place______there is much carbon dioxide so that it can't decay rapidly.

19. The library,______was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.

20. I guess you can find him in the library______he works.

21. One of the places______I want to visit someday is Tibet. aot2q60nXQEJ2xs91TOhk3fzCaIZ8Q9m5hPTXCguPTRT4Z0oU17rMqhAsM5KtoCd

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