讨论完关系代词,我们现在来分析一下关系副词的用法。在英语中,引导定语从句的关系副词主要有 when, where 和 why ,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。本节内容安排如下:
3. 4. 1 when 的用法
3. 4. 2 where 的用法
3. 4. 3 why 的用法
when 可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句(关于这两类定语从句的区分,详见 3. 5 节),其先行词须是表示时间的名词,如 day, year 或 time 等。
1 I'll never forget the day when I met you .
妙语点睛 这里的先行词是表示时间的名词 day ,所以要用 when 引导定语从句。这里 when 作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词 met 。
精品译文 我永远不会忘记我们见面的那一天。
2 Most education experts today stress the importance of “ life-long learning ” . They point out that education never ends. It is a continuous process. The day when we stop learning is the day when we die .
妙语点睛 表示时间的名词 day 用作先行词,所以用了 when 来引导定语从句。这里 when 作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词 stop 和 die 。这个句子让我们知道,我们现在身处一个“终生学习( life-long learning )”的时代。
精品译文 大多数的教育专家现如今都强调“终生学习”的重要性。他们指出,教育是一个连续的过程,永远不应该停止,除非是我们离开了这个世界。
3 April Fool's Day is that special day of the year when you should play a joke on someone ! Children's favorites are to put salt in the sugar bowl for Dad's morning coffee or put chalk on a desk chair at school so the teacher gets a white backside! But remember, if you play a joke after 12 noon, YOU are the April Fool!
妙语点睛 表示时间的名词 day 用作先行词,所以用了 when 来引导定语从句。这里 when 作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词 play 。这句话向读者介绍了有关愚人节的一个小常识,不妨记住。
精品译文 愚人节就是一年一度的一个特殊的日子,在这一天人们可以捉弄别人。比如,孩子们最喜欢的把戏就是在老爸的早餐咖啡的糖罐里放入盐,或是在学校的桌椅上撒上粉笔灰,以弄脏老师的后背。不过千万要记住哟,若你在中午 12 点之后再捉弄人,那你就是“愚人”了!
我们再来看 when 引导的非限制性定语从句:
4 My favorite season is spring, when the earth seems born again .
妙语点睛 这里是 when 引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是表示时间的名词 spring 。
精品译文 到了春天,万物复苏,所以春天是我最喜欢的季节。
5 We will put off the outing until next week, when we won't be so busy .
妙语点睛 这里是 when 引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词是表示时间的短语 next week 。
精品译文 我们要把出游推迟到下周,到时我们就不会这么忙了。
请再看其他例句:
6 March 10, 1876 was the day when the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone .
在 1876 年 3 月 10 日,人类首次通过电话传出了第一个完整的句子。
7 The day may soon come when we don't bother to go to office but just work at home .
也许在不久的将来,我们就不必去办公室上班了,而就在家里工作。
在上面的例句中,我们反复强调 when 是在定语从句中作时间状语。换句话说,若定语从句不是缺少状语,而是 缺少主语或宾语,那么即使先行词是表示时间的名词,也不能用 when 而要用 which 或 that 来引导定语从句。 因为用 when 来引导定语从句的前提条件是: when 必须在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语。请比较:
8 1 ) I'll never forget the time which I spent on campus.
2 ) I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词分别是表示时间的名词 time 和 day ,但用的关系词不同。在例句 1 )里,由于定语从句中的谓语 spent 缺宾语,因此关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which 。在例句 2 )中,定语从句不缺主语或宾语,而是缺少时间状语,故关系词用 when ,这里 when 作时间状语,修饰 met 。
精品译文 1 )我永远不会忘记在大学校园里度过的时光。
2 )我永远不会忘记我们第一次在公园里见面时的情景。
9 The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
妙语点睛 这里的先行词是 day ,表示时间。但由于定语从句缺少主语,所以用关系代词 which 来引导定语从句,作从句的主语,而不用关系副词 when ,因为关系副词无法作主语,只能作状语。
精品译文 那天,开始的时候还是阳光明媚,后来就下起了暴风雨。
where 引导定语从句,其先行词一般是表示地点的名词,如 place 和 house 等。请看例句:
1 A: Since you work in the theater, can't you get me a free ticket now and then?
B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bank where you work!
妙语点睛 这里的先行词 bank 表示地点,而且 where 在从句中充当地点状语(定语从句中不缺主语或宾语),修饰 work 。
精品译文 A :既然你在剧院工作,那你就不能时常给我弄些免费的票吗?
B :当然可以,只要你能够从你工作的那家银行里时常给我弄些票子出来。
请再看其他例句:
2 Do you know any place where I can buy Mr. Zhang's grammar book?
你知道我在什么地方可以买到张老师的语法书吗?
3 This is the town where I spent my childhood. 我的童年就是在这座小城里度过的。
与 when 类似,并非凡是先行词表示地点的名词,都得由 where 来引导定语从句,这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语,则要用 which 或 that 引导定语从句。请比较:
4 1 ) This is the town where I spent my childhood.
2 ) This is the town which I told you about before.
妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词 town ,但用的关系词不同。在例句 1 )中,定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故关系词用 where 。这里 where 作地点状语,修饰 spent 。在例句 2 )里,由于定语从句中的谓语部分 told you about 缺少宾语,因此关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which 。
精品译文 1 )这就是我度过童年的小城。
2 )这就是我以前告诉过你的小城。
5 1 ) The library where students often study was on fire last night.
2 ) The library, which was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.
妙语点睛 在这两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词 library ,但用的关系词不同。在例句 1 )中,定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故关系词用 where 。这里 where 作地点状语,修饰 study 。在例句 2 )中,由于定语从句缺少主语,因此填入的关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which 。
精品译文 1 )学生们常常上自习的那个图书馆昨晚着火了。
2 )这个图书馆建于 20 世纪 30 年代,现在需要翻修了。
6 I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place______.
A. where I'd like to visit
B. in which I'd like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most
正确答案 C 。
妙语点睛 这是 1999 年的六级考试真题。本题考查定语从句关系词的选择。这句话中尽管先行词是表示地点的名词 place ,但由于从句中的谓语 visit 缺少宾语,所以不能选 A ,而 C 才是正确答案。这里相当于省去了关系词 that 或 which ,因此原句应该是 that/which I most want to visit 。
精品译文 我从未到过北京,但北京却是我最想去的地方。
why 用来表示原因, 只引导限制性定语从句 ,先行词是 reason 等表示原因的名词。
This is the reason why I didn't come here.
妙语点睛 此处的 why=for which
精品译文 这就是我没来的原因。
本节讨论了三大关系副词的用法,其中最常用的是 when 和 where 。需要特别注意的是,它们只能充当状语,不能作其他成分。
Exercise 3.4
请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句,用第二个句子作定语。
1. Monday is the day. We will come on that day.
2. He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.
3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.
4. April Fool's Day is that special day of the year. On the day you should play a joke on someone!
5. March 10, 1876 was the day. On the day the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.
6. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
7. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there.
8. The town is small. I grew up there.
9. This is the house. They put their tools in it.
请选择 where , when 和 which 填空。
10. I'll never forget the day______I met you for the first time.
11. I'll never forget the days______I spent with you.
12. The day,______began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
13. The day______we don't bother to go to office but just work at home may soon come.
14. I arrived in Beijing on the day______it was snowing heavily.
15. This is the town______I was born.
16. This is the town______I want to visit most someday.
17. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place______contains much carbon dioxide so that it can't decay rapidly.
18. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place______there is much carbon dioxide so that it can't decay rapidly.
19. The library,______was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.
20. I guess you can find him in the library______he works.
21. One of the places______I want to visit someday is Tibet.