在上一节中,在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时,提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是,以关系词为出发点,从两个角度来谈定语从句:一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分(见本节);二是关系词与先行词的对应关系,即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代(见 3. 3 节)。
关系词必须在定语从句中充当某种成分,比如主语、宾语或表语等等。下面将进行详细讨论。本节内容安排如下:
3. 2.1 关系词用作从句的主语( relative pronoun as subject )
3. 2.2 关系词用作从句中动词的宾语( relative pronoun as object of verb )
3. 2.3 关系词用作从句中介词的宾语( relative pronoun as object of preposition )
3. 2.4 作宾语的关系词可以省去
我们先来比较简单句和定语从句,看看一个简单句如何变成定语从句。请读者先看两个简单句:
1 The woman is a famous dancer and she lives next door.
妙语点睛 上述两个简单句中有一个“重复元素”,这里的 she 就指代 the woman ,即两句之间有一个交叉点,而通过这个交叉点建立起两句之间的联系。现在要用 she lives next door 来作定语修饰 the woman ,以告诉对方哪个 woman 是舞蹈演员。而在定语从句中,指代“人”的关系词要用 who 。前面说过,关系词既具有代词的作用又起着连词的作用,因此,上句可改写成:
The woman is a famous dancer who ( =and she ) lives next door.
由此看到,这里的关系词 who 既取代了代词 she 也取代了连词 and ,也即 who 既具有代词的作用也起着连接的作用。另外,定语从句一般要紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面。因此,上句又可进一步改写成:
The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.
到此,一个标准的定语从句“制造”完毕。整个转换过程如下:
The woman is a famous dancer and she lives next door .
The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.
由此看到,关系词 who 既指代 the woman ,同时又在从句中作成分——从句的主语,而且还替换了 and ,起着连词的作用。
精品译文 这位女士是一名著名的舞蹈演员,她就住在我家隔壁。
请再来看一下两个简单句如何合并为一个含有定语从句的句子:
2 1 ) I like guys and they have a good sense of humor .
2 ) I like guys who have a good sense of humor .
妙语点睛 这里的关系词 who 取代 and they ,来引导定语从句 who have a good sense of humor ,修饰名词 guys 。这个 guys 就是先行词。
精品译文 我喜欢有幽默感的男士。
通过以上的变换操作过程,总结出以下三点,要提请读者注意:
一、用关系词 who 代替人称代词(如 she 或 they )后,定语从句里就不能再保留这些代词了。比如不能说:
3 The woman who she lives next door is a famous dancer.*
4 I like guys who they have a good sense of humor.*
因为这里已经有了 who 在从句中作主语,不必重复代词(如 she 或 they )了。
二、细心的读者也许已经注意到了,上述两个定语从句 who lives next door 和 who have a good sense of humor 分别修饰的名词 woman 和 guys ,它们在各自的主句中充当的成分不同: woman 作主语( the woman is a famous dancer ),而 guys 是作宾语( I like guys )。事实上,定语从句可以修饰一个主句当中的任何一个名词。但是,我们关注的往往是 关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分 ,不关心定语从句是修饰主句的哪个名词。
三、关于定语从句的主谓一致的问题。我们看到,同样是 who 作主语,但是 who lives next door 这个定语从句的谓语动词 lives 是单数第三人称的形式,即词尾加了 -s ;而 who have a good sense of humor 这个定语从句的谓语动词 have 却不是单数第三人称形式。这里读者或许就有一个疑问:为什么同样的主语 who 竟然会接两种不同形式的谓语呢?这里其实涉及关系词 who 的指代问题,也就是说, 定语从句的谓语动词形式是由关系词所指代的先行词来决定的 ,而不是取决于关系词本身。定语从句 who lives next door 中的 who 指代的 woman 是单数名词,故谓语用单数的 lives ;而定语从句 who have a good sense of humor 中的 who 指代的 guys 是复数名词,故谓语用复数的 have 。这也进一步验证了,关系词是有指代作用的(同时具有连词作用)。
我们再来看更多的例句:
5 Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments . 愤怒就如同一个窃贼,盗取了我们的幸福时光。
6 He who is not ha ndsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty , will never be handsome, strong, rich, or wise. 一个人若在 20 岁时不俊美、 30 岁时不健康、 40 岁时不富有、 50 岁时不明智,那么他将永远不会拥有这些。
7 There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so;but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 幸福与智慧区别于此:认为自己是最幸福的,他真的就最幸福;而认为自己是最有智慧的,他却往往是最大的傻瓜。
8 The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page. 世界犹如一本书,而那些从不出门旅行的人仅仅读了这本书的一页。
9 A rich person is not one who has the most , but is one who needs the least . 一个富有的人,不是因为他拥有的最多,而是因为他需要的最少。
10 I like guys who aren't too serious and who have a good sense of humor . 我喜欢不过于严肃,并且具有幽默感的男士。
11 Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living . 当然了,我这里所说的友谊不是那种“来得快去得也快”的泛泛之交,而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友,能够互相支持的朋友,能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。
在上面这些定语从句中,关系词 who 都是作从句的主语。
关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外,还可以在从句中作宾语。而且,还可进一步区分为从句动词的宾语和从句介词的宾语。本节将讨论关系词作从句动词的宾语。同样,请读者先来看两个简单句如何合并为一个含有定语从句的句子。
1 1 ) I'd really like to find a friend and I can trust him completely.
2 ) I'd really like to find a friend ... I can trust who completely.
妙语点睛 在例句 1 )中,这里的 him 指代名词 a friend ,可以用关系词 who 来替换 him ,来充当动词 trust 的宾语。又因为 who 有连词的作用,所以此时 and 就要去掉了,如例句 2 )所示。另一方面,关系词 who 要置于从句的开头,所以要把 who 移到 I 的前面,原句从而变成了下面的例句 3 ):
3
)
I'd really like to find a friend
who
I can trust...completely.
这里的
who
虽然发生了移位,但依然是充当从句动词
trust
的宾语。这里用“
...
”表示
trust
的宾语是存在的,只不过发生了移位,移到了从句的开头,由
who
来充当。因此,这里的关系词
who
是充当从句的宾语。既然从句的谓语
trust
有宾语了,原来的
him
就要去掉,所以不能这样说:
4
)
I'd really like to find a friend
who
I can trust
him
completely.*
综上所述,最后带有定语从句的完整句子就是:
5 ) I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely . 我想找一个我完全能够信任的人作朋友。我们再来看更多的例句:
2 He is the best grammar teacher who I have ever seen . 他是我见过的最好的语法老师。
3 It's hard to have a friend who you can trust completely. 很难有一个你能完全信任的朋友。
4 He is the student who the teacher likes to praise for his hardwork. 他就是那位因为学习用功而老师喜欢表扬的学生。
关系词除了 3.2.2 小节中讨论的那样可以作从句动词的宾语外,还可以充当从句介词的宾语。例如:
1 1 ) I'm talking about friends and you can share almost everything with them .
2 ) I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with .
妙语点睛 这里的 who 即是充当介词 with 的宾语。
精品译文 我这里说的朋友,是指那些你几乎可以把一切与之分享的人。
我们再来看更多的例句:
2 I hope I never have a boss who I can't talk to about my problems.
妙语点睛 这里的 who 即是充当介词 to 的宾语。
精品译文 我不希望有一个我无法与之沟通的老板。
3 I like the people who I work with .
妙语点睛 这里的 who 即是充当介词 with 的宾语。
精品译文 我喜欢那些和我一同工作的同事。
4 I'd prefer someone who I have something in common with — who I can talk to easily.
妙语点睛 这里的关系词 who 分别充当介词 with 和 to 的宾语。
精品译文 我喜欢那些与我有共同点的人,这样易交流。
综合 3. 2. 1 、 3.2.2 和 3. 2. 3 小节讨论的内容,我们看到,关系词在定语从句中主要可以充当两种成分:主语或宾语(动词的宾语或介词的宾语)。至此,将讨论关系词的省略问题。英语里有这样的习惯:作宾语的关系词可以省去,不论关系词是作动词的宾语还是作介词的宾语都可以省去。比如以上各节中讨论过的相关例句,可以分别改写成:
1 I'd really like to find a friend ( ) I can trust completely.
2 I'm talking about friends ( ) you can share almost everything with.
3 I hope I never have a boss ( ) I can't talk to about my problems.
顺便提一句,在从句中作主语的关系词无法省去。比如不能说:
4 I like guys ( ) have a good sense of humor.*
本节主要讨论了两个问题:一是关系词在从句中充当两种成分,即主语和宾语;二是作宾语的关系词可以被省去。因此,判断关系词能否被省略,关键是看它充当何种成分,对此读者应该掌握。
Exercise 3.2
He is the student who the teacher likes to praise for his hardwork
1. It would be fun to go out with a person______.
a. who doesn't mind doing housework.
2. For me, the ideal spouse is someone______.
b. I have nothing in common with.
3. I'd really like to find a friend______.
c. that I can trust completely.
4. I hope I never have a boss______.
d. that doesn't criticize me all the time.
5. I don't want to be friends with anyone______.
e. I can't talk to about my problems.
6. The perfect English teacher is someone______.
f. who is a really good conversationalist.
请判断下列句子是否正确,错误的请改正。
7. He is the man who he is teaching us English.
8. I'd really like to find a friend that I can trust him completely.
9. I'd really like to find a friend I can share almost everything with him.
请给下列各主句配上定语从句。为每个主句分别写出三个定语从句,一个是关系词作从句的主语,一个是关系词作从句的动词宾语,一个是关系词作从句的介词宾语。
Example:
I don't like people___________________________.
I don't like people who say one thing but do something else. ( who 作主语)
I don't like people who I can't trust. ( who 作动词 trust 的宾语)
I don't like people who I have nothing in common with. ( who 作介词 with 的宾语)
10. I like people___________________________.
11. I don't like teachers_________________________.
12. A good friend is a person___________________________.
13. I have a good friend___________________________.