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1.7 从简单句到复合句

以上简单地介绍了英语的五种句型结构,它们是构成英语复杂难句的基础。换句话说,英文中各种复杂的难句都是由这五种基本句型通过扩展、组合、省略、倒装等各种形式的变化得来的,这一点已经通过以上各节中的例句不同程度的复杂变化有了初步的了解。下面再来简单考察一下从简单句如何过渡到复合句。

一般来讲,一个句子除了有主语和谓语之外,其他可能包含的成分还有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。在这些成分中,谓语较为特殊,只能由动词来充当,而其他成分则可以由词、短语或者句子来充当。如果用一个完整的句子来充当另一个句子的某个成分时,即构成相应的从句。请看如下图表:

谓语:各种谓语动词的变化形式

从以上的图表看出,谓语是不能用句子来充当的,否则就会有“谓语从句”了。而其他成分可以用句子来充当,于是便有了各类从句。具体分类如下:

三大从句

1. 名词从句:包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。我们知道,名词在英语中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语这四种成分,因而这四种从句在句子中的作用相当于名词,故将此四类从句又统称为名词从句。

2. 形容词从句:或叫关系从句( relative clause )或定语从句。因为形容词最大的特点就是在句中起限定或修饰作用,用作定语,故常称为定语从句。

3. 副词从句:副词在英语中常用来修饰动词、形容词和副词,用作状语,故又称为状语从句。

在后面各章的讨论中都会涉及这些从句,在此就不再举例赘述。

其实,以上图表列出了英语中的重要语法项目,包括两大类:从句和谓语,这也正是本书的核心内容。本书将讨论三大从句以及英语中各种谓语动词形式,包括完成时、完成进行时、情态动词和虚拟语气等内容。

写给读者的话

一、本章学习思路

本章讨论的内容主要有三个方面:

第一,分析了英语中的五种基本句型,这是解读和构造英语句子的基础。

第二,通过举例,展示了简单句与复杂难句之间的联系。

第三,介绍了由简单句到复合句的演变关系,从而便于读者对整个英语语法体系的把握。

二、本章重点及难点

本章重点讨论了英语中简单句的五种基本句型。掌握英语句型的关键在于掌握谓语动词的用法,这些动词包括:系动词、不及物动词、单宾语动词、双宾语动词和复合宾语动词。真正能够灵活判断句子的骨干结构,是学习本章内容的重点和目的。

本章的难点内容包括:真正理解系动词的作用和掌握系动词的分类,对双宾语和复合宾语的辨别与判断。

三、本章学习时间安排

读者可以用三天左右的时间将本章内容读完一遍。本章主要是介绍性和基础性的内容,因此,想要真正灵活掌握本章所讲述的内容,关键还是在于平时的应用。比如对于特殊系动词用法的理解,关系到对句子意思的正确理解,这都体现在英语实践中。

综合练习

请选择最佳答案填空。

1. Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebraska, My Antonia______.

A. was her best work
B. her best wor
C. her best work it was
D. being her best work

2. The photographs of Carrie Mae Weems, in which she often makes her family members______, are an affectionate and incisive representation of the African American experience.

A. are her subjects
B. her subjects
C. are subjects
D. which her subjects

3. One of Ulysses S. Grant's first acts as President of the United States was to name the Seneca chief Donehogawa______of Indian Affairs.

A. as was Commissioner
B. Commissioner
C. was Commissioner
D. him Commissioner

4. The novelist Edith Wharton considered the writer Henry James______.

A. that a strong influence on her work
B. as strong influence on her work
C. a strong influence on her work
D. was a strong influence on her work

5. The sapphire's transparency to ultraviolet and infrared radiation makes______in optical instruments.

A. it is of use
B. it is useful
C. it useful
D. it uses

6. In 1993 the Library of Congress appointed author Rita Dove______of the United States.

A. as was poet laureate
B. was poet laureate
C. poet laureate
D. and poet laureate

7. In 1952 Ernest Hemingway published The Old Man and the Sea,______.

A. won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954
B. and the Nobel Prize for Literature won in 1954
C. in 1954 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for this work
D. a work that won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954

8. Her work in genetics won United States scientist Barbara McClintock______in 1983.

A. was the Nobel Prize
B. the Nobel Prize was
C. the Nobel Prize
D. for the Nobel Prize OadwJpjPUHkAqYvuqF9nQDGtExpqO8aIOiDcqzJgQfx80G+Q1/pMtfYAzqtzSQRI

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