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2.4 与先行词有关的考点

在本章一开始笔者就强调过,对于定语从句,最重要的是要搞清楚它所修饰的对象,即正确地找到先行词。而定语从句的基本结构是“先行词 + 关系词 + (从句主语 + )谓语动词”(如 the person who does the thing which does )。其中,先行词决定了关系词是什么,进而决定了从句的谓语动词是单数还是复数。因此,与先行词有关的考题就是围绕着先行词、关系词和从句谓语来出的。下面笔者总结出与先行词有关的考试点,共有四个方面。

2.4.1 先行词的选择

考试出题会直接考查如何选择先行词,这在上面的 2.3 节中我们详细地讨论过,在此不再赘述。

2.4.2 关系词的翻译

在翻译定语从句时,如果先行词判断错误,往往会导致句子误译。在 2.1 节中我们讨论过 2004 考研英语翻译真题这个句子: The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 这里对 which 的正确翻译就是最好的例证,在此不再赘述。

2.4.3 关系词的选择

关系词与先行词密切相关,因为关系词用来指代先行词,并且在从句中充当一定的成分。为此,选择什么样的关系词,必然要看清先行词是什么。请看例句:

The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener ______ interfere with his comprehension.

A. who
B. as
C. which
D. what

正确答案 C

妙语点睛 这是 1994 年考研完形填空真题。本题测试的是定语从句,考查的是关系代词的选择。而关系代词的选择取决于先行词,所以本题真正考查的是考生对定语从句先行词的判断。若先行词是 listener ,则选 who ;若先行词是 reactions ,则选 which 。但结合从句谓语动词 interfere 这一复数形式,我们可以很自信地判断,先行词应该是复数名词 reactions 而不是单数名词 listener ,因此这里的关系代词要用 which ,故 C 正确。

此外,关系代词 as 引导限制性定语从句时,其先行词需要被 the same such 等修饰,若没有则不用 as what 引导定语从句时,其前面是不能出现先行词的。故 B D 均不正确。

精品译文 说话人的用词可能会引起听者的不良反应,这就会影响听者的理解。

2.4.4 定语从句中的主谓一致问题

我们知道,定语从句的谓语动词是用单数还是用复数,这不取决于关系词,而是由先行词决定的。因此,对先行词的判断直接影响了定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式。请看例句:

Despite (A) much research, there are still certain elements in (B) the life cycle of the insect that is (C) not fully understood (D).

正确答案 C ,应改为 are

妙语点睛 这是 1996 年考研英语改错题。本题考查对定语从句先行词的判断。这里先行词 elements 与关系词 that 被分隔,因为 elements 还有一个后置定语 in the life cycle of the insect 。显然,这种分隔属于 2.2.1 小节中讨论过的第一种分隔情况:先行词 + 其他定语 + 定语从句。 that 指代 elements ,在从句中作主语,所以,谓语动词要用复数形式的 are

精品译文 尽管人们已经对昆虫进行了大量的研究,但是对其生命周期中的某些方面还没有完全了解。

思维总结

综上所述,相信读者已体会到“找到先行词”对于正确理解定语从句的重要意义。再次强调,在今后的学习和应试当中,碰到定语从句的时候,首先要想到“找到先行词”,只有准确地找到先行词,才能分清句子结构,理解句子各部分的逻辑关系,从而正确理解句子的意思。

思维训练

Exercise 2.4

选择最佳答案。

1. Another food crop raised by Indians ______ strange to the European was called Indian corn.

A. who were
B. that were
C. that was
D. who was

2. The time is not far away ______ modern communications will become widespread in China's vast countryside.

A. as
B. when
C. until
D. before

3. They helped us time and again,______ very kind of them.

A. who were
B. which was
C. that was
D. which were

4. Those guilty of a serious crime ______ refuse to reform must be severely punished.

A. which
B. whom
C. when
D. who

5. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, ______ of course, made others jealous.

A. who
B. that
C. what
D. which VE1E8/lCqKGPNHBfo73igjgcFAGoELOqd9/j4iP7IL0Ij+lEi0VSoQCmNMnpG5k4

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