在 2.1 节里,我们弄清了先行词的“全部真面目”,揭示了先行词本身的结构特点;在 2.2 节里我们探讨了先行词与关系词“骨肉分离”的三种情形,揭示了先行词在句中的位置特点。上面这两点是从英语句法结构特点的角度协助我们快速、正确地寻找到先行词。不过,因为先行词毕竟是与它的修饰语即定语从句关系密切,所以,要想正确地找到先行词,首先应该正确地理解定语从句本身的意思,然后根据从句的意思来找能与其构成逻辑语义联系的先行名词,在找这个名词的同时,可以结合上面讨论过的先行词的结构特点和位置特点。因此,找先行词的步骤如下: 1. 先翻译定语从句,正确地理解定语从句本身的意思; 2. 结合先行词的结构特点和位置特点,在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思有逻辑语义联系的名词、短语或从句,这即为先行词。其实,这样一个寻找先行词的过程,在考研的完形填空题中多次出现。比如:
1 Even when homeless individuals manage to find a that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.
A. lodging
B. shelter
C. dwelling
D. house
正确答案 B 。
妙语点睛 这是 2006 年考研完形填空真题。我们看到,该题的空格后面直接带有一个由 that 引导的定语从句 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night ,而上文说过,定语从句与其前面的先行词构成一种解释关系。所以,我们要先正确理解定语从句的意思,然后看它的意思能够解释四个选项中的哪个名词。这个定语从句的意思不难理解:“为那些无家可归者提供一日三餐和住处”。知道了定语从句的意思,我们再来看四个名词的意思,看哪一个能表达“吃住的地方”这个意思:
lodging: a place to live in, esp. temporarily
寄宿,临时居住的地方,不包括吃,不符合定语从句所要表达的意思。
shelter: an establishment that provides temporary housing for homeless people
收容所,专门收留无家可归者。
dwelling: a place to live in
住处。
house: a structure serving as a dwelling for one or more persons, esp. for a family
房屋住宅,尤指作为一家人的住处的建筑物。
我们看到, lodging, dwelling, house 都主要是强调 a place to live in ,没有提到吃的问题,而只有 shelter 是一个收容无家可归者的机构( establishment ),即收容所。虽然没有直接提到吃的问题,但既然是专门的收容所,必然会解决吃住的问题。而且 homeless people 也正是本文的中心话题。故 shelter 为正确答案。
精品译文 即使个别无家可归者设法找到了可为其提供一日三餐和栖身之处的收容所,但仍有大量无家可归者每天的大部分时间流浪街头。
2 For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of that came from being a loyal employee.
A. excitement
B. conviction
C. enthusiasm
D. importance
正确答案 D 。
妙语点睛 这是 1997 年考研完形填空真题。同上题一样,解此题的关键还是在于理解定语从句 that came from being a loyal employee 的意思,也即“源于一名忠实员工”的一种什么样的感觉( sense )。我们来看四个选项: excitement “激动,兴奋”, conviction “坚信,信念”, enthusiasm “热衷,热情”, importance “重要,价值”。这里 sense of importance 是表示认为自己对于公司的发展很重要,很有一种责任感,就相当于我们汉语里常说的一种“主人翁精神”,而这种精神是对一名“忠实员工( a loyal employee )”的最好注解。故 importance 正确。
精品译文 对于员工来说,这(雇用临时工的趋势)意味着失去(以前长期工享有的)待遇和安全感,以及作为一名忠实员工所具有的那种责任感。
以上讨论的是要结合定语从句整句的意思来辨别先行词。但有时,定语从句中的某个关键词就能帮助我们判断先行词。比如上一节里讨论的这个例子:
3 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists used for the study of natural phenomena.
精品译文 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
这里定语从句中的关键概念 natural scientists (自然科学家)与关系词前面的 social science (社会科学)是反义对照关系,这也有助于我们判断先行词是 social science 。
以上讨论的是利用定语从句的内容来帮助我们判断先行词。但有时,我们可以仅根据定语从句的谓语动词的单复数就可以明确判断先行词。比如我们前面讲过的这两个例句:
4 The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.
妙语点睛 这里的定语从句 that are usable by the plant 的谓语是 are ,就告诉我们:先行词只可能是复数名词 elements ,而不是单数名词 soil 。
精品译文 土壤中可供植物利用的矿物成分,只有先溶解在土壤中然后才能被植物的根部吸收。
5 Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
妙语点睛 这里的定语从句 that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general 的谓语是 lead ,就告诉我们:先行词只可能是复数名词 changes ,而不是单数名词 economy 。
精品译文 社会结构方面的变化也许在间接地影响青少年犯罪率。比如,经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少、失业率上升,这就会使得赚钱的工作日益难找。
此外,有时我们也可以根据关系词来协助我们判断先行词。比如关系词是 who ,那么意味着先行词一定是指人的;若关系词是 which ,那么意味着先行词一定是指物的。请看例句:
6 The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere with his comprehension.
妙语点睛 这里的关系词是指物的 which ,因此先行词不可能是表示人的 listener 。于是,我们继续往左边看,找到表示物的名词 reactions ,可以初步判断它即是先行词。又看到从句的谓语动词 interfere 是复数形式,正好与复数名词 reactions 构成主谓一致。故可确定 reactions 即为先行词。
精品译文 说话人的用词可能会引起听者的不良反应,这就会影响听者的理解。
综合前面各节的内容,下面总结一下在判断先行词时,我们要同时考虑哪几个方面。判断先行词主要可以根据两个方面:一是看主句,二是看定语从句。前者是辅助,后者是根本。
首先,结合定语从句的特点,主要看四方面:
1. 结合定语从句的意思。 定语从句的内容必然是与先行词密切相关的。比如,第 2.3 节的例句 1 中的定语从句 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night 对先行词 shelter 的解释说明关系。
2. 结合定语从句中的关键词。 比如,第 2.2.3 小节的例句 2 中, natural scientist 与 social science 构成的反义对照关系。
3. 结合定语从句的谓语单复数: 比如,第 2.3 节的例句 4 中的 are 表明 elements 是先行词。
4. 结合定语从句的关系词: 比如,第 2.3 节的例句 6 中, which 的先行词不可能是 listener 。
其次,结合主句的结构特点,主要看两方面:
5. 结合先行词的结构特点: 先行词可能是一个词、短语、分句或完整的句子等。
6. 结合先行词的位置特点: 先行词通常与定语从句是“手拉手”在一起的,但也可能被分隔两处。被分隔的情况有三种,即被定语、状语或谓语分隔。对于这一点,读者一定要真正弄懂我们前面讲过的内容,不能有丝毫含糊,因为这正是构成难句结构的一个方面。
所以,要想快速而准确地判断先行词,需要读者具备相当深厚的英语功底。当然,以上主要是针对复杂难句而言的。如果是简单的定语从句,找先行词则没有这么费劲。
Exercise 2.2-2.3
1. 分析下列句子中定语从句的先行词,并将各句译成汉语。
1. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive--there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
2. More and more frequently, magazines are being published that are outside of the mainstream press. These are called 'fringe' publications and deal with the multitude of issues that are ignored by industry, the governments and the established professions.
3. Very little architecture is created that does not have a practical function. In that sense, it is hard to distinguish between it being a 'Fine Art' and an 'Applied Art'.
4. Smart cars have already been built which can monitor one's driving and the driving conditions nearby.
5. A ceasefire was arranged which allowed the Iraq government to remain in control.
6. No plan should ever be so rigid that it is unable to adapt to changing circumstances. As your career develops, opportunities will arise, and you will have choices to make that may lead you down quite different paths from those which you originally envisaged.
2. 选择最佳答案。
7. Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the ______ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.
A. assistance
B. guidance
C. confidence
D. tolerance